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The Tourist Trap: Great Britain, Postwar Recovery, and the Marshall Plan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2021

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Abstract

After World War II, Great Britain faced major economic problems, which the government sought to rectify by reviving export markets and achieving a favorable balance of trade. One overlooked component of reconstruction was a decision to recognize tourism as an “invisible export,” a way to draw currency, especially American dollars, into the country. However, in a period characterized by scarcity, rationing, and austerity measures, the endeavor presented enormous challenges. The situation was exacerbated by the advent of the Marshall Plan in 1948. It required British participation in a European-based tourism scheme that jeopardized the success of Britain's own initiative and, ironically, could potentially undermine the economic benefits that Marshall Plan participation was supposed to provide. In exploring the history of British tourism policy in this era, this article shows the extent to which the Marshall Plan compromised an important aspect of British reconstruction policy. It can thereby better inform our understanding of the complexities of postwar reconstruction and of Britain's guarded response to aspects of the Marshall Plan—particularly the American initiative to promote greater European economic integration in the immediate postwar era.

Type
Original Manuscript
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 60 , Issue 4 , October 2021 , pp. 867 - 889
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Copyright © The Author(s), published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the North American Conference on British Studies

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109 See also Morgan, People's Peace, 58–59, 72–75; Hennessy, Never Again, 222.

110 Middleton, British Tourism, 136–37.

111 See, for example, Law, Not Like Home; Fieldston, “Our Dollars.”

112 See Extract from Report on a visit to Paris, 24–27 November 1948, by B. F. C. Floud, 5 December 1948; Annex I, Inter-Departmental Working Group on Tourism, Minutes of 8th meeting, 8 December 1948, WGT 37, TNA, MT 73/112; Interdepartmental Working Group on Tourism, Minutes of 14th meeting, 2 February 1949, WGT 55, TNA, MT 73/112.

113 Gowland, Turner, and Wright, Britain and European Integration, 25.

114 Zuelow, Modern Tourism, 151.

115 Endy, Cold War Holidays, 46 (my italics).

116 Endy, 60.

117 Endy, 125.

118 Middleton, British Tourism, 95.

119 Memorandum by R. G. Pinney, “Britain—Destination of Tourists,” June 1944, TNA T 161/1229.

120 Organisation for European Economic Cooperation, Maritime Transport Committee, Report to the Maritime Transport Committee by the Working Party on Tourism, p. 2, MT/Misc(48)8, 20 October 1948, TNA, MT 73/112.

121 Inter-Departmental Committee on Catering, Holiday, and Tourist Services, OHT 46 1st Meeting, 19 July 1946, TNA, FO 371/54809.

122 Economic Policy Committee, EPC (49), 15th Meeting, October 1949, TNA, CAB 134/223.

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124 Endy, Cold War Holidays, 125–29.

125 Endy, 48.

126 Tourism, 23 August 1948, TNA, MT 73/112.

127 Organisation for European Economic Cooperation, Technical Services and Programmes Section, Report on the Importance of Tourism between U.S.A. and Europe for European Economic Recovery, p. 3, DT/NI/82, 15 July 1948, TNA, MT 73/112.

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133 Endy, Cold War Holidays, 60–61.

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135 Board of Trade, Minute Sheet, unsigned and undated, TNA, T 236/5639.

136 “More Freedom for Travellers,” Times (London), 14 March 1946, 2.

137 Exchange Control Act, 1947, 10 & 11 Geo. 6 Ch. 14.

138 Working Group on Tourism, “Currency Seizures from Foreigners,” p. 1, note by the Treasury, W.G.T. 90, 1949, TNA, BT 64/1214.

139 Travel Association, Tourist Division, British Tourist and Holidays Board, The Requirements of the Tourist Industry 1950, December 1949, p. 3, TNA, BT 64/1203.

140 Report of the Catering Wages Commission on the Development of the Catering, Holiday, and Tourist Services, 19 September 1945, pp. 11–10, TNA, PREM 8/358.

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142 J. G. Bridges, Director-General Tourist Division, British Tourist and Holidays Board, “Director-General's Report on Visit to the United States, Mexico and Canada, October/November 1949,” 29 December 1949, p. 9, TNA, BT 64/1203.

143 Popp, Holiday Makers, 122–23.

144 “Working Party on Tax-Free Shopping for Visitors,” paper by Board of Trade, undated, TNA, T 2336/5639.

145 “July Tourist Record,” Times (London), 26 August 1948, 4.

146 Travel Association, Tourist Division, British Tourist and Holidays Board, The Requirements of the Tourist Industry 1950, December 1949, p. 4, TNA, BT 64/1203.

147 “Working Party on Tax-Free Shopping for Visitors,” paper by Board of Trade, undated, TNA, T 2336/5639.

148 J. G. Bridges, Director-General Tourist Division, British Tourist and Holidays Board, “Director-General's Report on Visit to the United States, Mexico and Canada, October/November 1949,” 29 December 1949, TNA, BT 64/1203.

149 Popp, Holiday Makers, 122–23.

150 Travel Association, Tourist Division, British Tourist and Holidays Board, The Requirements of the Tourist Industry 1950, December 1949, p. 5, TNA, BT 64/1203.

151 Travel Association, Tourist Division, minutes, 38th Meeting of the Board of Management, 16 December 1948, TNA, BT 64/1203.

152 S. Golt to Mr. Rowan, 26 July 1949, BT 11/3932; Telegram no. 1156, FO to OEEC, 17 September 1949, TNA, BT 11/3932.

153 Cabinet, European Economic Co-operation Committee, “Tourism Co-operative Publicity,” note by the Board of Trade, E.R. (L) (49) 251, 12 September 1949, TNA, T 228/514.

154 “Tourism,” memorandum to Sir Henry Wilson Smith, p. 3, MTF 113, 15 December 1948, TNA, T 236/5638.

155 “Tourism,” memorandum to Sir Henry Wilson Smith, p. 2, MTF 113, 15 December 1948, TNA, T 236/5638.

156 Travel Association, Tourist Division, Report of the Director-General, November 1949, p. 5, 19 December 1949, TNA, BT 64/1203.