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Friendly Societies and the Discourse of Respectability in Britain, 1825–1875

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2014

Simon Cordery
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Extract

In nineteenth-century Britain, friendly societies (working-class mutual benefit clubs) and ruling elites contested definitions of respectability and independence in a struggle to delineate relations between societies and the state. This process was an important part of an ongoing set of negotiations by which working-class organizations influenced middle-class attitudes toward collective action. Pressure from friendly societies forced members of Parliament and bureaucrats to accept their claim to respectability and, with it, to independence from state control, changing the discourse of respectability in three stages. During the first quarter of the century, clergymen and landowners equated respectability with middle-class patronage and independence from the Poor Law. Around midcentury, the societies appropriated the discourse of respectability and, with qualified elite approval, used it to redefine independence as freedom from middle-class supervision. By the 1870s, however, friendly society leaders requested government assistance to limit the independence of rank-and-file members, whose autonomy they claimed was a threat to the societies' respectability.

Friendly societies wanted, as one member wrote, “to do what is ‘respectable.’” This meant redefining respectability in a collective, working-class context. While middle-class definitions rested on the premise that individualism and self-help were the twin foundations of respectability, friendly societies gained access to the social power of respectability by offering an alternative definition based on collective self-help and independence from external control. Friendly societies were democratically managed insurance clubs offering sickness and burial coverage and sociable activities in return for regular payments. They often met in public houses, which they identified as respectable, contradicting middle-class attitudes.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , January 1995 , pp. 35 - 58
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 1995

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References

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60 Ibid., qq. 277–78 (Smith). Rule 18 stipulated that members should be fined for “singing an indecent or political song, or giving an indecent or political toast or sentiment,” and rule 254 forbade the publication of “advertisements of a political or religious nature” in the order's quarterly magazine; Laws for the Government of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of the Manchester Unity (Manchester: Richmond & Froggett, 1841)Google Scholar.

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81 Ibid., q. 23832 (Hughes); q. 8409 (Solly).

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