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⁴ For more on the impact of urban expansion on shaming practices, see Shoemaker, Robert B., “Streets of Shame? The Crowd and Public Punishments in London, 1700–1820,” in Penal Practice and Culture, 1500–1900: Punishing the English, ed. Devereaux, Simon and Griffiths, Paul (Basingstoke, 2004), 233Google Scholar. For more on growing revulsion towards violence, see Elias, Norbert, The Civilizing Process (Oxford, 2000)Google Scholar; and Wood, John Carter, Violence and Crime in Nineteenth-Century England: The Shadow of Our Refinement (London, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the declining influence of the Church of Scotland, see Brown, The Social History of Religion in Scotland, 109–11, 148–51, 218–20. For the continuing importance of shame in modern society, see Nash and Kilday, Cultures of Shame.

⁵ Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 3rd. ed. (London, 1991)Google Scholar; and Shoemaker, Robert B., “The Decline of Public Insult in London, 1660–1800,” Past and Present 169, no. 1 (November 2000): 247–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁸ Habermas, Jürgen, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Burger, Thomas (Cambridge, MA, 1989)Google Scholar; and Lowe, Donald M., History of Bourgeois Perception (Chicago, 1985)Google Scholar.

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¹³ In doing so, the article supports the main conclusion of Nash and Kilday, Cultures of Shame.

¹⁴ Kilday, Anne-Marie, “Contemplating the Evil Within: Examining Attitudes to Criminality in Scotland, 1700–1840,” in Crime, Courtrooms and the Public Sphere in Britain, 1700–1850, ed. Lemmings, David (Aldershot, 2012)Google Scholar, 147–66, at 158; Shoemaker, Robert B., “The Old Bailey Proceedings and the Representation of Crime and Criminal Justice in Eighteenth-Century London,” Journal of British Studies 47, no. 3 (July 2008): 559–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Devereaux, Simon, “The City and the Sessions Paper: ‘Public Justice’ in London, 1770–1800,” Journal of British Studies 35, no. 4 (October 1996): 466–503CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁶ Glasgow City Archives, Police Reports of Cases Tried before the Glasgow, Gorbals and Calton Police Courts (hereafter Police Reports), 18 July–3 October 1829; and Edinburgh Central Library (ECL), Police Intelligencer, or Life in Edinburgh (hereafter Police Intelligencer), August 1831–June 1832. See also National Library of Scotland (NLS), Report of Interesting Proceedings in the Police Court, 25 August 1830–10 December 1831, 9 November 1830.

¹⁷ Wiener, Joel H., A Descriptive Finding List of Unstamped British Periodicals, 1830–1836 (London, 1970), viiGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸ Ibid.

¹⁹ North, John S., The Waterloo Directory of Scottish Newspapers and Periodicals, 1800–1900 (Waterloo, 1989), 1:1042Google Scholar.

²⁰ As the Police Reports in July 1829 noted, “No case of importance till the 13th.” Police Reports, 13 July 1829, 11.

²¹ See, for instance, the case of James Cook, charged with stealing a pawnbroker's duplicate for a pair of blankets from the house of a young widow. Police Intelligencer, 18 August 1831.

²² Police Reports, “Warning to Others,” 1.

²³ Shoemaker, “The Old Bailey Proceedings,” 559–80.

²⁴ In discussing a dispute at a public meeting involving civic leaders in Edinburgh in the mid-nineteenth century, Police Commissioner Melville Bell implied that the local press did not always accurately cover police proceedings, under influence from the Lord Provost. Scotsman, 17 April 1850, under the title “Soiree in Honour of Messrs Sleigh and Russell.”

²⁵ See “The Glasgow Press and Mr Monro, the Police Assessor,” Glasgow Herald, 13 September 1858.

²⁶ Some editors of the Glasgow Herald, such as Samuel Hunter (editor from 1803 to 1837) and John Sinclair (editor in 1898) went on to serve as magistrates, while others, such as James Pagan (editor from 1856 to 1870), would go on to work closely with councilors and sketch the history of Glasgow in a series of publications.

²⁷ See, for instance, the Bawbee Bagpipe (Edinburgh, 1833)Google Scholar and the Dundee Police Gazette, for which only two editions have been located (held in the Lamb Collection, Dundee Central Library): no. 52, 24 October 1851, and no. 118, 4 February 1853.

²⁸ Wiener, Joel H., The War of the Unstamped: The Movement to Repeal the British Newspaper Tax, 1830–1836 (Ithaca, NY, 1969), 176–77Google Scholar.

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³² Wiener, The War of the Unstamped, 176–77.

³³ John Gemmell, appointed stipendiary magistrate of Glasgow in 1876, was the first and only such appointment in Scotland in the nineteenth century. Sheriffs Substitute (Scotland) Act, 1875 (38 & 39 Victoria, cap. 81).

³⁴ Caledonian Mercury, 28 July 1855.

³⁵ Ibid.

³⁶ Brown, The Social History of Religion in Scotland, 141–42; and Brown, Stewart J., “Beliefs and Religions,” in A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1800 to 1900, ed. Griffiths, Trevor and Morton, Graeme (Edinburgh, 2010), 116–46Google Scholar.

³⁷ Police Reports, 10 July 1829, 21.

³⁸ Police Intelligencer, 20 October 1831.

³⁹ Hughes, Annemarie, “The ‘Non-Criminal’ Class: Wifebeating in Scotland, c.1850–1949,” Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies 14, no. 2 (2010): 31–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar. In 1880, the Aberdeen Journal reported that the laborer John Stewart, who had assaulted his wife with a poker, had been reprimanded by the Aberdeen magistrate who noted that it “was a most disgraceful assault, and was not at all unusual with him.” Aberdeen Weekly Journal, 5 January 1880. For more on Victorian attitudes towards domestic violence, see D'Cruz, Shani, ed., Everyday Violence in Britain, 1850–1950: Gender and Class (London, 2000)Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Bailey, Joanne, Unquiet Lives: Marriage and Marriage Breakdown in England 1660–1800 (Cambridge, 2003), 117CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴¹ Police Reports, 5 September 1829, 91–92.

⁴² See Barrie and Broomhall, Police Courts, 1:431–32.

⁴³ Police Reports, 5 September 1829, 91–92.

⁴⁴ Ibid.

⁴⁵ Ibid.

⁴⁶ Brown, Callum, “Religion,” in Gender in Scottish History since 1700, ed. Abrams, Lynn, Gordon, Eleanor, Simonton, Deborah, and Yeo, Eileen Janes (Edinburgh, 2006), 96Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Police Reports, 6 July 1829.

⁴⁸ Ibid., 15 August 1829, 50.

⁴⁹ Brown, C. G., Postmodernism for Historians (London, 2005), 64Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Report of Interesting Proceedings in the Police Court, 9 November 1830.

⁵¹ Dundee Courier and Argus, 22 January 1880.

⁵² See, for instance, the “old man, who would not tell his name . . . brought into the office in the early morning, charged with being drunk and disorderly.” Police Reports, 10 July 1829, 22. In the case involving William Trevan, charged with lounging with a prostitute in a public place, it was reported that the accused gave a false name. Ibid., 15 August 1829, 50.

⁵³ Police Reports, 15 August 1829, 50.

⁵⁴ Caledonian Mercury, 9 September 1811.

⁵⁵ Glasgow Herald, 2 March 1821.

⁵⁶ Report of Interesting Proceedings in the Police Court, 11 September 1830.

⁵⁷ Aberdeen Weekly Journal, 23 October 1890.

⁵⁸ Police Reports, 5 September 1829, 92.

⁵⁹ Aberdeen Journal, 22 May 1833.

⁶⁰ See, for example, “A Young Tailor,” Police Intelligencer, 27 October 1831; “A Gigantic Hibernian Cobbler,” Police Intelligencer, 27 October 1831; and “A Little Pickpocket,” Police Intelligencer, 1 November 1831.

⁶¹ Police Intelligencer, 18 August 1831–11 October 1832.

⁶² Police Reports, 6 July 1829–12 September 1829, 5–105.

⁶³ See, for instance, the case involving George Robertson, Scotsman, 4 February 1826. See also the case, under the heading “Fraud in Coals,” involving Alex Brown, Mr. Samuel Young's weigher, convicted in Leith Police Court with sending out fraudulent weights of coal. Scotsman, 24 December 1836.

⁶⁴ Police Intelligencer, 18 August 1831–22 October 1831.

⁶⁵ Police Reports, 6 July 1829–15 August 1829, 5–56.

⁶⁶ Police Intelligencer, sample period: 18 August 1831–28 September 1831.

⁶⁷ Scotsman, 12 October 1832.

⁶⁸ Ibid., 28 December 1836.

⁶⁹ Kilday and Nash, Cultures of Shame, chapter 2.

⁷⁰ Police Intelligencer, 18 August 1831–11 October 1832.

⁷¹ Police Reports, 6 July 1829–12 September 1829, 5–105.

⁷² See the report of an Irish woman charged with assault for attempting to stab policeman. Police Intelligencer, 22 August 1831.

⁷³ See the case of four “respectable looking men” charged with being drunk and disorderly. Police Reports, 15 August 1829, 54.

⁷⁴ Ibid., 14 August 1829, 32. Similarly, it reported the case of an “old grey headed sinner, once a respectable tailor” charged with keeping a bawdy house. Ibid., 25 July 1829, 18.

⁷⁵ In 1831, the Police Intelligencer published the case of “A grocer of considerable note, residing in the [affluent] new town, [who] was charged with committing a breach of the peace by spitting in the face of a wine and spirit merchant, residing in Broughton Street.” Police Intelligencer, 22 August 1831.

⁷⁶ King, Peter, “The Rise of Juvenile Delinquency in England, 1780–1840: Changing Patterns of Perceptions and Prosecutions,” Past and Present 160, no. 1 (August 1998): 116–66, at 121CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁷⁸ Caledonian Mercury, 24 February 1850.

⁷⁹ For other cases in which the identity of university students, charged with throwing snowballs and breaking windows, were protected in the media, see Caledonian Mercury, 24 February 1860; Caledonian Mercury, 22 February 1865.

⁸⁰ Ibid., 24 January 1850.

⁸¹ Foyster, Elizabeth A., Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex, and Marriage (New York, 1999)Google Scholar.

⁸² Caledonian Mercury, 24 January 1850.

⁸³ Evening Telegraph, 7 December 1878.

⁸⁴ Ibid., 28 November 1877.

⁸⁵ Police Intelligencer, 27 September 1831.

⁸⁶ Ibid., 4 September 1832.

⁸⁷ This mirrors Kilday's findings for how violent women in Scotland's higher courts were treated. Kilday, Anne-Marie, A History of Infanticide in Britain, c.1600 to the Present (Basingstoke, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁸ Caledonian Mercury, 9 September 1865.

⁸⁹ Police Intelligencer, 12 September 1831.

⁹⁰ D'Cruze, Crimes of Outrage, 143.

⁹¹ Ibid., chapter 6; and Tebbutt, Melanie, “Women's Talk? Gossip and ‘Women's Words’ in Working-Class Communities, 1880–1939,” in Worker's Worlds: Cultures and Communities in Manchester and Salford, 1880–1939, ed. Davies, Andrew and Fielding, Stephen (Manchester, 1992)Google Scholar, 49–73.

⁹² Police Reports, 6 July 1829, 6.

⁹³ The Secret Memoirs of Samuel Rodger (1846–1901): The Glasgow Teetotal Bobby, produced at the People's Palace Museum, Glasgow Green. By kind permission of William Rodger, grandson of Samuel Rodger, 1–2.

⁹⁴ Police Reports, 14 August 1829, 52.

⁹⁵ Aberdeen Journal, 12 August 1840.

⁹⁶ Hughes, “The ‘Non-Criminal’ Class,” 31–54.

⁹⁷ Police Reports, 6 July 1829–23 July 1829, 22.

⁹⁸ Ibid.

⁹⁹ Ibid.

¹⁰⁰ Police Intelligencer, 23 August 1831.

¹⁰¹ Davis, Jennifer S., “A Poor Man's System of Justice? The London Police Courts in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century,” Historical Journal 27, no. 2 (June 1984): 309–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 321. See also D'Cruze, Crimes of Outrage, 70.

¹⁰² Clark, Anna, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, CA, 1995), 71–84Google Scholar.

¹⁰³ Police Intelligencer, 15 June 1832.

¹⁰⁴ Ibid., 20 August 1831.

¹⁰⁵ Ibid., 10 November 1831.

¹⁰⁶ Bess McAlpin, for instance, was described as “the Chieftainness of the Edinburgh Thieves” despite the fact that the charges against her were dropped. Ibid., 29 September 1831.

¹⁰⁷ Report of Interesting Proceedings, 9 November 1830.

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¹⁰⁹ MacRaild, Donald M. and Neal, Frank, “Child-Stripping in the Victorian City,” Urban History 39, no. 3 (August 2012): 431–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹¹¹ Police Intelligencer, 4 October 1832.

¹¹² Ross, Ellen, “Women's Neighbourhood Sharing in London before WW1,” History Workshop: A Journal of Socialist and Feminist Historians 15 (Spring 1983): 4–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹¹⁵ See, for instance, the trials of Dugald McDonald, porter, charged with having in his possession a dead body contained in a herring barrel and John Brown, porter, charged with having a male corpse in his possession. Police Reports, 26 September 1829, 125.

¹¹⁶ Edwards, Owen Dudley, Burke and Hare (Edinburgh, 1981)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Police Reports, 12 September 1829, 100–101.

¹¹⁸ Ibid.

¹¹⁹ Ibid.

¹²⁰ See, for instance, the Glasgow Herald's criticism of what it claimed was a lenient sentence handed down to a husband who had beaten his wife in a “very brutal manner.” Glasgow Herald, 4 September 1874.

¹²¹ Interesting Proceedings in the Police Court, 11 September 1830.

¹²² The Secret Memoirs of Samuel Rodger, 20.

¹²³ Brown, “Religion,” 96.

¹²⁴ See, for example, the essays in D'Cruze, ed., Everyday Violence in Britain.

¹²⁵ See, for example, the paper's criticism of the conduct of senior Presbyterian figures in Edinburgh on marriage affinity reform and Sunday employment. Scotsman, 10 and 17 April 1850.

¹²⁶ Lowe, History of Bourgeois Perception.

¹²⁷ Nash and Kilday, Cultures of Shame; and Shoemaker, “The Old Bailey Proceedings,” 559–80.

¹²⁸ For the ways in which the media helped to promote vigilante justice in America, see Pfeifer, Michael J., Rough Justice: Lynching and America Society, 1874–1947 (Chicago, 2006)Google Scholar.

¹²⁹ See Shoemaker, “The Decline of Public Insult in London,” 252, for the growing importance of “narrowly defined” groups such as journalists in shaping reputations.

¹³⁰ Brown, “Religion,” 96.

¹³¹ Conley, The Unwritten Law, 23.