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“Partnership Not Prejudice”: British Nurses, Colonial Students, and the National Health Service, 1948–1962

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 January 2021

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Abstract

Nurses and their labor are essential to the provision of health care. Nowhere was this more apparent than in the flagship institution of postwar British welfare, the National Health Service. When it launched in 1948, a shortage of thirty-five thousand nurses endangered its future. This article examines the National Health Service's nursing shortage and its most enduring solution: the recruitment of Caribbean and African nursing staff for struggling British hospitals. It follows the manner in which British civil servants, hospital administrators, and nursing leaders came to recruit nurses from the colonies and the deep ambivalence that marked their project. What began as a reformulated colonial development project gave rise to a sprawling and unregulated market for nursing labor that powered the National Health Service for decades. The so-called dark stranger, deemed unworthy of membership in the national community, in fact carried out its most intimate work—caring for the bodies of sick white citizens.

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Original Manuscript
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 60 , Issue 1 , January 2021 , pp. 140 - 168
Copyright
Copyright © The North American Conference on British Studies, 2021

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References

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64 In this it lagged behind the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation, which underwrote colonial nursing schools as well as an influential public health nursing program at the University of Toronto. See John Farley, To Cast Out Disease: A History of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation (1913–1951) (Oxford, 2004), 209–16; Catherine Ceniza Choy, Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History (Durham, 2003), chaps. 1–2; Rosemary Wall and Anne Marie Rafferty, “Trouble with ‘Status’: Competing Models of British and North American Public Health Nursing Education and Practice in British Malaya,” in Translating the Body: Medical Education in Southeast Asia, ed. Hans Pols, C. Michele Thompson, and John Harley Warner (Singapore, 2017), 67–94.

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92 TNA, CO 876/82, Dorothy Bott to Arnold R. Watson, 29 August 1945.

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99 TNA, LAB 8/968, meeting minutes, Joint Committee on Nursing Applications, 28 July 1948.

100 TNA, LAB 8/968, meeting minutes, Joint Committee on Nursing Applications, 9 September 1946.

101 TNA, LAB 8/968, meeting minutes, Joint Committee on Nursing Applications, 28 July 1948.

102 TNA, LAB 8/968, meeting minutes, Joint Committee on Nursing Applications, 17 December 1946.

103 TNA, CO 850/252/7, Florence Udell, internal minute, 20 December 1949.

104 TNA, CO 28/339/4, Sir Hilary Blood to Sydney Beckett, 7 July 1948.

105 TNA, MH 55/1474, Betty Arne to F. Reynolds-Brown, 23 August 1949.

106 TNA, CO 565/14, Colonial Development and Welfare: Social Welfare Officer, Appointment Of, 25 February 1943.

107 TNA, MH 55/1474, A. C. M. Gulland to W. J. Thomas, 10 December 1949.

108 TNA, MH 55/1474, Report on the Placement of Women Recruited from Barbados for Hospital Domestic Work, 10 December 1949.

109 TNA, CO 318/478/4, Florence Udell, internal minute, 31 January 1950.

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113 TNA, MH 55/2787, Florence Udell, internal minute, undated.

114 TNA, CO 318/478/4, Florence Udell, internal minute, 31 January 1950.

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117 TNA, CO 850/252/7, Colonial Office Circular Dispatch, 15 July 1950.

118 TNA, CO 876/93, Margaret M. Travers to Vera Chapman, 11 June 1949; “2 New W. I. Sisters Congratulated at G. H. Presentation,” Barbados Advocate, 7 June 1950.

119 Doreen Moorecroft to M. Gawan Taylor, 13 July 1953, Bodleian MSS Brit. Emp. s. 400/149/1.

120 TNA, MH 55/2787, Florence Udell, internal minute, undated.

121 TNA, CO 1028/38, G. W. Jamieson to B. G. Stone, 17 June 1954.

122 TNA, CO 1028/38, Florence Udell to B. G. Stone, 21 June 1954.

123 TNA, CO 1028/38, Florence Udell to B. G. Stone, 21 June 1954.

124 TNA, LAB 8/1804, H. E. Chester to F. Keegan, 5 November 1954.

125 TNA, CO 1028/40, Cyprus response to Colonial Office circular, 7 January 1955.

126 Perry, London Is the Place for Me, 92.

127 Perry, 92–94.

128 Reginald Crook, 9 November 1948, 159 Parl Deb. H.L. (5th ser.) (1948) col. 290; “Colour Bar at a Dance,” Daily Herald, 5 November 1948.

129 TNA, MH 55/2787, Mabel Gordon Lawson to Elizabeth Cockayne, 11 July 1951.

130 TNA, MH 55/2787, Mabel Gordon Lawson to Gladys Martindale, 14 August 1951.

131 “Coloured Nurses Unwelcome,” Yorkshire Post, 18 November 1955.

132 “Hospital Staff United on Foreign Nurses,” Yorkshire Post, 19 November 1955.

133 “Five French Nurses at a Yorkshire Hospital,” Yorkshire Post, 25 July 1953.

134 TNA, MH 55/1969, E. Walsh to G. W. Jamieson, 17 September 1954.

135 Joseph Mallalieu, 14 December 1955, 547 Parl Deb. H.C. (5th ser.) (1955) cols. 1351–52.

136 Joseph Mallalieu, 14 December 1955, 547 Parl Deb. H.C. (5th ser.) (1955) cols. 1351–52.

137 Joseph Mallalieu, 14 December 1955, 547 Parl Deb. H.C. (5th ser.) (1955) cols. 1351–52.

138 McGann, Crowther, and Dougall, A Voice for Nurses, 332.

139 Patricia Hornsby-Smith, 14 December 1955, 547 Parl Deb. H.C. (5th ser.) (1955), cols. 1359–60.

140 Patricia Hornsby-Smith, 14 December 1955, 547 Parl Deb. H.C. (5th ser.) (1955), cols. 1359–60.

141 “Mental Hospital Problems,” Yorkshire Post, 25 November 1955; Mollie Staines, letter to the editor, Yorkshire Post, 25 November 1955; F. W. Sadler, letter to the editor, Yorkshire Post, 18 November 1955.

142 “Hospital Seeks Coloured Nurses,” Birmingham Post, 21 March 1955.

143 Collins, Marcus, “Pride and Prejudice: West Indian Men in Mid-Twentieth Century Britain,” Journal of British Studies 40, no. 3 (2001): 391–418, at 406–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Webster, Imagining Home, chap. 5.

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145 “Nurses Deny Colour Bar,” Aberdeenshire Evening Express, 2 March 1955.

146 “These Coloured Nurses Are Happy,” Daily Herald (London), 3 March 1955.

147 TNA, LAB 8/1804, D. A. Shortland to H. E. Chester, 14 March 1955.

148 “Mental Nurses in Different Category,” Western Mail and South Wales News, 8 March 1955.

149 Reverby, Ordered to Care, 200.

150 Claire Rayner, “Vocation,” letter to the editor, Nursing Times, 15 August 1958, 963.

151 This story is covered in Perry, London Is the Place for Me, chap. 3.

152 “Racial Prejudice,” News and Comment, Nursing Times, 10 October 1958, 1170–71, at 1170.

153 “Racial Prejudice,” 1171.

154 Bivins, Roberta, “Picturing Race in the British National Health Service, 1948–1988,” Twentieth Century British History 28, no. 1 (2017): 83–109, at 88Google ScholarPubMed.

155 Paul, Whitewashing Britain, 130.

156 TNA, MH 55/2157, Norman Pannell to Enoch Powell, 5 February 1961.

157 “Talking Point,” Nursing Times, 8 August 1958, 927–28, at 928.

158 TNA, MH 55/2789, D. M. O'Brien to B. F. M. Samuel, 10 November 1961.

159 TNA, MH 55/2196, meeting minutes, National Consultative Council on the Recruitment of Nurses and Midwives, 29 June 1960.

160 “Nurses from Overseas,” editorial, Nursing Times, 9 September 1960, 1101.

161 On the development of nursing in the Philippines, see Choy, Empire of Care.

162 Lawson, Nigel, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (London, 1992), 613Google Scholar.

163 Kushner, Battle of Britishness, 182.

164 Kline, Roger, The “Snowy White Peaks” of the NHS: A Survey of Discrimination in Governance and Leadership and the Potential Impact of Patient Care in London and England (London, 2014), 3–4Google Scholar, https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/edc7-0514.pdf.