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“Cam Ye O'er Frae France?” Exile and the Mind of Scottish Jacobitism, 1716–1727

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2014

Daniel Szechi
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Extract

On 14 February 1716 at Ruthven in Badenoch, the remaining officers of the Jacobite army in Scotland gathered to decide their next move. They had turned out the previous autumn in high hopes of restoring the Stuart dynasty to the throne it had lost in 1689 and forcing an end to the union with England, but their confidence and enthusiasm had long since evaporated in the face of the defeat of the English rising at Preston and failure on their own part at Sherrifmuir. Their king and his chief minister had fled the country just after the army began its retreat from Perth. Now the weather had deteriorated, and desertion had reduced their once impressive force to a shadow of its former self. Not surprisingly, given the circumstances, the officers drafted a letter to the duke of Argyll, the commander of the British army in Scotland, asking for an indemnity and ordered their men to make their own way home. Then they themselves dispersed. It was the final act in the botched complex of conspiracies and uprisings that has gone down in history as the Jacobite Rising of 1715.

Reflecting on the consequences of the Jacobites' failure, the earl of Mar, by then the Old Pretender's secretary of state, sadly remarked: “I much doubt if ever a [rising] can be established there again.” It was a percipient observation. For over a generation, it was to prove extremely difficult to persuade most of the leaders of Scottish Jacobitism even to contemplate another uprising.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 37 , Issue 4 , October 1998 , pp. 357 - 390
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 1998

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References

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47 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Lille, 28 October 1716 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/5/1.

48 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Archibald Seton of Touch, Avignon, 17 April 1716 N.S., 2:94–95Google Scholar.

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50 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Lewis Innes, [Avignon], 9 June 1716 N.S., 2:211–13Google Scholar; and Mar to Maule, 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216–17.

51 HMC, Stuart, Account by Dicconson, [Saint Germain], 31 January 1718 N.S., 5:425–28Google Scholar.

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58 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Dicconson, Avignon, 2 February 1717 N.S., 3:503–4Google Scholar; Stuart Papers, “List of Those That Are to Stay in France, or Flanders,” vol. 17, letter 55.

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61 HMC, Stuart, [G. Bagnall to James Stuart], [Turin?], [8?] July 1716 N.S., 2:266–67Google Scholar.

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63 HMC, Stuart, John Walkinshaw [of Scottstown] to Mar, Brussels, 1 July 1716 N.S., 2:246–47Google Scholar; and Bruce to Mar, Brussels, 11 June 1717 N.S., 4:341–42.

64 Michael, , England under George I, p. 323Google Scholar.

65 HMC, Stuart, [Marquis de Magny] to [Queen Mary?], 14 June 1716 N.S., 2:220Google Scholar.

66 HMC, Stuart, Marquess of Tullibardine to Mar, 9 July 1718 N.S., 7:22–23Google Scholar; William Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 19 July 1718 N.S., 7:61; and Dillon to Mar, [Paris], 23 August 1718 N.S., 7:195.

67 HMC, Stuart, Fanny Oglethorpe to Mar, [Paris?], 17 June 1718 N.S., 6:539–41Google Scholar; and Dillon to Mar, Paris, 8 August 1718 N.S., 7:128.

68 The eldest son and heir of a Scottish baron was traditionally designated the “master” of the title.

69 HMC, Stuart, Sir John Erskine of Alva to Mar, Beaune, 6 April 1716 N.S., 2:63–64Google Scholar; Thomas Forster to Mar, Paris, 13 May 1716 N.S., 2:148; Clephane to Mar, Avignon, 13 July 1716 N.S., 2:277–78; James Edgar to John Paterson, 7 August 1716 [N.S.], 2:333–34; Lord George Murray to Mar, Turin, 31 October 1716 N.S., 3:162; Colonel Arthur Elphinston to John Paterson, Blois, 1 November 1716 N.S., 3:164; and Mar to James Stuart, Liége, 22 September 1717 N.S., 5:68.

70 Despite the presence of many Highlanders among them and the fact that many of the soldiers of the Irish Brigades spoke the language(Griffin, William D., “The Irish on the Continent in the Eighteenth Century,” Eighteenth Century Studies, 5 [1976]: 461Google Scholar),there appear to have been no exclusively Gaelic-speaking communities of Scots exiles.

71 HMC, Stuart, Leslie to Mar, 21 April 1716 N.S., 2:102–3Google Scholar.

72 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 22 November 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376; Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 274; HMC, Stuart, Pitsligo to Mar, Leyden, 11 January 1717 N.S., 3:428–29Google Scholar.

73 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Panmure, Urbino, 17 February 1718 N.S., 5:487Google Scholar.

74 Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 295; Gregg, , “Politics of Paranoia,” pp. 42–56Google Scholar.

75 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Lewis Innes, Avignon, 19 May and 9 June 1716 N.S., 2:164–67, 211–13Google Scholar; Mar to Maule, [Avignon] 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216–18; and Lewis Innes to Mar, [Saint Germain], 7 July 1716 N.S., 2:260–61.

76 HMC, Stuart, Nairne to Mar, Xaintes, 17 September 1717 N.S., 5:48Google Scholar.

77 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Hutcheson to Panmure, Bordeaux, 3 December 1716 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/6.

78 HMC, Stuart, Forbes to Mar, Rotterdam, 18 September 1717 N.S., 5:58Google Scholar.

79 HMC, Stuart, Panmure to Mar, Paris, 9 May 1718 N.S., 6:416Google Scholar.

80 HMC, Stuart, Ogilvie to Mar, Dunkirk, 18 August 1718 N.S., 7:173Google Scholar. It is interesting to observe that the first wave of Jacobite émigrés in the 1690s also had a distinct propensity toward violence in their relationships with each other and the native population: Genet-Rouffiac, Nathalie, “Jacobites in Paris and Saint-Germain-en-Laye,” in The Stuart Court in Exile and the Jacobites, ed. Cruickshanks, Eveline and Corp, Edward (London, 1995), pp. 35–37Google Scholar.

81 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Ormonde, 22 July [1718] N.S., 7:73Google Scholar; and Ogilvie to Mar, Dunkirk, 18 August 1718 N.S., 7:173–74.

82 HMC, Stuart, Sir John Forrester to Mar, Cahors, 3 August 1718 N.S., 7:106–7Google Scholar; and Colin Campbell of Glendarule to Mar, Orléans, 27 August 1716 N.S., 7:206. See also, Stuart Papers, Lord George Murray to James Stuart, Paris, 22 June 1722 N.S., vol. 60, letter 73A.

83 HMC, Stuart, Laurence Charteris to Mar, 12 September 1718 N.S., 7:274–75Google Scholar.

84 See, e.g., SirScott, Walter, ed., Memoirs of the Insurrection in Scotland in 1715: By John, Master of Sinclair (Edinburgh, 1858), pp. 1–2Google Scholar; HMC, Stuart, Ronald Macdonald of Clanranald to Mar, Ormaclett (South Uist), 11/22 April 1716, 2:107–14Google Scholar; and Maule to Mar, Leyden, 7 September 1717 N.S., 5:21.

85 For examples of which, see HMC, Stuart, Andrew Ramsay to Walkinshaw, Bordeaux, 10 December 1716 N.S., 3:305Google Scholar; Szechi, Daniel, ed., “Scotland's Mine”: Lockhart of Carnwath's Memoirs of the Union (Aberdeen, 1995), pp. 239–44Google Scholar; Abercromby, P., The Martial Achievements of the Scottish Nation, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1711/1715), 1Google Scholar, preface (last par.):622–23; 2:iv, 305–6, 318, 487, 543.

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87 Tayler, , ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, p. 138Google Scholar, n. 1.

88 Pitsligo to George Cumine of Pitullie, [1718?], in Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 278.

89 HMC, Stuart, Sir Hugh Paterson to Mar, Leyden, 28 May 1716 N.S., 2:191Google Scholar; Cokayne, G. E., The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, 13 vols. (1910–1940), 4:497Google Scholar, note c.

90 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Thomas West, [Urbino?], 12 August 1718 N.S., 7:143–44Google Scholar.

91 HMC, Stuart, Dicconson to Queen Mary, [Saint Germain], 26 July 1717 N.S., 4:466–68Google Scholar.

92 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Maule, [Avignon], 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216–18Google Scholar.

93 HMC, Stuart, Sir John Forrester to Mar, Cahors, 3 August 1718 N.S., 7:106–7Google Scholar; and cf. Roger Kenyon to Mar, Rome, 17 October 1716 N.S., 3:92.

94 Blairs Letters, Paterson to William Stuart, Leghorn, 20 June 1716 N.S., MS 2/210/16.

95 HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Father Gaillard (Queen Mary's confessor), Fano, 28 February 1718 N.S., 5:515Google Scholar.

96 Constable, Thomas, ed., A Fragment of a Memoir of Field-Marshall James Keith, Written by Himself: 1714–1734 (Edinburgh, 1843), pp. 75–76Google Scholar.

97 For an example, see James Murray of Stormont to James Edgar, [Autun], 23 September 1751 N.S., in Tayler, , ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, pp. 232–33Google Scholar.

98 HMC, Stuart, Robert Freebairn to Hay, Calais, 15 April 1718 N.S., 6:314–15Google Scholar.

99 HMC, Stuart, Lancelot Ord to Dicconson, [Saint Omer?], 8 July 1718 N.S., 7:20–21Google Scholar; statement by Lancelot Ord, John Wood, James Kay, John English, John Coughlan, Henry Anderson, and George Dallas, Saint Omer, 9 July 1718 N.S., 7:24; Richard Plowden (provincial of the English Jesuits) to Mar, Saint Omer, 13 July 1718 N.S., 7:33–34; and Nugent to Mar, Saint Germain, 26 July 1718 N.S., 7:89.

100 Szechi, , “The Jacobite Revolution Settlement,” pp. 610–28Google Scholar.

101 Cruickshanks, and Corp, , eds., The Stuart Court in Exile, p. xiiiGoogle Scholar. I differ with the authors as to the scale of the Catholic majority at Saint Germain and Bar in large part because of accounts such as that of Major James Fraser of Castleleather, who when visiting the Jacobite court at Bar-le-Duc in 1715 (before the rising) attended an Anglican service there one Sunday conducted by Charles Leslie, who had been specifically summoned to Bar in 1713 to minister to James's Protestant servants. Fraser recalled: “The auditory were few, none but the Doctor, an Englishman, and the Major centry all the time, guarding the door”(Fergusson, A., ed., Major Fraser's Manuscript, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1889),1:190–91Google Scholar.

102 Dickinson, Harry T., Bolingbroke (London, 1970), pp. 139–40Google Scholar; HMC, Stuart, Mar to James Stuart, [Urbino?], 14 June 1717 N.S., 4:349–55Google Scholar; and Duke of Ormond to James Stuart, 20 June 1717 N.S., 4:370; Mar to James Stuart, 4 and 5 February 1719 N.S., in Tayler, , ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, pp. 143–46Google Scholar.

103 Tayler and Tayler, 1715, pp. 330–36.

104 HMC, Stuart, Father Archangel Graeme to Mar, Calais, 19 August 1718 N.S., 7:178–79Google Scholar.

105 Blairs Letters, Nairne to [Thomas Innes?], [Rome?], 6 November 1717 N.S., MS 2/217/2.

106 Blairs Letters, [Saint Germain], 25 December 1716 N.S., MS 2/208/15.

107 Blairs Letters, Nairne to Thomas Innes, [Avignon], 6 September 1716 N.S., MS 2/210/7.

108 HMC, Stuart, earl of Southesk to John Paterson, Rome, 13 November 1717 N.S., 5:205Google Scholar.

109 Though this was not universal, e.g., see HMC, Stuart, Captain Simon Fraser to John Paterson, Sens, 7 May 1716 N.S., 2:138Google Scholar. Research into the history of the family in late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Scotland is in its early days, though it promises to be a rich field. See Smout, Chris, “Scottish Marriage, Regular and Irregular, 1500–1940,” in Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage, ed. Outhwaite, R. B. (New York, 1982), pp. 204–36Google Scholar; Mitchison, Rosalind, Lordship to Patronage: Scotland 1603–1745 (London, 1983), pp. 85–89Google Scholar; Houston, Robert A., “Women in the Economy and Society of Scotland, 1500–1800,” in Scottish Society 1500–1800, ed. Houston, Robert A. and Whyte, Ian D. (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 118–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mitchison, Rosalind and Leneman, Leah, Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1989)Google Scholar; Houston, Robert A., Social Change in the Age of the Enlightenment: Edinburgh, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 18–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

110 See, e.g., Stuart Papers, Panmure to Mar, Paris, 9 January 1719 N.S., vol. 41, letter 32.

111 HMC, Stuart, Maule to Mar, Leyden, 7 July 1716 N.S., 2:261Google Scholar.

112 HMC, Stuart, Forbes to Mar, Paris, 22 April 1716 N.S., 2:104–5Google Scholar; and Forbes to John Paterson, Paris, 28 May 1716 N.S., 2:190.

113 HMC, Stuart, Home to Mar, London, 2 September 1718 O.S., 7:279–81Google Scholar.

114 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Hay, Avignon, 13 April 1716 N.S., 2:85–86Google Scholar; Gregg, Edward, “The Jacobite Career of John, Earl of Mar,” in Cruickshanks, , ed., Ideology and Conspiracy, pp. 193–94Google Scholar.

115 SRO, Edinburgh, Miscellaneous Jacobite Sources, Catherine Erskine to Sir John Erskine, 4 May 1716 O.S., letter GD 1/44/7.

116 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, Panmure, 12 March 1716 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/3.

117 SRO, Miscellaneous Jacobite Sources, Catherine Erskine to Sir John Erskine, 4 May 1716 O.S., letter GD 1/44/7; HMC, Stuart, vol. 2, pp. xxvi–xxviiGoogle Scholar; and Sir John Erskine to Mar, 8 October 1716 N.S., 3:44.

118 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, London and Panmure, 23 July 1717–19 O.S. and June 1718, letters GD 45/14/220/38/1–62.

119 HMC, Stuart, Frances, countess of Mar, to Mar, Boulogne, [23] September, 2 and 26 October, and 1 November 1718 N.S., 7:319–20, 351–52, 442–43, and 482–83Google Scholar.

120 HMC, Stuart, Sir Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn to Mar, Leyden, 29 April 1716, 2:129Google Scholar; Maule to Mar, Leyden, 7 September 1717 N.S., 5:20–21; and Panmure to Mar, Paris, 15 [August] 1718 N.S., 7:156–57; Stuart Papers, Panmure to James Stuart, Paris, 11 November 1720 N.S., vol. 50, letter 9.

121 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 8 March 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376.

122 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 16 August and 17 September 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376.

123 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 22 November 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376.

124 HMC, Stuart, Sir John Erskine to Mar, 8 October 1716 N.S., 3:44Google Scholar.

125 SRO, Miscellaneous Jacobite Sources, Catherine Erskine to Sir John Erskine, 14 May 1716 O.S., letter GD 1/44/7.

126 As is tacitly demonstrated by the general assumption that he was a man of influence, see HMC, Stuart, duchess of Perth to Erskine, [Edinburgh?], 3 August 1716 N.S., 2:322Google Scholar.

127 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, Panmure, 22 February 1716 O.S., 9 and 29 March 1716 O.S., and 22 April 1717 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/1, 2, 5, 31.

128 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, 18 December 1718 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/73.

129 This is on the back of Margaret Panmure's letter cited above (SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, 18 December 1718 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/73). Panmure was, however, clearly ashamed of having given in, and denied he would ever accept such conditions in a letter to Mar (though at the same time this may possibly have been a hint that if the Jacobite monarch gave him permission to do so, he could accept the British government's terms). See Stuart Papers, Panmure to Mar, Paris, 9 January 1719 N.S., vol. 41, letter 32.

130 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, copies of letters from Maule to the dukes of Roxburgh and Montrose, [Leyden], 17 January 1719 N.S., letter GD 45/14/377; Gregg, , “The Jacobite Career of John, Earl of Mar,” pp. 180, 185, 186, 192Google Scholar.

131 HMC, Stuart, Clanranald to Mar, Ormaclett, (South Uist), 11/22 April 1716, 2:113Google Scholar; Fraser to John Paterson, Sens, 7 May 1716 N.S., 2:138–39; and Alexander Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 16 May 1716 N.S., 2:157–58.

132 Shennan, J. H., Philippe, Duke of Orléans: Regent of France, 1715–1723 (London, 1979), pp. 97–125Google Scholar.

133 HMC, Stuart, account by Dicconson, [Saint Germain], 6 October 1717 N.S., 5:593–95Google Scholar.

134 HMC, Stuart, memo on his financial situation by James Stuart, [Urbino?], October 1717 N.S., 5:600–601Google Scholar.

135 HMC, Stuart, Queen Mary to Mar, Chaillot, 11/12 October 1717 N.S., 5:132–33Google Scholar.

136 HMC, Stuart, Cardinal de Noailles to James Stuart, Conflans, 24 January 1718 N.S., 5:404Google Scholar; and William Gordon to Paterson, Paris, 1 March 1718 N.S., 6:75.

137 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Paterson, Paris, 1 March 1718 N.S., 6:75Google Scholar.

138 HMC, Stuart, Dicconson to James Stuart, 12 September 1718 N.S., 7:271Google Scholar.

139 Shennan, , Philippe, Duke of Orléans, pp. 80–87Google Scholar; HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Orléans, [Urbino], 28 May 1718 N.S., 6:488–89Google Scholar.

140 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 14 June 1718 N.S., 6:526–27Google Scholar; and James Stuart to Dicconson, Rome, 12 December 1718 N.S., 7:622.

141 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 5 November 1718 N.S., 7:497–98Google Scholar.

142 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 29 March 1718 N.S., 6:216Google Scholar; and Dicconson to Mar, [Saint Germain], 4 July 1718 N.S., 7:8–9. See also Stuart Papers, Robert Gordon to Mar, Bordeaux, 7 February 1719 N.S., vol. 42, letter 10; and account by William Dundas, Rotterdam, 11 June 1719 N.S., vol. 43, letter 114A.

143 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 29 November 1718 N.S., 7:587Google Scholar; Stuart Papers, Robert Gordon to Mar, Bordeaux, 7 February 1719 N.S., vol. 42, letter 10.

144 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Carnegy to Panmure, Lille, 14 May 1719 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/20/1.

145 HMC, Stuart, George Maxwell to Mar, Cahors, 1 July 1718 N.S., 7:2–3Google Scholar; and [Lancelot Ord] to Mar, Saint Omer, 22 September 1718 N.S., 7:314–15; Stuart Papers, [list of pensioners in Dicconson's hand, Saint Germain, 1718?], vol. 40, letter 151.

146 HMC, Stuart, Captain John Ogilvie to Mar, Dunkirk, 2 May 1718 N.S., 6:395Google Scholar.

147 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Douglas to Panmure, Leyden, 29 November 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/15/1.

148 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Maule, 26 May 1717 N.S., 4:277–78Google Scholar.

149 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Panmure to Douglas, Paris, 10 December 1718 N.S., GD 45/14/219/15/2.

150 Stuart Papers, [list of pensioners in Dicconson's hand, Saint Germain, 1718?], vol. 40, letter 151.

151 Tayler and Tayler, 1715, pp. 233–34, 282; Lockhart to the Old Pretender, [Aixla-Chapelle?], 7 October 1727 N.S., in Lockhart Letters, p. 323.

152 For examples, see Lockhart Papers, 1:250–53, 2:427–29Google Scholar; Duncan, D., ed., History of the Union of Scotland and England by Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, 5th ser., vol. 6,(Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1993), pp. 4–5, 33, 54, 110–12Google Scholar; Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 186.

153 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, Panmure, 7 May 1716 O.S., GD 45/14/220/7. See also Tayler, , ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, p. 36Google Scholar.

154 HMC, Stuart, Leyden, 23 March 1718 N.S., 6:180Google Scholar.

155 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 14 June 1718 N.S., 6:527Google Scholar.

156 Scott, ed., Memoirs of the Insurrection in Scotland.

157 Lockhart to James Stuart, [Dryden?], 18 December 1725 O.S. and 29 July 1726 O.S., in Lockhart Letters, pp. 251–52, 290.

158 HMC, Stuart, Dr. Arthur to Mar, [before 17 October 1716 N.S.], 3:551Google Scholar.

159 Lockhart to James Stuart, [Dryden?], 8 August 1726 O.S., in Lockhart Letters, p. 293.