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³ See Brown, Bill, ed., “Things,” special issue, Critical Inquiry 28, no. 1 (Autumn 2001)Google Scholar, and A Sense of Things: The Object Matter of American Literature (Chicago, 2003).

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⁷ From the large body of literature, see McKendrick, Neil, Brewer, John, and Plumb, J. H., The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, IN, 1982)Google Scholar; Brewer, John and Porter, Roy, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993)Google Scholar; Weatherill, Lorna, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain, 1660–1760, 2nd ed. (London, 1996)Google Scholar; Smith, Woodruff D., Consumption and the Making of Respectability, 1600–1800 (London, 2002)Google Scholar; Peck, Linda Levy, Consuming Splendor: Society and Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge, 2005)Google Scholar; Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, The Age of Homespun: Objects and Stories in the Creation of an American Myth (New York, 2001)Google Scholar; Vickery, Amanda and Styles, John, eds., Gender, Taste, and Material Culture in Britain and North America, 1700–1830 (New Haven, CT, 2006)Google Scholar; Ben-Amos, Ilana Krausman, The Culture of Giving: Informal Support and Gift-Exchange in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2008)Google Scholar; French, H. R., The Middle Sort of People in Provincial England, 1600–1750 (Oxford, 2007)Google Scholar; Martin, Ann Smart, Buying into the World of Goods: Early Consumers in Backcountry Virginia (Baltimore, 2008)Google Scholar. For a critique, see Grassby, Richard, “Material Culture and Cultural History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 35, no. 4 (Spring 2005): 591–603Google Scholar.

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¹⁰ Sheringham, Michael, Everyday Life: Theories and Practices from Surrealism to the Present (Oxford, 2006)Google Scholar. To identify such general trends, of course, does not mean that there are no individual traces in British studies, such as Samuel, Raphael, Theatres of Memory (London, 1996)Google Scholar; and Wrightson, Keith, Earthly Necessities: Economic Lives in Early Modern Britain, 1470–1750 (London, 2002)Google Scholar.

¹¹ Examples are the Domestic Interiors project (Arts and Humanities Research Council [AHRC] and the Victoria and Albert Museum; http://www.rca.ac.uk/csdi/) and the Cultures of Consumption program (Economic and Social Research Council and AHRC; http://www.consume.bbk.ac.uk).

¹² Daston, Lorraine, Things That Talk (Chicago, 2000)Google Scholar. The ZKM Karlsruhe exhibit and publication (Latour and Weibel, Making Things Public) included Loraine Daston, Peter Galison, and Simon Schaffer.

¹³ Arjun Appadurai, “Materiality in the Future of Anthropology,” in van Binsbergen and Geschiere, Commodification, 55–62.

¹⁴ For a multidisciplinary bibliography, see “The Consumption Bibliography” on the Cultures of Consumption Web site, http://www.consume.bbk.ac.uk/publications.html#bibliography.

¹⁵ Points of entry include Blaszczyk, Regina Lee, Imagining Consumers: Design and Innovation from Wedgwood to Corning (Baltimore, 2000)Google Scholar; Kriegel, Lara, Grand Designs: Labor, Empire, and the Museum in Victorian Culture (Durham, NC, 2007)Google Scholar; Armstrong, Isobel, Victorian Glassworlds: Glass Culture and the Imagination, 1830–1880 (Oxford, 2008)Google Scholar; Christopher Breward, Becky Conekin, and Cox, Caroline, eds., The Englishness of English Dress (Oxford, 2002)Google Scholar; David Gilbert, ed., “Shopping Routes: Networks of Fashion Consumption in London's West End, 1945–1979,” special issue, London Journal 31, no. 1 (June 2006); Annie Coombes, Reinventing Africa: Museum, Material Culture, and Popular Imagination in Late Victorian and Edwardian England (New Haven, CT, 1994); Barringer, Tim and Flynn, Tom, eds., Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture, and the Museum (London, 1998)Google Scholar.

¹⁶ The concept is that of Styles, John; see Styles, The Dress of the People: Everyday Fashion in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven, CT, 2007)Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Turkle, Evocative Objects.

¹⁸ Pol-Droit, Roger, How Are Things? A Philosophical Experiment, trans. Theo Cuffe (London, 2005)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, “Hannah Barnard's Cupboard: Female Property and Identity in Eighteenth-Century New England,” in Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America, ed. Ronald Hoffman, Mechal Sobel, and Fredrika J. Teute (Chapel Hill, NC, 1997), 238–73Google Scholar.

²⁰ John Styles and Amanda Vickery, “Introduction,” in Vickery and Styles, Gender, Taste, and Material Culture, 23.

²¹ Braudel, Fernand, Civilization and Capitalism, 3 vols. (London, 1981–84)Google Scholar; Roche, Daniel, A History of Everyday Things: The Birth of Consumption in France, 1600–1800, trans. Brian Pearce (Cambridge, 2000)Google Scholar.

²² Smart Martin, Buying, 9, 242, chap. 5.

²³ Amanda Vickery, “‘Neat and Not Too Showey’: Words and Wallpaper in Regency England,” in Vickery and Styles, Gender, Taste, and Material Culture, 201–24.

²⁴ Styles, Dress of the People. That consumption had cultural and class-specific forms was already emphasized by Halbwachs, Maurice, L'Évolution des besoins dans les classes ouvrières (Paris, 1933)Google Scholar.

²⁵ For a rebuttal, see Thomasson, Amie L., Ordinary Objects (Oxford, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ Evelyn Fox Keller, “Slime Mold,” in Turkle, Evocative Objects, 298–306.

²⁷ Pol-Droit, Things, 52–53, 74.

²⁸ Marx, Karl, Das Kapital (Hamburg, 1867), bk. 1, chap. 1, sec. 4Google Scholar.

²⁹ Brown, Sense of Things, 14.

³⁰ Heidegger, Martin, “Das Ding” (1950), in Vorträge und Aufsätze (Tübingen, 1954), 157–79Google Scholar, and Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie (Tübingen, 1927). The hand and handling of things play a prominent place in Heidegger's thought, as does the wearing of shoes in revealing their thingness (Schuhzeug). Another tradition is the social behaviorism of George Herbert Mead. See Mead, The Philosophy of the Act, ed. Charles Morris (Chicago, 1938); E. Doyle McCarthy, “Toward a Sociology of the Physical World: George Herbert Mead on Physical Objects,” Studies in Symbolic Interaction 5 (1984): 105–21.

³¹ Dant, Materiality and Society, chap. 6.

³² Latour, Bruno, “Where Are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts,” in Shaping Technology/Building Society, ed. Bijker, Wiebe E. and Law, John (Cambridge, MA, 1992), 225–58, quote at 254, emphasis in originalGoogle Scholar. See also Latour, “When Things Strike Back.”

³³ See the bibliography by John Law, “The Actor Network Resource: Thematic List of Publications,” Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/centres/css/ant/ant.htm. For discussion, see Simon Schaffer, “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Bruno Latour,” Studies in His tory and Philosophy of Science 22, no. 1 (March 1991): 174–92. See also Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford, 2005), esp. 87–120; Dant, Materiality and Society. We should also note the difficulty of integrating historical formations of power and culture in an analysis primarily concerned with reconstructing a network of actors and actants at a specific moment in time.

³⁴ Latour, “Dingpolitik.”

³⁵ For example, the economic sociologist Swedberg presents Adam Smith's work as a sharp break with older traditions in which the household had occupied a central place; see Richard Swedberg, “The Centrality of Materiality: Theorizing the Economy from Xenophon to Home Economics and Beyond,” Sociologica, no. 1 (2008), http://www.sociologica.mulino.it/doi/10.2383/26567. See also Daniel Miller's comment in the same issue (http://www.sociologica.mulino.it/doi/10.2383/26569). There were, however, also other trends, such as Kames's recognition of the impact of material culture on the social sphere and, later, in popular political economy by Harriet Martineau.

³⁶ Sombart, Werner, Luxus und Kapitalismus (Munich, 1912)Google Scholar.

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³⁹ Latour, “Dingpolitik.”

⁴⁰ Why presume that things would necessarily want us to treat them more fairly? Perhaps, in the world of things, an altogether different value system rules from that of humans? Nor is it clear what fairness or rights would mean for things, how these would be adjudicated, and by whom or what.

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⁵⁵ Lemire, Beverly, Fashion's Favourite: The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain, 1660–1800 (Oxford, 1991)Google Scholar.

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⁵⁷ Conversely, shopping and other forms of purchase include not only “voluntary” features.

⁵⁸ Styles, Dress of the People, 31.

⁵⁹ Louise Crewe, Nicky Gregson, Second-Hand Cultures (Oxford, 2003)Google Scholar; Inge Maria Daniels, “Scooping, Raking, Beckoning Luck: Luck, Agency and the Interdependence of People and Things in Japan,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, no. 9 (December 2003): 619–38; Alison Clarke, “Mother Swapping: The Trafficking of Nearly New Children's Wear,” in Commercial Cultures: Economics, Practices, Spaces, ed. Peter Jackson, Michelle Lowe, Daniel Miller, and Frank Mort (Oxford, 2000); Belk, Russell W., Collecting in a Consumer Society (London, 2001)Google Scholar; Gelber, Steven M., Hobbies: Leisure and the Culture of Work in America (New York, 1999)Google Scholar; King, William Davies, Collections of Nothing (Chicago, 2008)Google Scholar; Ekerdt, David J. and Sergeant, Julie F., “Family Things: Attending the Household Disbandment of Older Adults,” Journal of Aging Studies 20, no. 3 (September 2006): 193–205Google Scholar.

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⁶¹ E. P. Thompson, “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present, no. 50 (February 1971): 76–136. For critiques, see Frank Trentmann, “Before ‘Fair Trade’: Empire, Free Trade, and the Moral Economies of Food in the Modern World,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25, no. 6 (2007): 1079–1102.

⁶² See Brown, Sense of Things, chap. 2; Elizabeth Shove, Frank Trentmann, and Richard Wilk, eds., Time, Consumption, and Everyday Life (Oxford, 2009), forthcoming.

⁶³ Lefebvre, Henri, Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday Life (London, 2004), 40–41Google Scholar. See also Fernand Braudel: “I think mankind is more than waist-deep in daily routine. Countless inherited acts, accumulated pell-mell and repeated time after time to this very day, become habits that help us live, imprison us, and make decisions for us throughout our lives” (Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism [Baltimore, 1977], 7).

⁶⁴ Elizabeth Shove, Matthew Watson, Martin Hand, and Ingram, Jack, The Design of Everyday Life (Oxford, 2007)Google Scholar.

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⁶⁸ Molotch, Stuff, 2.

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⁷⁴ Bruno Latour, “Why Has Critique Run out of Steam: From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern,” in Things, ed. Bill Brown (Chicago, 2004), 151–73, quote at 161.

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⁸² Well put, e.g., by Joyce, Rule of Freedom, 72.

⁸³ ibid., 67.

⁸⁴ ibid., 66.

⁸⁵ Crook, “Power, Privacy and Pleasure,” 549–69.

⁸⁶ Joyce, Rule of Freedom, 70.

⁸⁷ ibid., 71.

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⁹² Interview nos. 28, 33, and 386, “Family Life and Work Experience before 1918,” UK Data Archive, University of Essex. Crook's own work on the cubicles shows that, in practice, such privatized spaces often existed next to circular, shared pissoirs and were vulnerable to breakdown or transgressive behavior (Crook, “Power, Privacy and Pleasure”).

⁹³ See Taylor and Trentmann, “Liquid Politics.”

⁹⁴ Lara Kriegel, “Culture and the Copy: Calico, Capitalism, and Design Copyright in Early Victorian Britain,” Journal of British Studies 43, no. 2 (April 2004): 233–65.

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⁹⁹ Brown, Sense of Things, 74–80.