Article contents
The Self-Fashioning of Gentry Turncoats during the English Civil Wars
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 December 2012
Abstract
![Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'](https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0021937100015719/resource/name/firstPage-S0021937100015719a.jpg)
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2010
References
1 Bedford, Ronald, Davis, Lloyd, and Kelly, Philippa, eds., Early Modern Autobiography: Theories, Genres, Practices (Ann Arbor, MI, 2006), 4–6Google Scholar; McClendon, Muriel C., Ward, Joseph P., and MacDonald, Michael, eds., Protestant Identities: Religion, Society and Self-Fashioning in Post-Reformation England (Stanford, CA, 1999), 12.Google Scholar
2 Glaser, Brigitte, The Creation of the Self in Autobiographical Forms of Writing in Seventeenth-Century England: Subjectivity and Self-Fashioning in Memoirs, Diaries, and Letters (Heidelberg, 1999), 14, 273.Google Scholar
3 Newman, P. R., The Old Service: Royalist Regimental Colonels and the Civil War, 1642–46 (Manchester, 1993), 55–58, 118–25.Google Scholar
4 Gardiner, Samuel R., History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649, 4 vols. (London, 1987), 1:199–202Google Scholar; Miller, Amos C., Sir Richard Grenville of the Civil War (London, 1979)Google Scholar.
5 Stoyle, Mark, Loyalty and Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon during the English Civil War (Exeter, 1994), 112.Google Scholar
6 Hopper, Andrew James, “‘Fitted for Desperation’: Honour and Treachery in Parliament's Yorkshire Command, 1642–1643,” History 86, no. 2 (April 2001): 138–54.Google Scholar
7 Jason McElligott and David L. Smith, “Introduction: Rethinking Royalists and Royalism,” 4, and Donagan, Barbara, “Varieties of Royalism,” 68–71, both in Royalists and Royalism during the English Civil Wars, ed. McElligott, Jason and Smith, David L. (Cambridge, 2007)Google Scholar.
8 Donagan, Barbara, “The Web of Honour: Soldiers, Christians, and Gentlemen in the English Civil War,” Historical Journal 44, no. 2 (June 2001): 365.Google Scholar
9 Donagan, Barbara, War in England, 1642–1649 (Oxford, 2008), 278.Google Scholar
10 Richard Cust, “Honour and Politics in Early Stuart England: The Case of Beaumont v. Hastings,” Past and Present, no. 149 (November 1995): 60; Mervyn James, English Politics and the Concept of Honour, 1485–1642, Past and Present, suppl., no. 3 (1978), 92.
11 Cust, Richard, “The ‘Public Man’ in Late Tudor and Early Stuart England,” in The Politics of the Public Sphere in Early Modern England, ed. Lake, Peter and Pincus, Steven (Manchester, 2007), 119, 126, 129.Google Scholar
12 Macray, W. Dunn, ed., The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England begun in the year 1641 by Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1888), 3:248–49.Google Scholar
13 Cust, Richard, “Catholicism, Antiquarianism and Gentry Honour: The Writings of Sir Thomas Shirley,” Midland History 23 (1998): 40–70Google Scholar, and “Honour and Politics in Early Stuart England”; Donagan, “The Web of Honour.”
14 Legal defense of Sir John Hotham, c. November 1644, Hull History Centre, Hull University Archives (HHC: HUA), Hotham MS, DDHO/1/35; The trial of Colonel John Morris, 16 August 1649, British Library (BL), Egerton MS 1048, fols. 101–4.
15 Binns, Jack, ed., Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmley of Whitby, 1600–1657, Yorkshire Archaeological Society, record ser., 153 (Woodbridge, 2000)Google Scholar.
16 Green, Mary Anne Everett, ed., Calendar of the Committee for Compounding (Domestic), 1643–1660, 4 vols. (London, 1889)Google Scholar.
17 The case of Thomas Simpson of Newton Capp, Bishop Auckland, co. Durham, June 1646, The National Archives (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), State Papers (SP) 23/181/361–77.
18 Lake, Peter, “Anti-Popery: The Structure of a Prejudice,” in Conflict in Early Stuart England: Studies in Religion and Politics, 1603–1642, ed. Cust, Richard and Hughes, Ann (Harlow, 1989), 98.Google Scholar Examples of accounts of change of religion include Sheldon, Richard, The Motives of Richard Sheldon, Priest for his Just, Voluntary and Free Renunciation of Communion with the Bishop of Rome (London, 1612)Google Scholar; Gee, John, The Foot out of the Snare with a Detection of Sundry Late Practices and Impostures of the Priests and Jesuites in England (London, 1624)Google Scholar; Wadsworth, James, The English Spanish Pilgrime. Or, A New Discoverie of Spanish Popery, and Jesuiticall stratagems with the estate of the English Pentioners and Fugitives under the King of Spaines Dominions, and Elsewhere at this Present (London, 1630)Google Scholar; Abernethie, Thomas, Abjuration of Poperie, by Thomas Abernethie: Sometime Jesuite, but now Penitent Sinner, and an Unworthie Member of the True Reformed Church of God in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1638)Google Scholar.
19 Clifton, Robin, “Fear of Popery,” in The Origins of the English Civil War, ed. Russell, Conrad (Basingstoke, 1973), 148–49.Google Scholar
20 Manning, Roger B., Swordsmen: The Martial Ethos in the Three Kingdoms (Oxford, 2003), 69, 70, 77, 109Google Scholar; Carroll, Stuart, Blood and Violence in Early Modern France (Oxford, 2007), 272.Google Scholar
21 Colley, Linda, Captives: Britain, Empire and the World, 1600–1850 (London, 2002), 49–50.Google Scholar
22 Matar, Nabil I., “The Renegade in English Seventeenth-Century Imagination,” Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900 33, no. 3 (Summer 1993): 489, 495Google Scholar; Massinger, Philip, The Renegado, a Tragaecomedie. As it hath beene often acted by the Queenes Majesties Servants, at the Private Play-House in Drurye-Lane (London, 1630)Google Scholar; Daborne, Robert, A Christian Turn’d Turke: or, The Tragicall Lives and Deaths of the Two Famous Pyrates, Ward and Dansiker. As it hath beene publickly acted (London, 1612)Google Scholar.
23 Ian Roy, “Royalist Reputations: The Cavalier Ideal and the Reality,” in McElligott and Smith, Royalists and Royalism during the English Civil Wars, 90, 104–5.
24 Stoyle, Mark, Soldiers and Strangers: An Ethnic History of the English Civil War (New Haven, CT, 2005), 95, 103–9.Google Scholar
25 BL, Thomason Tract (TT) E90(27), A Worthy Speech made by the Right Honourable the Lord Brooke, at the election of his Captaines and Commanders at Warwick Castle, 26 February (London, 1643), 7.
26 Dick, Oliver Lawson, ed., Aubrey's Brief Lives (Harmondsworth, 1949), 193–94.Google Scholar
27 Simpson, J. A. and Weiner, E. S. C., eds., The Oxford English Dictionary, 20 vols. (Oxford, 1989), 18:710.Google Scholar
28 Newman, P. R., Royalist Officers in England and Wales, 1642–1660: A Biographical Dictionary (London, 1981), 171.Google Scholar
29 BL, TT E256(12), A Perfect Diurnall of Some Passages in Parliament, 23–30 September (London, 1644), 486.
30 Cust, Richard, “Wentworth's ‘Change of Sides’ in the 1620s,” in The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621–1641, ed. Merritt, Julia (Cambridge, 1996), 64.Google Scholar
31 Sharpe, Kevin and Zwicker, Steven N., eds., Writing Lives: Biography and Textuality, Identity and Representation in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2008), 19–20.Google Scholar
32 Cust, Richard P. and Hopper, Andrew J., eds., Cases in the Court of Chivalry, 1634–1640, Publications of the Harleian Society, new ser., 18 (2006)Google Scholar; Cust, Richard and Hopper, Andrew, “Duelling and the Court of Chivalry in Early Stuart England,” in Cultures of Violence: Interpersonal Violence in Historical Perspective, ed. Carroll, Stuart (Basingstoke, 2007), 156–74.Google Scholar
33 Journal of the civil war by John Syms, July 1644, BL, Additional (Add.) MS 35297, fol. 38r; The trial of Colonel John Morris, 16 August 1649, BL, Egerton MS 1048, fols. 103–4.
34 BL, TT E250(8), A Perfect Diurnall of Some Passages in Parliament, 4–11 September (London, 1643), 58; BL, TT E409(22), The Juglers Discovered, In Two Letters Writ By Lievt. Col. John Lilburne, Prerogative Prisoner in the Tower of London, 1 October (London, 1647), 4.
35 The information of Richard Fawcett of Richmond, August 1645, TNA: PRO, SP 23/172/450–459.
36 Macray, The History of the Rebellion, 3:195.
37 BL, TT E32(14): A Declaration made to the Kingdome by Henry, Earle of Holland, 10 February (London, 1644), 6.
38 Donagan, Barbara, “A Courtier's Progress: Greed and Consistency in the Life of the Earl of Holland,” Historical Journal 19, no. 2 (June 1976): 348, 352.Google Scholar
39 Jones, David Martin, Conscience and Allegiance in Seventeenth-Century England: The Political Significance of Oaths and Engagements (New York, 1999), 112–13.Google Scholar
40 Oath of the Oxford regiment, n.d., BL, Harleian (Harl.) MS 6852, fol. 22r.
41 BL, TT E33(18): A Looking-glasse for Malignants: or, Gods Hand Against God-haters … by John Vicars (London, 1643), 23–24Google Scholar; Sprigge, Joshua, Anglia Rediviva; Englands Recovery (London, 1647), 51.Google Scholar
42 Vallance, Edward, “Protestation, Vow, Covenant and Engagement: Swearing Allegiance in the English Civil War,” Historical Research 75, no. 190 (November 2002): 408–11, 417–19.Google Scholar
43 BL, TT E247(21): A Perfect Diurnall of the Passages in Parliament, 3–10 April (London, 1643); BL, TT E37(20), A Declaration Published in the County of Devon by that Grand Ambo-dexter, Sir George Chudleigh Baronet (London, 1644), 3.Google Scholar
44 Some royalists had wanted an oath of allegiance imposed upon Holland after his arrival at Oxford, and when he returned to parliament, Holland had to declare that he had taken no royalist oath: Macray, The History of the Rebellion, 3:146–47; Parliamentary journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, BL, Harl. MS 165, fols. 227v–228r; BL, TT E32(14), A Declaration made to the Kingdome by Henry, Earle of Holland, 3.
45 Journals of the House of Lords, 6:411.
46 Jones, Conscience and Allegiance in Seventeenth-Century England, 130.
47 Carlton, Charles, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638–1651 (London, 1992), 198.Google Scholar
48 The Negative Oath was required of compounding royalists from April 1645 and involved a pledge not to assist the king in the war and to submit to Parliament: Jones, Conscience and Allegiance in Seventeenth-Century England, 115; BL, TT E461(16), The Moderate Impartially Communicating Martial Affaires to the Kingdome of England, 22–29 August (London, 1648); Ashton, Robert, Counter Revolution: The Second Civil War and Its Origins, 1646–48 (New Haven, CT, 1994), 400.Google Scholar
49 Donagan, War in England, 319 n. Executions of recaptured turncoats began when Reading was surrendered to the earl of Essex in April 1643. Parliamentarians hanged more recaptured turncoats in Devon during 1644 and 1645: Donagan, War in England, 104, 176; Gentles, Ian, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1652 (Harlow, 2007), 170Google Scholar; Journal of the civil war by John Syms, 1642–1649, BL, Add. MS 35297, fols. 38r, 47r, 61r; Stoyle, Loyalty and Locality, 112.
50 Ashton, Counter Revolution, 406, 421, 465–66.
51 Morgan, Basil, “Sir Faithful Fortescue (b. in or before 1581, d.1666),” in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004)Google Scholar (ODNB); Newman, The Old Service, 57–58, and Royalist Officers, 142; Macray, The History of the Rebellion, 2:360, 363.
52 Gentles, Ian, “The Iconography of Revolution: England, 1642–1649,” in Soldiers, Writers and Statesmen of the English Revolution, ed. Gentles, Ian, Morrill, John, and Worden, Blair (Cambridge, 1998), 100.Google Scholar
53 Macray, The History of the Rebellion, 3:55, 58.
54 Edward M. Furgol, “Sir John Urry (d.1650),” in ODNB; Gentles, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 241.
55 Sir Hugh Cholmley's memorial touching the battle of York, 1648, Bodleian Library (Bodl.), Oxford, Clarendon MS 23, fol. 153v; The history of the Scottish civil war by Henry Guthrie, Bishop of Dunkeld, 1637–49, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, Osborn Shelves, b169, fol. 152; Binns, Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmley, 137; Donagan, War in England, 49.
56 Macray, The History of the Rebellion, 3:73–74.
57 BL, TT E100(6), A Most Miraculous and Happy Victory Obtained by James Chudleigh Serjeant Major Generall of the Forces under the E. of Stamford, against Sir Ralph Hopton, 29 April (London, 1643), 3.
58 Chudleigh claimed that he overawed the royalists “by beating in his six Scouts with three of ours and our shadows, we are left the onelie defence of this Countie”: BL, TT E100(17): Speciall Passages and Certain Informations from Severall Places, 25 April to 2 May (London, 1643), 310–12.
59 Chudleigh, James, Serjeant Major James Chudleigh his Declaration to his Country-men (Oxford, 1643), 1–5.Google Scholar
60 Wolffe, Mary, Gentry Leaders in Peace and War: The Gentry Governors of Devon in the Early Seventeenth Century (Exeter, 1997), 158–64.Google Scholar
61 BL, TT E75(37), Mercurius Aulicus, 29 October to 4 November (Oxford, 1643), 625; BL, TT E37(20), A Declaration Published in the County of Devon by that Grand Ambo-dexter, Sir George Chudleigh Baronet, 3–7.
62 Lindley, Keith and Scott, David, eds., The Journal of Thomas Juxon, 1644–1647, Camden Society, 5th ser., 13 (1999), 48Google Scholar; BL, TT E250(16), A Perfect Diurnall of Some Passages in Parliament, 25 September to 2 October (London, 1643), 88.
63 The term skellum had been used by Ben Jonson in 1611 and signified a rascal, scamp, scoundrel, or villain: Simpson and Weiner, The Oxford English Dictionary, 15:590.
64 Miller, Sir Richard Grenville, 67–70.
65 Journal of the civil war by John Syms, 18 March 1643/4, BL, Add. MS 35297, fols. 31r-32v; BL, TT E47(1), A Continuation of the True Narration of the Most Observable Passages in and about Plymouth, 10 May (London, 1644), 9–12. The tract Grenville enclosed was almost certainly this one: BL, TT E36(10), The Iniquity of the Late Solemne League or Covenant, Discovered by Way of a Letter to a Gentleman Desiring Information upon the Poynt, 9 March (London, 1644).
66 “A Narrative of the affairs of the West since the defeat of the Erle of Essex at Listiddiell in Cornwell,” c. 1647, Bodl., Clarendon MS 27, fols. 77–80.
67 Ibid., fol. 79.
68 Ibid., fol. 3.
69 Stoyle, M. J., “The Last Refuge of a Scoundrel: Sir Richard Grenville and Cornish Particularism, 1644–46,” Historical Research 71, no. 174 (February 1998): 49.Google Scholar
70 Bedford et al., Early Modern Autobiography, 9; Letter of Sir Richard Grenville to the marquis of Ormond, 4 January 1653–54, Bodl., Clarendon MS 47, fol. 242.
71 “Sir Richard Grenviles Single Defence Against all Aspersions (in the Power or Ayme) of Malignant Persons: And to Satisfie the Contrary,” 28 January 1653–54, Bodl., Clarendon MS 47, fols. 312r–316v.
72 Ibid., fol. 312r.
73 Ann Hughes, “Men, the ‘Public’ and the ‘Private’ in the English Revolution,” in Lake and Pincus, The Politics of the Public Sphere, 201–2.
74 “Sir Richard Grenviles Single Defence,” Bodl., Clarendon MS 47, fol. 316r-v; Ronald G. Asch, “Thomas Wentworth, first earl of Strafford (1593–1641),” in ODNB.
75 Peacey, Jason, Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum (Aldershot, 2004), 27, 36.Google Scholar
76 Extracts from parliamentarian newspapers concerning the character and conduct of Sir Richard Grenville, 1643–57, BL, Stowe MS 768.
77 BL, TT E244(30), Mercurius Aulicus, 1–7 January (Oxford, 1643), 6.
78 BL, TT E246(35), A Copy of a Letter Writ from Serjeant Major Kirle, to a Friend in Windsor (London, 1643), 2–3.Google Scholar
79 Newman, Royalist Officers, 219; Webb, John and Webb, T. W., eds., Memorials of the Civil War between Charles I and the Parliament of England as it affected Herefordshire and the Adjacent Counties, 2 vols. (London, 1879), 2:98, 238, 350–53Google Scholar; BL, TT E339(9), The Gallant Siege of the Parliament's Forces before Ragland Castle, 30 May (London, 1646).
80 Eales, Jacqueline, Community and Disunity: Kent and the English Civil Wars, 1640–1649 (Faversham, 2001), 15.Google Scholar
81 Jason Peacey, “Popularity and the Politician: Sir Edward Dering and the Public, 1640–1644,” paper presented at the Early Modern British History Seminar, University of Cambridge, 2007.
82 BL, TT E40(5): A Declaration by Sir Edward Dering Knight and Baronet, 1 April (London, 1644), 8–11.
83 Ibid., 2–3, 6, 7–8.
84 Firth, C. H., ed., The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, Lieutenant General of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of England, 1625–1672, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1894), 1:86Google Scholar; Bickley, Francis, ed., Report on the Manuscripts of the Late Reginald Rawdon Hastings, Esq., TNA: Historical Manuscripts Commission (HMC), 78, 4 vols. (London, 1928–47), 2:122Google Scholar; BL, TT E32(1), A Continuation of Certain Speciall and Remarkable Passages Informed to the Parliament, 1–8 February (London, 1644), 7Google Scholar; BL, TT E32(11), The Parliament Scout Communicating his Intelligence to the Kingdome, 2–9 February (London, 1644), 278–80.Google Scholar
85 Tim Harris, “Anthony Ashley Cooper (1621–1683),” in ODNB; Patrick Little, “Four Dorset Turncoats,” paper delivered at conference on the Civil War at the Dorset Record Office, Dorchester, 2002.
86 Glaser, The Creation of the Self, 5.
87 Sharpe and Zwicker, Writing Lives, vi, 4, 13, 19.
88 Binns, Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmley, 144.
89 Ibid., 105.
90 Ibid., 143.
91 For Cholmley's complaint to Speaker Lenthall, see TNA: HMC, Portland MSS, 29, 13th Report, appendix, pt. 1 (London, 1891), vol. 1, 90; York Minster Library (YML), Civil War Tract (CWT), 43-01-18, Newes from Yorke. Being a True Relation of the Proceedings of Sir Hugh Cholmley (London, 1643)Google Scholar.
92 Binns, Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmley, 142–43.
93 Journals of the House of Commons, 2:893; Letter of Sir Hugh Cholmley to William Lenthall, 16 January 1642–43, TNA: HMC, Portland MSS, 29, 13th Report, appendix, pt. 1, vol. 1, 90; Parliamentary journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, 16 February 1642–43, BL, Harl. MS 164, fol. 298r.
94 BL, TT E95(9), A True and Exact Relation of all the Proceedings of Sir Hugh Cholmley's Revolt, 7 April (London, 1643), 4.
95 Binns, Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmley, 70–71, 99.
96 Heal, Felicity and Holmes, Clive, The Gentry in England and Wales, 1500–1700 (London, 1994), 338.Google Scholar
97 Binns, Jack, “A Place of Great Importance”: Scarborough in the Civil Wars (Preston, 1996), 96.Google Scholar
98 Disbursements to the garrison at Beverley, 1642–3, TNA: PRO, SP 28/138/3; BL, TTE95(9), A True and Exact Relation, 5–7.
99 Parliamentary journal of Lawrence Whitacre, 2 April 1643, BL, Add. MS 31116, fol. 40r; Parliamentary journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, 3 April 1643, BL, Harl. MS 164, fol. 351r; Parliamentary journal of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, 23 October 1645, BL, Harl. MS 166, fol. 271r.
100 BL, TT E252(34), A Perfect Diurnall, 11–18 March (London, 1644), 259Google Scholar; BL, TT E270(33), The Scottish Dove, 21–28 February (London, 1645), 556Google Scholar; BL, TT E95(2), The Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer, 28 March–4 April (London, 1643), 110.Google Scholar
101 Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War, 1:105.
102 Letters of John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 18 December 1642, 9 January 1642–43, 12 February 1642–43, 18 and 26 April 1643, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/14, 18, 20, 28–29; Letters of John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 20, 26 and 30 April 1643, Bodl., Tanner MS 62, fols. 71, 83, 90; Letters of John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 9 and 15 January 1642–43, 11 and 12 February 1642–43, 2, 9, 11 and 22 March 1642–43, and letter of Sir John Hotham to William Lenthall, 17 March 1642–43, BL, Add. MS 32096, fols. 248–51; John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 19 and 27 December 1642, 2 and 15 January 1642–43, 11 and 12 February 1642–43, 2 March 1642–43, 30 March 1643, 1, 3, 14 and 18 April 1643, 4 and 5 May 1643, TNA: HMC, Portland MSS, 29, 13th Report, appendix, pt. 1, vol. 1, 80–84, 89, 99, 109, and supplement, 699–707.
103 Letter of John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 1 April 1643, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/27.
104 Letters of John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 3 and 26 April 1643, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/12, 29.
105 Cholmley, Hugh, “Some Observations and Memorials Touching the Hothams,” in State Papers Collected by Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1767–86), 2:182–83Google Scholar; TNA: HMC, Portland MSS, 29, 13th Report, appendix, pt. 1, vol. 1, and supplement, 707.
106 Letter of John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 3 April 1643, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/12; Letter of John Hotham to the earl of Newcastle, 30 March 1643, TNA: HMC, Portland MSS, 29, 13th Report, appendix, pt. 1, vol. 1, 109, and supplement, 701.
107 Mendelson, Sara Heller and Crawford, Patricia, Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720 (Oxford, 1998), 403Google Scholar; Hughes, “Men, the ‘Public’ and the ‘Private’ in the English Revolution,” in Lake and Pincus, The Politics of the Public Sphere, 196, 208n.
108 Tickell, John, History of the Town and County of Kingston-upon-Hull (Hull, 1796), 465–68.Google Scholar
109 Dosia Reichardt, “The Constitution of Narrative Identity in Seventeenth-Century Prison Writing,” in Bedford et al., Early Modern Autobiography, 119–20.
110 Draft defense of Sir John Hotham, c. November 1644, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/34; Legal defense of Sir John Hotham, c. November 1644, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/35; Defense notes and interrogatories, December 1644, HHC: HUA, DDHO/1/40; Reckitt, Basil N., Charles the First and Hull, 1639–1645 (Howden, 1988), app. 2, 119–28.Google Scholar
111 Tickell, History of the Town and County of Kingston-upon-Hull, 458–60.
112 Whitelocke, Bulstrode, Memorials of English Affairs from the Beginning of the Reign of Charles I to the Happy Restoration of King Charles II, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1853), 1:206Google Scholar; Macray, The History of the Rebellion, 3:526–29; Parsons, Daniel, ed., The Diary of Sir Henry Slingsby of Scriven, Bart (London, 1836), 92Google Scholar; William Dugdale, The Visitation of the County of Yorke, Surtees Society, 36 (1859), 386.
113 Cust, “Catholicism, Antiquarianism and Gentry Honour,” 49; Diana, Anna MariaStirling, Wilhelmina, The Hothams: Being the Chronicles of the Hothams of Scorborough and South Dalton from their Hitherto Unpublished Family Papers, 2 vols. (London, 1918), 1:21.Google Scholar
114 Morrill, John, The Nature of the English Revolution (London, 1993), 184Google Scholar; Heal and Holmes, The Gentry in England and Wales, 171; Stirling, The Hothams, 1:96–97.
115 Saltmarshe, Philip, History and Chartulary of the Hothams of Scorborough in the East Riding of Yorkshire, 1100–1700 (York, 1914), 112Google Scholar; Letter of John Hampden to Sir John Hotham, 4 October 1642, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/8.
116 Draft letter concerning John Hotham and the war in Yorkshire, n.d., 1643, HHC: HUA, Hotham MS, DDHO/1/60.
117 YML, CWT, 1642–43(2), Reasons Why Sir John Hotham, Trusted by the Parliament, Cannot in Honour Agree to the Treaty of Pacification made by some Gentlemen of York-shire at Rothwell, 29 September (London, 1642), 2, 8.Google Scholar
118 Hopper, Andrew, “Black Tom”: Sir Thomas Fairfax and the English Revolution (Manchester, 2007), 60–62.Google Scholar
119 Hopper, “Fitted for Desperation,” 153–54.
120 Hughes, Ann, “The King, the Parliament, and the Localities during the English Civil War,” Journal of British Studies 24, no. 2 (April 1985): 259–63Google Scholar; Atherton, Ian, “Royalist Finances in the English Civil War: The Case of Lichfield Garrison, 1643–45,” Midland History 33, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 66–67.Google Scholar
121 Little, “Four Dorset Turncoats.”
122 Newman, The Old Service, 40–41, 121.
123 Prominent examples included in the ODNB are Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, Bussy Mansell, Sir Edward Massey, Sir Trevor Williams, and Henry Mordaunt, second earl of Peterborough.
124 Donagan, “The Web of Honour,” 382–83.
- 4
- Cited by