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² For this paragraph, see Shepherd, Robert, Enoch Powell (London, 1996), 429–506Google Scholar; Heffer, Simon, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (1998; London, 2008), 528–961Google Scholar; Cunningham, Michael, “Conservative Dissidents and the Irish Question: The ‘Pro-integrationist’ Lobby 1973–94,” Irish Political Studies 10, no. 1 (1995): 26–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hume, David, The Ulster Unionist Party, 1972–1992 (Lurgan, 1996), 12, 80, 83–84Google Scholar; Walker, Graham, A History of the Ulster Unionist Party: Protest, Pragmatism and Pessimism (Manchester, 2004), 222–25, 231Google Scholar; Patterson, Henry and Kaufmann, Eric, Unionism and Orangeism in Northern Ireland since 1945 (Manchester, 2007), 175, 180–81, 186, 202Google Scholar.

³ Ulster was a preferred Unionist term but also one widely used in Britain. Powell contended that “Ulster is sufficiently appropriated to the six counties comprised in Northern Ireland to be a usable term”; Powell to J. M. Seed, 4 January 1994, Churchill College, Cambridge, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/7.

⁴ Powell, J. Enoch, “Speech at Birmingham, 20 April 1968,” in Freedom and Reality, ed. Wood, John (London, 1969), 213–19Google Scholar.

⁵ Lewis, Roy, Enoch Powell: Principle in Politics (London, 1979), 180Google Scholar; Shepherd, Powell, 429, 50; Heffer, Like the Roman, esp. 577, 744–45, 822.

⁶ Loughlin, James, Ulster Unionism and British National Identity since 1885 (London, 1995), 200Google Scholar.

⁷ Miller, David, Queen’s Rebels: Ulster Loyalism in Historical Perspective (Belfast, 1978), introduction, quotation at 1Google Scholar.

⁸ Aughey, Arthur, Under Siege: Ulster Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement (Belfast, 1989), vii, 144Google Scholar; Stapleton, Julia, “Citizenship versus Patriotism in Twentieth-Century England,” Historical Journal 48, no. 1 (March 2005): 151–78, quotations at 153, 173CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ Aughey, Under Siege, 137, 162.

¹⁰ Walker (Ulster Unionist Party, 3–8, 224–25) suggests the need to refine the influential analysis of Jennifer Todd (“Two Traditions in Unionist Political Culture,” Irish Political Studies 2, no. 1 [1987]: 1–26) that divided Unionism into “Ulster Loyalist” and “British Unionist” categories.

¹¹ Most notably, Heffer (Like the Roman, 744–45) comments that “Powell remained, in mind, a Conservative unable to take his eyes off the seismic events in his old party.”

¹² Stapleton, “Citizenship,” 173. See also Shepherd, Powell, 453; Heffer, Like the Roman, 153, 336–40; and Stapleton, Julia, Political Intellectuals and Public Identities in Britain since 1850 (Manchester, 2001), 179–83Google Scholar.

¹³ Layton-Henry, Zig, The Politics of Race in Britain (London, 1984), 70–80Google Scholar; Rich, Paul, Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge, 1990), 207–8Google Scholar; Waters, Chris, “‘Dark Strangers’ in our Midst: Discourses of Race and Nation in Britain, 1947–1963,” Journal of British Studies 36, no. 2 (April 1997): 207–38, 236–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Smith, Anna Marie, New Right Discourse on Race and Sexuality: Britain, 1968–1990 (Cambridge, 1994), chap. 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Weight, Richard, Patriots: National Identity in Britain, 1940–2000 (Basingstoke, 2002), 431–38Google Scholar; Whipple, Amy, “Revisiting the ‘Rivers of Blood’ Controversy: Letters to Enoch Powell,” Journal of British Studies 48, no. 3 (July 2009): 717–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Paul, Kathleen (Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era [Ithaca, NY, 1997], 178–79)Google Scholar offers arguably the most circumspect judgment on the distinctiveness of Powell’s contribution to the debate.

¹⁴ For an overview of the diverse debates on Britishness, see Ward, Paul, Britishness since 1870 (London, 2004), 2–9Google Scholar. For a summary of the public and academic rejection of the concept of the British nation, see Bryant, Christopher, The Nations of Britain (Oxford, 2005), 7–12Google Scholar. For a recent contribution to the debate, see Gamble, Andrew and Wright, Tony, Britishness: Perspectives on the Britishness Question (Oxford, 2009)Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Bourke, Richard, Peace in Ireland: The War of Ideas (London, 2003), 242–43, 266, 268Google Scholar.

¹⁶ McLean, Iain and McMillan, Alistair, State of the Union: Unionism and the Alternatives in the United Kingdom since 1707 (Oxford, 2005), 135, 173–77, 246CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁷ Greenleaf, W. H., The British Political Tradition: The Ideological Heritage, 3 vols. (London, 1983), 2:195Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Lynch, Philip, The Politics of Nationhood: Sovereignty, Britishness and Conservative Politics (Basingstoke, 1999), esp. introduction, chaps. 1–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁹ Green, E. H. H., Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 2002), 281, 286–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁰ For wider context, here and throughout the article, see Loughlin, James, The Ulster Question since 1945 (Basingstoke, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Walker, Ulster Unionist Party, chaps. 5–6; and “CAIN Web Service: Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland,” University of Ulster and Conflict Archive on the Internet, http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk.

²¹ Powell, speech at Salop, 27 August 1969, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20; Heffer, Like the Roman, 528.

²² Powell, speech at Londonderry, 15 January 1971, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

²³ Powell, speech at the Kelly Hall, Montpottinger, Belfast, 2 June 1972, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

²⁴ In contrast to the Powell biographies, it has recently been suggested that Powell’s thinking on the nature of nationhood was not postimperial but had evolved beforehand in the context of imperial India: Brooke, Peter, “India, Post-imperialism and the Origins of Enoch Powell’s ‘Rivers of Blood’ Speech,” Historical Journal 50, no. 3 (September 2007): 669–87, esp. 675CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁵ Maude, Angus and Powell, J. Enoch, Biography of a Nation: A Short History of Britain (London, 1955), 7Google Scholar.

²⁶ Transcript of Radio 4, Any Questions, 8 June 1973, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/19.

²⁷ For the nuances and historical background of these arguments, see Bourke, Richard, “Languages of Conflict and the Northern Ireland Troubles,” Journal of Modern History 83, no. 3 (September 2011): 544–78, esp. 571–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸ “Westminster Rejects ‘Nonsense’ of 1973 Act,” Irish Times, 5 September 1974.

²⁹ Powell, address to the Royal Society of St. George, 22 April 1961, in A Nation Not Afraid, ed. John Wood (London, 1965), 143–46, quotation at 145. Wood incorrectly gives the year of the speech as 1964. See Heffer, Like the Roman, 982.

³⁰ Powell, speech at Banbridge, 25 September 1974, Belfast, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI), D3107/1/1. Copies of Powell’s speeches for the period after September 1974 were consulted in PRONI. Copies of the same speeches are also available in the Powell Papers in Churchill College, Cambridge.

³¹ Heffer, Like the Roman, 334. Even so, Tom Nairn’s quip—from a Scottish, pro-devolution, New Left perspective—that Powell was a proponent of “English nationalism,” deluding himself that Northern Ireland “was a bit of England,” is an exaggeration; Nairn, Tom, The Break Up of Britain (London, 1981), chap. 6, esp. 258, 280Google Scholar.

³² Powell, speech at Belfast, 25 October 1985, PRONI, D3107/1/281.

³³ “Powell Boobs: Rules UUUC Chiefs Out of Convention,” Belfast Telegraph, 7 October 1974.

³⁴ Powell to Timothy Johnston, 26 January 1998, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/17. For Powell’s initial election, see Belfast Telegraph, 1 May 1970.

³⁵ Heffer, Like the Roman, 812.

³⁶ Powell, speech at Newcastle, County Down, 8 December 1978, PRONI, D3107/1/102.

³⁷ Powell to Clifford Smyth, 21 December 1987, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/4. Powell had left the church in his youth but returned in early middle age; Powell, J. Enoch, No Easy Answers (London, 1973), 4Google Scholar.

³⁸ Stapleton, “Citizenship,” 172–74.

³⁹ Heffer, Like the Roman, 528.

⁴⁰ Powell, speech at Enniskillen, 7 February 1970, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

⁴¹ Powell, speech at Loughgall, 28 July 1972, speech at Penzance, 13 November 1971, speech at Enniskillen, 3 June 1974, all found in Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20; speech at Banbridge, 25 September 1974, PRONI, D3107/1/1; speech at Donacloney, 7 December 1974, PRONI, D3107/1/6.

⁴² Powell, speech at Carryduff, 3 April 1976, PRONI, D3107/1/25; also in Unionist Clarion, May 1976, Belfast, Linenhall Library, Northern Ireland Political Collection (NIPC).

⁴³ Note by JEP to Molyneaux, 12 March 1976, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/8.

⁴⁴ Powell, speech at Portrush, 18 September 1973, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

⁴⁵ Powell, speech at the Kelly Hall, Montpottinger, Belfast, 2 June 1972, speech at Banbridge, 10 June 1972, both in Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20; Movement, Ulster Vanguard, Ulster—a Nation (Belfast, 1972)Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Powell, speech at Inch, Downpatrick, 6 May 1978, PRONI, D3107/1/84.

⁴⁷ “Callaghan Sees Independence as Only Answer,” The Times, 3 July 1981.

⁴⁸ Powell, speech at Helen’s Bay, 6 January 1982, PRONI, D3107/1/181.

⁴⁹ Powell, speech at Rathfriland, 25 September 1986, PRONI, D3107/1/306, and see also speech at Markethill, 9 May 1987, PRONI, D3107/1/331.

⁵⁰ For the wider debate, see English, Richard and Kenny, Michael, “Public Intellectuals and the Question of British Decline,” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 3, no. 3 (October 2001): 259–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵¹ Powell, speech at Louth, 8 March 1963, in Wood, Nation Not Afraid, 135.

⁵² Powell, speech at Trinity College, Dublin, 13 November 1964, in Wood, Nation Not Afraid, 135–43.

⁵³ Powell, , “Foreword,” in Still to Decide, ed. Wood, John (London, 1972), vi–viiGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁴ Powell, speech at Penzance, 13 November 1971, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

⁵⁵ Powell, speech at Armagh, 29 August 1974, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

⁵⁶ Powell, speech at Banbridge, 25 September 1974, PRONI, D3107/1/1.

⁵⁷ Powell, speech at Dromore, 25 January 1975, PRONI, D3107/1/11.

⁵⁸ Powell, speech at Newcastle, 10 December 1976, PRONI, D3107/1/48.

⁵⁹ Powell, speech at Duncair Unionist Hall, Belfast, 4 February 1977, PRONI, D3107/1/52.

⁶⁰ Heffer, Like the Roman, 74–77.

⁶¹ Powell, speech at Kilkeel, 30 April 1979, PRONI, D3107/1/115. See also Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 2 July 1979, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 969 (1978–79), cols. 1045–46.

⁶² Powell, speech at Coleraine, 5 December 1981, PRONI, D3107/1/179.

⁶³ Powell, speech at Desert, Donaghmore, Newry, 17 March 1979, PRONI, D3107/1/112.

⁶⁴ Powell, speech at Dundonald, 3 January 1980, PRONI, D3107/1/130. It has been suggested that Powell had become a proponent of “conspiracy theories”—a reference to some of his more outlandish claims such as CIA involvement in the death of Lord Mountbatten in 1979. See, for instance, Shepherd, Powell, 477–78, 480, 483–84.

⁶⁵ Powell, speech at Broughshare, 13 May 1983, PRONI, D3107/1/220. For the party, see Walker, Ulster Unionist Party, 231.

⁶⁶ Powell, speech at Queen’s University Belfast, 7 March 1986, PRONI, D3107/1/292.

⁶⁷ Powell, speech at Ballynahinch, 18 January 1986, PRONI, D3107/1/289.

⁶⁸ As part of the British government’s Ulsterization policy, the RUC regained chief responsibility for security from 1977, working alongside the locally recruited Ulster Defence Regiment, which was part of the British Army.

⁶⁹ Powell to Robin Chichester-Clark, 3 February 1970, Churchill College, Cambridge, Chichester-Clark Papers, CCLK, 1/2.

⁷⁰ Powell, speech at Enniskillen, 7 February 1970, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

⁷¹ “Powell Urges Alien Status for Irish,” Irish Times, 9 February 1970. For the censure, see “2 Governments Turn a Blind Eye to Powell,” Belfast Telegraph, 9 February 1970.

⁷² Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 7 April 1970, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 799 (1969–70), col. 291.

⁷³ This Week, 21 January 1971, NIPC. For coverage, see “Why Powell Would Abolish Stormont,” Belfast Telegraph, 15 January 1971.

⁷⁴ Powell, speech at Londonderry, 15 January 1971, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20; “Petty Issues Are Elevated, Says Powell,” Belfast Telegraph, 16 January 1971.

⁷⁵ Powell at Newtownards, 6 May 1972, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

⁷⁶ Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 24 May 1973, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 857 (1972–73), col. 721.

⁷⁷ Powell, speech at Warrenpoint, Newry, 27 January 1977, PRONI, D3107/1/51, speech at Inch, Downpatrick, 6 May 1978, PRONI, D3107/1/84.

⁷⁸ Powell, J. Enoch, “1951–59: Labour in Opposition,” Political Quarterly 30, no. 4 (1959): 336–43, quotations at 340–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁹ Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 29 March 1973, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 853 (1972–73), cols. 1591–92, speech at Belfast, 18 April 1974, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

⁸⁰ “New Loyalist Policy Is UK Federation,” Irish Times, 27 April 1974.

⁸¹ Powell, speech at Armagh, 29 August 1974, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20; “Powell’s View on UK Federation,” Belfast Telegraph, 4 September 1974; J. Enoch Powell, “Why I Want Your Vote,” Belfast Telegraph, 8 October 1974.

⁸² Powell, speech at Newcastle, County Down, 6 December 1974, PRONI, D3107/1/5.

⁸³ For the background, see Bogdanor, Vernon, Devolution in the United Kingdom (Oxford, 1999), 95–97, 99Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ Mitchell, James, Devolution in the UK (Manchester, 2009), 4–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁵ Bogdanor, Devolution, 3.

⁸⁶ Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 16 December 1976, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 922 (1976–77), cols. 1818–19.

⁸⁷ Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 4 February 1975, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 885 (1974–75), cols. 1202–3, speech at Whiteabbey, 6 January 1977, PRONI, D3107/1/49. Powell described the problems of federation in his biographical study of Joseph Chamberlain; Powell, J. Enoch, Joseph Chamberlain (London, 1977)Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 15 November 1977, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 939 (1977–78), cols. 505–6.

⁸⁹ Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 4 February 1975, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 885 (1974–75), cols. 1202–3.

⁹⁰ A. R. Williams, “Call on the Prime Minister by Mr Enoch Powell MP,” 30 October 1975, The National Archives (TNA), PREM 16/521.

⁹¹ Powell to West, 3 April 1975, Powell to West, 8 April 1975, Jim [Molyneaux] to Powell, 14 April 1975, all in Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/8.

⁹² E. H. Brush to Molyneaux, 24 July 1976, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/9. The file contains a mass of related correspondence. See also Shepherd, Powell, 469–70; and Heffer, Like the Roman, 775.

⁹³ Utley, T. E., Lessons of Ulster (London, 1975), 137–40, 143Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ Powell, speech at Inch, Downpatrick, 6 May 1978, PRONI, D3107/1/84, speech at Glenloughan, Kilkeel, 25 January 1980, PRONI, D3107/1/133.

⁹⁵ West to Molyneaux, 21 July 1977, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/9.

⁹⁶ “Unionists Close Ranks to Back Council Plan,” Belfast Telegraph, 21 October 1978; “Paisley Gets the Cold Shoulder,” Belfast Telegraph, 23 October 1978; “Divisions Surface at Official Unionist Conference,” Irish Times, 23 October 1978.

⁹⁷ “Molyneaux Policy: Grass Roots Test,” Belfast Telegraph, 18 October 1979; “Unionists Vote for Total Integration,” Belfast Telegraph, 20 October 1979; Ulster Unionist Council, Annual Report (Belfast, 1979), 13, and Annual Report (Belfast, 1980), 13; “OUP Vote to Push On with Devolution Plan,” Belfast Telegraph, 26 October 1981.

⁹⁸ Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 5 June 1972, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 838 (1971–72), col. 185.

⁹⁹ “Powell Warns on Future of Shipyard,” Irish Times, 5 September 1974. On regional policy toward Northern Ireland, see Harris, R. I. D., Regional Economic Policy in Northern Ireland (Aldershot, 1991)Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁰ “Powell and that Shipyard Attack,” Belfast Telegraph, 8 October 1974.

¹⁰¹ “Enoch Slams Lame Duck Aid,” Belfast Telegraph, 28 March 1975.

¹⁰² Powell, speech at Newcastle, County Down, 7 October 1974, PRONI, D3107/1/2, speech to the House of Commons, 18 July 1980, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 988 (1979–80), cols. 1943–44. For the longer-term background, see Wilson, Thomas, “Devolution and Public Finance” in Ulster under Home Rule: A Study of the Political and Economic Problems of Northern Ireland, ed. Wilson, Thomas (Oxford, 1955), 115–36Google Scholar.

¹⁰³ Powell, speech at Ballynafeigh, Belfast, 4 February 1978, PRONI, D3107/1/79.

¹⁰⁴ Heffer, Like the Roman, 745, 813.

¹⁰⁵ Ulster Unionist Council, Annual Report (1979), 13.

¹⁰⁶ “Unionists to Fight for End of Inflation, Pledges Powell,” Belfast Telegraph, 17 October 1980.

¹⁰⁷ “Powell Sways Delegates,” Belfast Telegraph, 20 October 1980.

¹⁰⁸ Powell, speech at Warrenpoint, Newry, 24 November 1978, PRONI, D3107/1/100.

¹⁰⁹ Powell, address to the Orange Lodge No. 792 Annual Supper, Sir William Allen Memorial Hall, Moira, 9 December 1978, PRONI, D3107/1/103. For the order, see Patterson and Kaufmann, Unionism and Orangeism, 204–6, 208.

¹¹⁰ Powell, speech at Eglinton, 25 April 1980, PRONI, D3107/1/141.

¹¹¹ Powell, speech at Antrim, 1 February 1980, PRONI, D3107/1/135. For subsequent reiteration of the same overall argument, see speech at Brookeborough Hall, Belfast, 8 January 1981, PRONI, D3107/1/160, speech at Belfast, 25 October 1985, PRONI, D3107/1/281, and speech at Dundrum, 6 December 1985, PRONI, D3107/1/287. Once he was no longer active in Ulster Unionist politics, Powell was more explicit that the old Stormont government had “placed the political minority in Ulster in a position of permanent disadvantage from which no other minority in the UK suffers”; speech at Dromore, 20 January 1989, PRONI, D3107/1/361.

¹¹² Crick, Bernard, “The Sovereignty of Parliament and the Irish Question,” in Political Cooperation in Divided Societies, ed. Rea, Desmond (Dublin, 1982), 229–54, esp. 231–45Google Scholar.

¹¹³ Powell, speech at Eglinton, 25 April 1980, PRONI, D3107/1/141.

¹¹⁴ Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 28 April 1982, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 6th ser., vol. 22 (1981–82), cols. 921–24, speech to the House of Commons, 30 June 1982, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 6th ser., vol. 26 (1981–82), cols. 1009–10.

¹¹⁵ Cosgrove, Richard, The Rule of Law: Albert Venn Dicey, Victorian Jurist (London, 1980), 110, 130, 235CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹¹⁷ Powell, address to the South Kensington Young Conservatives, 30 September 1976 in A Nation or No Nation? Six Years in British Politics, ed. Richard Ritchie (London, 1978), 113–16, quotation at 113.

¹¹⁸ Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 9 June 1982, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 6th ser., vol. 25 (1981–82), col. 240.

¹¹⁹ Powell, speech at the Kelly Hall, Montpottinger, Belfast, 2 June 1972, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

¹²⁰ Inside Politics, 21 April 1977, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, BBC Northern Ireland Archives, 701. The author is grateful to David Hayton for alerting him to this source.

¹²¹ Heffer, Like the Roman, 841, 847–48.

¹²² Ulster Unionist Council, Annual Report (Belfast, 1982), 8, noting executive committee meeting on 26 November.

¹²³ Powell, speech at Warrenpoint, 30 November 1984, PRONI, D3107/1/258; Belfast Telegraph, 24 November 1984. Heffer (Like the Roman, 887) considered that Powell merely wanted the OUP to reapply for the Conservative Whip.

¹²⁴ McCartney, Robert, The Case for Integration (Belfast, 1986), 1, 2Google Scholar.

¹²⁵ “Party Members Lash Unionist’s Secrecy,” Belfast Telegraph, 8 November 1986; “Party By-Passes Integration,” Belfast Telegraph, 10 November 1986; “Unionists Reject Conference Integration Plea,” Irish Times, 10 November 1986; “Deal ‘Blocks Hope for Future’” and “Molyneaux Demands Unity in Party Policy Battle,” Belfast Newsletter, 10 November 1986.

¹²⁶ The Equal Citizen: Journal of the Campaign for Equal Citizenship, January 1987, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/4.

¹²⁷ Clifford, Brendan, The Road to Nowhere: A Review of Unionist Politics from O’Neill to Molyneaux and Powell (Belfast, 1987), 7, 15Google Scholar. He remarked that it was “not surprising that Powell, who came to South Down in flight from party politics, has not proved to be the statesman that the province needs.” For the background, see Coulter, Colin, “The Origins of the Northern Ireland Conservatives,” Irish Political Studies 16, no. 1 (2001): 29–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹²⁹ Powell to Peter Clarke, 7 July 1988, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/5.

¹³⁰ Powell, speech at Banbridge, 10 June 1972, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

¹³¹ Powell, speech at Beaconsfield, 19 March 1971, speech at Ballymena, 3 September 1972, both in Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/20.

¹³² Oakeshott, Michael, On Human Conduct (Oxford, 1975), parts 2–3Google Scholar. For a recent analysis of Oakeshott’s arguments here, see Neill, Edmund, Michael Oakeshott (New York, 2010), 61–69Google Scholar.

¹³³ Green, Ideologies of Conservatism, 281–85. For Powell, see Stapleton, Political Intellectuals, 179.

¹³⁴ See Heffer, Like the Roman, 212, for Powell’s engagement with Oakeshott’s work in the late 1940s and 1950s.

¹³⁵ Heffer, Like the Roman, 758. There is no copy of the speech among the Powell speeches held at PRONI.

¹³⁶ “Row over Powell,” Belfast Newsletter, 7 July 1975; “Powell Talking Nonsense: Paisley,” Belfast Telegraph, 7 July 1975; “Loyalist Attack on Powell,” Irish Times, 7 July 1975.

¹³⁷ Belfast Telegraph, 10 July 1975.

¹³⁸ Powell, speech at Ballynahinch, 8 October 1974, PRONI, D3107/1/3.

¹³⁹ Powell, speech at Holywood, 5 May 1978, PRONI, D3107/1/83.

¹⁴⁰ Powell, speech at Brookeborough Hall, Belfast, 8 January 1981, PRONI, D3107/1/160.

¹⁴¹ Graham, Edgar, Devolution: Maintaining the Union (Belfast, 1982), 5–7Google Scholar.

¹⁴² Powell, speech at Brookeborough Hall, Belfast, 8 January 1981, PRONI, D3107/1/160.

¹⁴³ Powell, speech at Helen’s Bay, 6 January 1982, PRONI, D3107/1/181.

¹⁴⁴ Powell, speech at Chester-le-Street, 29 January 1972, in Ritchie, Nation or No Nation?, 36–40, quotation at 40.

¹⁴⁵ Hadfield, Brigid, “The United Kingdom as a Territorial State,” in The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, ed. Bogdanor, Vernon (Oxford, 2003), 585–630, esp. 621–22Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁶ Powell, speech at Portadown, 28 May 1976, PRONI, D3107/1/29. Reported in Unionist Clarion, June 1976, NIPC.

¹⁴⁷ “Statement: For Immediate Release,” 27 April 1977, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/9; Powell, speech at Dromore, 3 January 1978, PRONI, D3107/1/73, speech at Brookeborough Hall, Belfast, 8 January 1981, PRONI, D3107/1/160. Powell made a tenuous distinction between this strike and the UUUC-backed 1974 Ulster Workers’ Council strike, arguing that the latter “was directed not against Parliament but against the misjudgment of the then Secretary of State in establishing an executive that he believed would command adequate public support”; speech at Brookeborough Hall, Belfast, 8 January 1981, PRONI, D3107/1/160. This ignored the fact that the 1973 Sunningdale Agreement, under which the executive had been set up, had been greeted with approval in Parliament.

¹⁴⁸ Powell, speech at Donaghadee, 26 January 1980, PRONI, D3107/1/134, speech to the House of Commons, 9 March 1981, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 1000 (1980–81), col. 720, speech at Helen’s Bay, 6 January 1982, PRONI, D3107/1/181.

¹⁴⁹ Powell, speech at Kilkeel, 4 August 1984, PRONI, D3107/1/247. On subsequent Unionist interpretations of the period 1912–14, see Jackson, Alvin, “Unionist Myths, 1912–1985,” Past and Present, no. 136 (August 1992): 164–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵⁰ Behind the Headlines, 17 October 1985, BBC Northern Ireland archives, 1593–94. See also Powell, speech at Belfast, 25 October 1985, PRONI, D3107/1/281.

¹⁵¹ Heffer, Like the Roman, 886; Cochrane, Feargal, Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism since the Anglo-Irish Agreement (Cork, 1997), 332Google Scholar.

¹⁵² Powell, speech to the House of Commons, 27 November 1985, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 6th ser., vol. 87 (1985–86), cols. 950–55.

¹⁵³ Powell, speech at Dundrum, 6 December 1985, PRONI, D3107/1/287.

¹⁵⁴ Powell, speech at Ballynahinch, 18 January 1986, PRONI, D3107/1/289.

¹⁵⁵ Powell at Newcastle, County Down, 6 January 1986, PRONI, D3107/1/288.

¹⁵⁶ Transcript, Face the Press, Channel 4, 2 March 1986, Powell Papers, POLL 9/1/19.

¹⁵⁷ Powell, speech at Spa, Ballynahinch, 31 May 1986, PRONI, D3107/1/300, and see also speech at Kilkeel, 2 August 1986, PRONI, D3107/1/305.

¹⁵⁸ Powell, address to the Law Society, Queen’s University Belfast, 6 February 1987, PRONI, D3107/1/326.

¹⁵⁹ The History Makers, recorded on 1 July 1988, BBC Northern Ireland archives, 2705.

¹⁶⁰ Editorial, Belfast Telegraph, 16 January 1971.

¹⁶¹ Bogdanor, Devolution, 14–15; McLean and McMillan, State of the Union, chap. 1, 244–46.

¹⁶² Mitchell, Devolution in the UK, 1–15, esp. 4–6.

¹⁶³ Cunningham, “Conservative Dissidents,” 38.

¹⁶⁴ David Shiels, “Back to Enoch,” Fortnight, September 2006.

¹⁶⁵ For an exception, see Powell, speech at Portadown, 28 May 1976, PRONI, D3107/1/29.