¹ Samuel Annesley to Louis de Keiser, 21 February 1695/6, India Office Records (IOR) G/36/95 fol. 21, Oriental and India Office Collections (OIOC), British Library (BL).

² Ibid.

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³⁸ Charles II, warrant to Attorney General, 24 March 1661/2, Sloane MSS 856 fol. 10, BL; Letters Patents Granted to the Governor and Company of Merchants of London, Trading into the East-Indies, 3 April 1661, 5 October 1677, and 9 August 1683, in Charters Granted to the East-India Company From 1601, 54–79, 108–24.

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⁴⁸ Court of Committees to Bombay, 3 August 1687, IOR E/3/91 fol. 161.

⁴⁹ Commission and Instruction from Bombay to Captain John Shaxton and Captain Richard Clifton, 30 November 1687, IOR E/3/47 fol. 152. See Goldsborough to Court of Committees, 26 June 1693, IOR E/3/50 fol. 111; Goldsborough to the Queen of Attinga, 25 July 1693, IOR E/3/50 fol. 114; Goldsborough to Daniel Acworth, 26 July 1693, IOR E/3/50 fols. 114–14; Goldsborough to Queen of Attinga, 26 July 1693, IOR E/3/50 fol. 117; Commission to John Brabourn and Daniel Acworth, 29 July 1693, IOR E/3/50 fols. 118–21.

⁵⁰ “Translate of an Ola given by her Highness y^e Queen of Attinga to y^e R^t Hono^ble English East India Company,” 29 July 1694, IOR E/3/50 fol. 223.

⁵¹ Fort St. George (FSG) to Court of Committees, 25 May 1691, IOR E/3/49 fol. 22.

⁵² Court of Committees to Hughli, 17 June 1685, IOR E/3/90 fol. 289.

⁵³ Court of Committees to FSG, 9 June 1686, IOR E/3/91 fol. 72.

⁵⁴ “The Gov^r and Comp^a of Merchants of London Trading into y^e East Indies To y^e Most Noble & Illustrious Prince y^e Nabob of Decca,” 20 January 1685/6, IOR E/3/91 fol. 42.

⁵⁵ Court of Committees to FSG, 6 February 1687/8, IOR E/3/91 fol. 251.

⁵⁶ “The Gov^r and Comp^a of Merch^ts of London trading into the East Indies to y^e most famous, Glorious, and Renouned King of RACAN,” 20 January 1685/6, IOR E/3/91 fol. 42.

⁵⁷ Job Charnock, et al., to Surat, 24 November 1686, IOR E/3/46 fols. 95–97; “Translate of Nabob Shaesta Caun's Perwanna to y^e R^t Worp^ll Agent, reced from Dacca y^e 4^th September 1687,” IOR E/3/47 fol. 95; Bruce, John, Annals of the Honorable East-India Company from their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707–8, 3 vols. (London, 1810), 2:557–59Google Scholar; Keay, John, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company (London, 1991), 150–58Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Secret Committee to FSG, 19 October 1683, IOR E/3/90 fol. 117; Court of Committees to FSG, 2 July 1684, IOR E/3/90 fol. 192.

⁵⁹ Court of Committees to Bencoolen, 9 May 1690, IOR E/3/92 fol. 94.

⁶⁰ Secret Committee to FSG, 19 October 1683, IOR E/3/90 fol. 120; Court of Committees to FSG, 24 February 1685/6, IOR E/3/91 fol. 54; Gombroone to Isfahan, 20 March 1694/5, IOR E/3/50 fol. 377 (postscript); Isfahan to Court of Committees, 30 September 1695, IOR E/3/51 fol. 200.

⁶¹ Surat (Old Company) to Nicholas Waite, 25 January 1699/1700, IOR E/3/56 no. 6848.

⁶² Edward Littleton to the Duke of Shrewsbury, 1 January 1699/1700, IOR E/3/56 no. 6814.

⁶³ “Draught of some Phirmaunds, &c.” [11 January 1698/9], IOR H/36 fols. 410–11. See also Petition to the House of Commons [1698?] and “Responses to the Company's Petition,” Bodleian Library (Bodl.), MS Rawl, A. 303 fols. 147–48, 159–60.

⁶⁴ Ronald Burt, drawing on Georg Simmel, has argued that a “structural autonomy” emerges in a network in which two parties are linked together by a third, allowing that third to take advantage of “structural holes” in that network to form a relative advantage. Even though Burt means to develop a sociology of entrepreneurial advantage in modern capitalism (ironically, as defined precisely against “mercantilist” and monopolist structures), its lessons seem applicable to the kinds of “networks” we now understand as driving politics in the early modern period, particularly in the case of the European East India Companies. Burt, Ronald S., Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition (Cambridge, MA, 1992), 47–48Google Scholar. See also R. Kemal, “British Sovereignty,” 147–49.

⁶⁵ Instructions for Sir John Gayer, 26 May 1693, IOR E/3/92 fol. 272; Wright, Arnold, Annesley of Surat and His Times: The True Story of the Mythical Wesley Fortune (London, 1918), 152Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ See, e.g., the wording of the resignation of George Weldon, Bombay's deputy governor, in 1695: “I intend not to concerne myselfe any more in publique Affairs, my reasons for w^ch I shall give my R^t H Masters when soe happy to see y^m w^ch I hope will be in noe long time” (Attestation of Sir John Gayer, 12 June 1695, IOR E/3/51 fol. 87); also, Enoch Walsh, upon being made second of council at Bombay with the particular assignment to reconcile the Company's account books, wrote to the committees that “I have Acquited all pticular Affairs & private Interest purely to Serve the Publick & intreat your Honnours” (Enoch Walsh to Court of Committees, 11 May 1697, IOR E/3/53 fol. 45); or, as the committees instructed Persia in 1685, they were to consider themselves “Publick Persons, that represent the English Nation in that place” (Court of Committees to Persia, 23 December 1685, IOR E/3/91 fol. 12).

⁶⁷ Bombay to Court of Committees, 5 December 1688, IOR E/3/47 fol. 200.

⁶⁸ Bombay to FSG, 5 December 1688, IOR E/3/47 fol. 202; Surat to Bombay, 28 April 1696, IOR G/3/23, bk. 2, fol. 42; Court of Committees to FSG, 15 January 1688/9, IOR E/3/92 fol. 6.

⁶⁹ Bombay to Court of Committees, 15 December 1696, IOR E/3/52 fols. 287–88.

⁷⁰ Cases Argued and Adjudged in the High Court of Chancery, Published from the Manuscripts of Thomas Vernon, Late of the Middle Temple, Esq., By Order of the High Court of Chancery (Dublin, 1726), 1:128.

⁷¹ To some economic historians, such arguments centered on the validity of a “natural monopoly,” where the infrastructure, investments, and knowledge were so great that they amounted to a sort of perpetual patent that could not be accounted for by access fees or use payments (Barber, British Economic Thought and India, 49). A less generous reading holds the Company's defense of its rights as a form of cartel enforcement, used primarily to restrict interloping—not a defense of “public goods” but “public bads” in hindering the free operation of the market (Ekelund and Tollison, Politicized Economies, 184). On the place of Sandys in the political economy of the Glorious Revolution, see Pincus, Steve, “The Making of a Great Power? Universal Monarchy, Political Economy, and the Transformation of English Political Culture,” European Legacy 5, no. 4 (August 2000): 531–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 539, “Whigs, Political Economy, and the Revolution of 1688–89,” in “Cultures of Whiggism”: New Essays on English Literature and Culture in the Long Eighteenth Century, ed. David Womersley with Paddy Bullard and Abigail Williams (Newark, DE, 2005), 70–71, and England's Glorious Revolution, 1688–1689 (Houndmills, 2006).

⁷² Child, Josiah, A New Discourse of Trade Wherein is Recommended several weighty Points relating to Companies of Merchants, The Act of Navigation, Naturalization of Strangers, and our Woollen Manufactures, The Ballance of Trade, and the Nature of Plantations, and their Consequences in relation to the Kingdom are seriously discussed, And Some Proposals for erecting a Court of Merchants for determining Controversies, relating to maritime Affairs, and for a Law of Transferance of Bills of Debts, are humbly Offered (1668; repr., London, 1694), 106, 110Google Scholar.

⁷³ Although there exists some good argument to perhaps assume otherwise. See Letwin, William, Sir Josiah Child, Merchant Economist (Boston, 1959), 33–35Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ Philopatris, , A Treatise Wherein is Demonstrated That the East-India Trade is the Most National of Foreign Trades (London, 1681), 1–2Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Molloy, Charles, De Jure Maritimo et Navali: Or, A Treatise of Affaires Maritime and of Commerce (London, 1677), 434Google Scholar.

⁷⁶ Philopatris, Treatise, 34.

⁷⁷ Court of Committees to Bengal, 30 May 1683, IOR E/3/90 fol. 80.

⁷⁸ Child, New Discourse, 103.

⁷⁹ Philopatris, Treatise, 36; The East-India-Trade A Most Profitable Trade, 18.

⁸⁰ Report of the Attorney General Concerning Interlopers, 16 November 1681, The National Archives (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), CO 77/49 fol. 247; and “The Attorney General's Arguments in The Governour and Company of the Merchants of London Trading to the East Indies, Plaintiffs, vs. Thomas Saunds, Defendant,” Bodl., MS Rawl D. 747 fols. 110–11.

⁸¹ Howell, T. B., ed., A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783, With Notes and Other Illustrations, 21 vols. (London, 1816), 10:371–83Google Scholar.

⁸² Ibid., 10:375.

⁸³ Ibid., 10:379–80.

⁸⁴ This argument was taken up again in a way, after the Company's abolition, by no less a figure than John Stuart Mill, who argued that the only way for a free people to rule a dependency as different as Britain was from India, particularly with regard to religion, was to have a “delegated body of a comparatively permanent character,” which he lamented England, in fact, had in the East India Company. “I fear,” he added, “both India and England will pay a severe penalty for the shortsighted policy by which this intermediate instrument of government was done away with.” Mill, John Stuart, “Considerations on Representative Government” (1861), in Utilitarianism, On Liberty, Considerations on Representative Government, and Selections from Auguste Compte and Positivism, ed. Acton, H. B. (London, 1972), 423–28Google Scholar; Metcalf, Thomas R., Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1994), 50Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ Howell, State Trials, 10:498.

⁸⁶ Ibid., 10:385.

⁸⁷ “The Humble Reply of Several Merchants and Others,” in A Journal of Some Remarkable Passages Before the Honourable House of Commons and the Right Honourable the Lords of their Majesties Most Honourable Privy Council (London, 1693), 26.

⁸⁸ Coke, Roger, Reflections upon the East-Indy and Royal African Companies (London, 1695), 6–7Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Johnson, Ludwell H. III, “The Business of War: Trading with the Enemy in English and Early American Law,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 118, no. 5 (October 1974): 459–70Google Scholar; and Alexandrowicz, Law of Nations, 55–57.

⁹⁰ On this issue, see Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, 93–94; Borschberg, Peter, “Hugo Grotius, East India Trade and the King of Johor,” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 30, no. 2 (1999): 247–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹¹ Howell, State Trials, 10:381. See Pagden, Anthony, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c. 1500–c. 1800 (New Haven, CT, 1995), 64Google Scholar; MacMillan, Ken, Sovereignty and Possession in the English New World: The Legal Foundations of Empire, 1576–1640 (Cambridge, 2006)Google Scholar, and “Common and Civil Law? Taking Possession of the English Empire in America, 1575–1630,” Canadian Journal of History 38, no. 3 (December 2003): 409–23, 415–18; Muldoon, James, “Discovery, Grant, Charter, Conquest, or Purchase: John Adams on the Legal Basis for English Possession of North America,” in The Many Legalities of Early America, ed. Mann, Bruce and Tomlins, Christopher (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001), 25–46, 31, 36Google Scholar, and “The Contribution of the Medieval Canon Lawyers to the Formation of International Law,” Traditio 28 (1972): 483–97, 497; Sen, Distant Sovereignty, 5. On the parallels more generally, see Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, chaps. 1–3.

⁹² Muldoon, James, “Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's Inter Caetera,” Catholic Historical Review 64, no. 2 (1978): 168–84Google Scholar, 181, and “Who Owns the Sea?” in Fictions of the Sea: Critical Perspectives on the Ocean in British Literature and Culture, ed. Bernhard Klein (Aldershot, 2002), 13–27, 23–24. See also Henriques, H. S. Q., The Jews and the English Law (Oxford, 1908), 187–88Google Scholar.

⁹³ Howell, State Trials, 10:484.

⁹⁴ Knight, W. S. M., “Grotius in England: His Opposition There to the Principles of Mare Liberum,” Transactions of the Grotius Society 5 (1919): 1–38Google Scholar, 29; and Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, 90, 104–8, 174–75.

⁹⁵ Seed, Patricia, Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640 (Cambridge, 1995), 154–60Google Scholar.

⁹⁶ As Philip Steinberg has argued, the Estado da India did not claim a form of absolute sovereignty in the Indian Ocean but what he calls a “stewardship,” defined as a “a right to exert control both over the resource or space being stewarded and over others who might wish to use the stewarded resource in a contrary manner” and justified by the papal bulls and the Treaty of Tordesillas. Steinberg, Philip E., “Lines of Division, Lines of Connection: Stewardship in the World Ocean,” Geographical Review 89, no. 2 (April 1999): 254–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 257, and see also his The Social Construction of the Ocean (Cambridge, 2001).

⁹⁷ Philopatris, Treatise, 15.

⁹⁸ Arasaratnam, “Mare Clausum,” 73–91.

⁹⁹ Mathew, K. S., “Trade in the Indian Ocean and the Portuguese System of Cartazes,” in The First Portuguese Colonial Empire, ed. Newitt, Malyn (Exeter, 1986), 69–83Google Scholar, 75; Bose, A Hundred Horizons, 45; Chaudhuri, Trading World of Asia, 115.

¹⁰⁰ John Goldsborough to Christian Poke, 17 June 1693, IOR E/3/50 fol. 106.

¹⁰¹ Hont, Istvan, “Free Trade and the Economic Limits to National Politics: Neo-Machivaellian Political Economy Reconsidered,” in The Economic Limits to Modern Politics, ed. Dunn, John (Cambridge, 1990), 41–120, 62–63Google Scholar.

¹⁰² Court of Committees to Bombay, 3 August 1687, IOR E/3/91 fols. 160–61.

¹⁰³ Minutes of the Court of Committees, 6 November 1674, in Calendar of Court Minutes of the East India Company, ed. E. B. Sainsbury, 11 vols. (Oxford, 1938), 10:107–8; Court of Committees to Surat, 28 October 1685, IOR E/3/91 fols. 5–6; and Lawson, East India Company, 47.

¹⁰⁴ “Proposals Touching Bombay Island Recommended to the Hono^ble Comp^a by their P^t & Councell at Surratt,” n.d., in Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat, ed. G. W. Forrest (Bombay, 1887), 53. Evidently, three women, with seemingly no concept of the purpose for which they were engaged, showed up at Madras in 1678 with no means of support; the council voted them forty fanams a month until they married, and by year's end, two of the three had done so. By 1681, the remaining woman, Mary Gainsford, had married a Company servant named Robert Bowyer, and two new women (including the schoolmaster's sister) had also arrived and were both married by 1683. In 1687, there were fourteen English marriages on the island. Henry Davison Love, Vestiges of Old Madras, 1640–1800, Traced from the East India Company's Records Preserved at Fort St. George and the India Office, and from Other Sources, 3 vols. (1913; repr., New York, 1968), 1:449–50; and Minutes of the Court of Committees, 21 August 1674, 26 August 1674, 5 January 1677, in Calendar of Court Minutes, 10:74–77, 11:2. Such efforts were, of course, similar to early efforts in the Dutch East Indies and the British Atlantic; see Stoler, Ann Laura, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power (Berkeley, CA, 2002), 47Google Scholar; and Kupperman, Karen, The Jamestown Project (Cambridge, 2007), 287Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ I have expanded elsewhere on the ways in which St. Helena fit into and exemplified this Company polity. See Stern, P. J., “Politics and Ideology in the Early East India Company-State: The Case of St. Helena, 1673–1709,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 35, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁶ This statistic, which seems to be generally accepted by the little historiography on the issue, has survived, through several generations of work, from John Fryer's late seventeenth-century travelogue, where he asserted that the population “may be reckoned 60000 Souls; more by 50000 than the Portugals ever could.” Fryer, John, A New Account of East-India and Persia in Eight Letters Being Nine Years Travels, Begun 1672 and Finished 1681 (London, 1698), 68Google Scholar. The statistic became popular with historians, largely for the anti-Portuguese sentiment it conveyed. See Souza, J. P. De, “The Population of Bombay at the Beginning of British Rule,” Journal of Indian History 50, pt. 1, no. 148 (April 1972): 79–94, 81.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Court of Committees to FSG, 22 January 1691/2, IOR E/3/92 fol. 172; Richards, John, “European City-States on the Coromandel Coast,” in Studies in the Foreign Relations of India, ed. Joshi, P. M. (Hyderabad, 1975), 514Google Scholar. Even the interloper Alexander Hamilton, no friend to the Company, reported upon his visit in the late 1710s that the “colony is well peopled, for there is computed to be 80000 Inhabitants in the Towns and Villages.” Alexander Hamilton, A New Account of the East Indies, being the observations and remarks of Captain Alexander Hamilton, who spent his time there from the year 1688 to 1723, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1727), 1:368.

¹⁰⁸ Secret Committee to FSG, 31 October 1683, IOR E/3/90 fol. 123; Court of Committees to FSG, 8 April 1687, IOR E/3/91 fol. 144; Stoler, Carnal Knowledge, 46–51.

¹⁰⁹ Haynes, Douglas E. and Roy, Tirthankar, “Conceiving Mobility: Weavers’ Migrations in Pre-Colonial and Colonial India,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 36, no. 1 (1999): 38–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁰ Bombay to Surat, 16 August 1694, IOR G/3/10 fol. 67.

¹¹¹ Goldie, Mark, “The Unacknowledged Republic: Officeholding in Early Modern England,” in The Politics of the Excluded, c. 1500–1850, ed. Harris, Tim (Houndmills, 2001), 197–224, esp. 154–55Google Scholar.

¹¹² Bombay to Court of Committees, 5 June 1695, IOR E/3/51 fol. 78.

¹¹³ Court of Committees to Bombay, 29 February 1691/2, IOR E/3/92 fol. 215.

¹¹⁴ Court of Committees to FSG, 13 February 1684/5, IOR E/3/90 fol. 256.

¹¹⁵ EIC Secret Committee to Bombay, 16 November 1683, IOR E/3/90 fol. 128.

¹¹⁶ “Proposals Touching Bombay Island,” 51–53; Conlon, Frank, “Functions of Ethnicity in a Colonial Port City: British Initiatives and Policies in Early Bombay,” in The Rise and Growth of the Colonial Port Cities in Asia, ed. Basu, K. (Berkeley, CA, 1985), 49–54, 50Google Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Court of Committees to Bombay, 12 December 1687, IOR E/3/91 fol. 234; Court of Committees to FSG, 12 January 1687/8, IOR E/3/91 fols. 239–40; Court of Committees to Bombay, 27 August 1688, IOR E/3/91 fol. 274.

¹¹⁸ Court of Committees to Bombay, 27 August 1688, IOR E/3/91 fol. 274; Bombay to Court of Committees, 7 June 1689, IOR E/3/48 fols. 19–20; Court of Committees to FSG, 6 March 1694/5, IOR E/3/92 fol. 390.

¹¹⁹ Madras Consultation, 14 August 1684, in The Diary and Consultation Book of the Agent Governor and Council of Fort St. George, 1684, ed. Pringle, Arthur T. (Madras, 1894), 89Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ Lewandowski, Susan J., “Changing Form and Function in the Ceremonial and the Colonial Port City in India: An Historical Analysis of Madurai and Madras,” Modern Asian Studies 11, no. 2 (1977): 183–212, 202CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹²¹ Court of Committees to FSG, 6 March 1694/5, IOR E/3/92 fols. 392, 394.

¹²² Court of Committees to FSG, 29 February 1691/2, IOR E/3/92 fol. 193; Court of Committees to FSG, 3 January 1693/4, IOR E/3/92 fol. 306.

¹²³ Child, Josia, “A Discourse concerning Plantations” (1692), in Select Tracts Relating to Colonies (London, 1732), 32Google Scholar; Statt, Daniel, “The City of London and the Controversy over Immigration, 1660–1722,” Historical Journal 33, no. 1 (March 1990): 45–61Google Scholar, 47–48. See also Statt, Daniel, Foreigners and Englishmen: The Controversy over Immigration and Population, 1660–1760 (Newark, DE, 1995), 48–49, 66–98Google Scholar.

¹²⁴ Court of Committees to FSG, 26 January 1697/8, IOR E/3/93 fol. 16.

¹²⁵ Court of Committees to Surat, 13 May 1691, IOR E/3/92 fol. 162; Court of Committees to Bombay and Surat, July 1686, IOR E/3/91 fol. 80.

¹²⁶ Court of Committees to Bombay, 29 February 1691/2, IOR E/3/92 fols. 215–16.

¹²⁷ Court of Committees to FSG, 14 January 1685/6, IOR E/3/91 fol. 17.

¹²⁸ See, e.g., Madras Consultation, 27 December 1686, and Madras Consultation, 21 November 1687, both in Records of Fort St. George: Diary and Consultation Book of 1687 (Madras, 1894), 112 and 179, respectively.

¹²⁹ Court of Committees to FSG, 22 January 1691/2, IOR E/3/92 fol. 175.

¹³⁰ John Gayer to “all Taverns and Victualling house keepers on the Island Bombay,” 13 August 1694, Bombay Diary (copy), IOR G/3/10a.

¹³¹ Court of Committees to Madras, 5 July 1682, IOR E/3/90 fol. 3.

¹³² Court of Committees to St. Helena, 1 August 1683, IOR E/3/90 fols. 89–98; Extract from Company letter 5 May 1708, BL Add. MS 20240 fol. 3.

¹³³ Bilder, The Transatlantic Constitution, 48–49; and Court of Committees to St. Helena, 6 May 1685, IOR E/3/90 fol. 272; Court of Committees to Bombay, 28 July 1686, IOR E/3/91 fol. 83.

¹³⁴ Court of Committees to Bombay, September 1687, IOR E/3/91 fol. 196.

¹³⁵ See Love, Vestiges of Old Madras, 1:497–503; Court of Committees to FSG, 22 January 1691/2, IOR E/3/92 fols. 172–73; Court of Committees to FSG, 3 January 1693/4, IOR E/3/92 fol. 301.

¹³⁶ Court of Committees to FSG, 22 January 1691/2, IOR E/3/92 fol. 171.

¹³⁷ Court of Committees to Bombay, 11 September 1689, IOR E/3/92 fol. 64.

¹³⁸ Court of Committees to FSG, 20 September 1682, IOR E/3/90 fol. 26; and Court of Committees to FSG, 26 August 1685, IOR E/3/90 fol. 293.

¹³⁹ Court of Committees to Bombay, 6 January 1687/8, IOR E/3/91 fol. 248.

¹⁴⁰ Court of Committees to FSG, 6 June 1687, IOR E/3/91 fol. 154.

¹⁴¹ Bengal to Court of Committees, 14 December 1694, IOR E/3/50 fol. 283; Court of Committees to Bengal, 26 January 1697/8, IOR E/3/93 fol. 27.

¹⁴² Court of Committees to FSG, 14 January 1685/6, IOR E/3/91 fol. 17.

¹⁴³ Court of Committees to St. Helena, 1 August 1683, IOR E/3/90 fol. 95.

¹⁴⁴ Court of Committees to FSG, 31 May 1683, IOR E/3/90 fol. 81.

¹⁴⁵ Court of Committees to FSG, 16 March 1684/5, IOR E/3/90 fol. 266.

¹⁴⁶ Court of Committees to FSG, 28 September 1687, IOR E/3/91 fol. 209.

¹⁴⁷ Court of Committees to FSG, 12 December 1687, IOR E/3/91 fol. 232.

¹⁴⁸ Proposals for Settling the East-India Trade (London, 1696), 9.

¹⁴⁹ Edmund Burke, 15 February 1788, in Speeches on the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, 2 vols. (Delhi, 1987), 1:23.

¹⁵⁰ Bolts, William, Considerations on India Affairs; Particularly respecting the present state of Bengal and its dependencies (London, 1772), viiGoogle Scholar.