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² Judt, T., “A Clown in Regal Purple: Social History and the Historians,” History Workshop Journal 7 (1979): 66–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Selbourne, D., “On the Methods of History Workshop,” History Workshop Journal 9 (1980): 150–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Samuel, R., “On the Methods of History Workshop: A Reply,” History Workshop Journal 9 (1980): 162–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Samuel, R.et al., “What Is Social History?” History Today 35 (1985): 34–44Google Scholar. Hobsbawm, E. J., “The Revival of Narrative: Some Comments,” Past and Present, no. 86 (1980), pp. 3–8Google Scholar. Ely, G. and Neild, K., “Why Does Social History Ignore Politics?” Social History 5 (1980): 249–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Johnson, R.et al., eds., Making Histories: Studies in History-Writing and Politics (London, 1982)Google Scholar. Field, A. J., “Whither Quantitative History?” Historical Methods 14 (1981): 85–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴ Porter, R., English Society in the Eighteenth Century (Harmondsworth, 1982)Google Scholar. Also useful are Malcolmson, R. W., Life and Labour in England, 1700–1780 (London, 1981)Google Scholar; Horn, P., The Rural World, 1780–1850 (London, 1980)Google Scholar; Walvin, J., English Urban Life, 1776–1851 (London, 1984)Google Scholar; Corfield, P., The Impact of English Towns, 1700–1800 (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar; Malcolmson, R. W., Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850 (Cambridge, 1973)Google Scholar; Gilbert, A. D., Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740–1914 (London, 1976)Google Scholar; Sharpe, J. A., Crime in Early Modern England, 1550–1750 (London, 1984)Google Scholar; Stevenson, J., Popular Disturbances in England, 1700–1870 (London, 1979)Google Scholar; O'Day, R., Education and Society, 1500–1800 (London, 1982)Google Scholar; and Wrightson, K., English Society, 1580–1680 (London, 1982)Google Scholar. An important but controversial new interpretation of the eighteenth century is provided by Clark, J. C. D., English Society, 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancient Regime (Cambridge, 1985)Google Scholar. The title of this work is slightly misleading since it is in fact a study in politics.

⁵ Houston, R. A., Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity (Cambridge, 1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Lenman, B. P., “The Teaching of Scottish History in the Scottish Universities,” Scottish Historical Review 52 (1973): 165–90Google Scholar, and “Reinterpreting Scotland's Last Two Centuries of Independence,” Historical Journal 25 (1982): 217–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Pocock, J. G. A., “British History: A Plea for a New Subject,” New Zealand Journal of History 8 (1974): 3–21Google Scholar (reprinted in Journal of Modern History 47 [1975]: 601–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar, with comments by Taylor, A. J. P., Donaldson, G., and Hechter, M. and a reply by Pocock, ), and “The Limits and Divisions of British History: In Search of the Unknown Subject,” American Historical Review 87 (1982): 311–36Google Scholar. Many works on “British” history are wholly or largely given over to England.

⁶ Smout, T. C., A History of the Scottish People, 1560–1830 (Glasgow, 1969)Google Scholar. Smout, T. C., A Century of the Scottish People, 1830–1950 (Glasgow, 1986)Google Scholar, is the longawaited sequel. Also good is Lenman, B. P., An Economic History of Modern Scotland, 1660–1976 (London, 1977)Google Scholar. Both Mitchison, R., Lordship to Patronage: Scotland, 1603–1745 (London, 1983)Google Scholar; and Lenman, B. P., Integration, Enlightenment, and Industrialization: Scotland, 1746–1832 (London, 1981)Google Scholar, deal mainly with political developments but contain useful material on society and culture. Ferguson, W., Scotland, 1689 to the Present (Edinburgh, 1968)Google Scholar; and H. G. Graham, The Social Life of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century, remain interesting if sometimes wayward.

⁷ Cullen, L. M., An Economic History of Ireland since 1660 (London, 1972)Google Scholar, and The Emergence of Modern Ireland, 1600–1900 (London, 1981)Google Scholar. See also Clarkson, L. A., “The Writing of Irish Economic and Social History since 1968,” Economic History Review 33 (1980): 100–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Moody, T. W. and Vaughan, W. E., eds., Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 1691–1800, vol. 4, A New History of Ireland (Oxford, 1986)Google Scholar, is an extremely valuable set of essays on all aspects of eighteenth-century Irish history and contains an extensive bibliography compiled by David Dickson.

⁸ Wrigley, E. A. and Schofield, R. S., The Population History of England, 1541–1871: A Reconstruction (London, 1981)Google Scholar.

⁹ Wrigley, E. A., “Marriage, Fertility and Population Growth in Eighteenth-Century England,” in Marriage and Society, ed. Outhwaite, R. B. (London, 1981), pp. 137–85Google Scholar, “The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-Century England: A Conundrum Resolved,” Past and Present, no. 98 (1983), pp. 121–50Google Scholar, and “Population Growth: England, 1680–1820,” Recent Findings of Research in Economic and Social History 1 (1985): 1–4Google Scholar. Lee, R. D. and Schofield, R. S., “British Population in the Eighteenth Century,” in The Economic History of Britain since 1700, ed. Floud, R. and McCloskey, D. (Cambridge, 1981), 1:17–35Google Scholar, is more technical than either of the above and says nothing about Scotland despite its title. Earlier studies of eighteenth-century population trends include Flinn, M. W., British Population Growth, 1700–1850 (London, 1976)Google Scholar; Deane, P. and Coale, W. A., British Economic Growth, 1688–1959, 2d ed. (Cambridge, 1967)Google Scholar; McKeown, T., The Modern Rise of Population (London, 1976)Google Scholar; and Chambers, J. D., Population, Economy and Society in Pre-industrial England (Oxford, 1972)Google Scholar. Chapters in Glass, D. V. and Eversley, D. E. C., eds., Population in History (London, 1974)Google Scholar, remain useful. Clark, P., “Migration in England during the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,” Past and Present, no. 83 (1979), pp. 57–90Google Scholar.

¹⁰ A review symposium on Wrigley and Schofield appeared in Social History, vol. 8, no. 2 (1983), pp. 139–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Valuable critical reviews include Flinn's, M. W. in Economic History Review 35 (1982): 443–57Google Scholar. Some scholars have begun to criticize the findings of Wrigley and Schofield, others to reinforce some of the more controversial of their claims; e.g., Levine, D., “Production, Reproduction, and the Proletarian Family in England, 1500–1851,” in Proletarianization and Family History, ed. Levine, D. (London, 1984), pp. 87–127Google Scholar; and Houston, R. A. and Snell, K. D. M., “Proto-industrialization? Cottage Industry, Social Change, and Industrial Revolution,” Historical Journal 21 (1984): 473–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Volume 15, number 4, of the Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1985) contains important articles on the issues raised by Wrigley and Schofield Weir, D., “Life under Pressure: France and England, 1670–1870,” Journal of Economic History 44 (1984): 27–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Appleby, A., “Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590–1740,” Journal of Economic History 39 (1979): 865–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar. R. S. Schofield and J. Walter, eds., Death and the Social Order (in press). Derouet, B., “Une Demographie sociale differentielle,” Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations 35 (1980): 3–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar, shows the importance of differences in the age at first marriage for women between socioeconomic groups in an area of France. Comparable work is lacking for England. Seccombe, W., “Marxism and Demography,” New Left Review 137 (1983): 22–47Google Scholar.

¹¹ Tranter, N., Population and Society, 1750–1940 (London, 1985)Google Scholar. M. Anderson, European Population Growth, 1700–1850 (in press), includes valuable sections on the distinctiveness of England's demographic system in the eighteenth century. It is a model of brevity and clarity. Anderson, M., “British Population, 1700–1950,” in Cambridge Social History of Great Britain since 1700, vol. 2, ed. Thompson, F. M. L. (in press)Google Scholar, is also excellent, though it deals mostly with the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries.

¹² Malthus, T., An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), ed. Flew, A. (Harmondsworth, 1970)Google Scholar. Flinn, M.et al., Scottish Population History: From the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, Mass., 1977)Google Scholar.

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¹⁴ Dickson, D., O'Grada, C., and Daultrey, S., “Hearth Tax, Household Size, and Irish Population Growth, 1680–1800,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 82 (1982): 162–69Google Scholar. Daultrey, S., Dickson, D., and O'Grada, C., “Eighteenth-Century Irish Population: New Perspectives from Old Sources,” Journal of Economic History 41 (1981): 601–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Morgan, V., “A Case Study of Population Change over Two Centuries: Blaris, Lisburn, 1661–1849,” Irish Economic and Social History 3 (1976): 5–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Morgan, V. and Macafee, W., “Irish Population in the Pre-famine Period: Evidence for County Antrim,” Economic History Review 37 (1984): 182–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Mokyr, J. and O'Grada, C., “New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850,” Economic History Review 37 (1984): 473–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁶ Flinn et al. There have been few attempts to follow up the work done by Flinn, Smout, and Mitchison on eighteenth-century population in Scotland, but see Tyson, R. E., “The Population of Aberdeenshire, 1695–1755: A New Approach,” Northern Scotland 6 (1985): 113–31Google Scholar; and Houston, R. A., “Geographical Mobility in Scotland, 1652–1811: The Evidence of Testimonials,” Journal of Historical Geography 11 (1985): 379–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Houston is working on a survey article covering structures and trends in migration and population turnover in Scotland, 1600–1900, with Michael Anderson of Edinburgh University; it will be published in Annales de Demographie Historique. See also Lovett, A. A., Whyte, I. D., and Whyte, K. A., “Poisson Regression Analysis and Migration Fields: The Example of the Apprenticeship Records of Edinburgh in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, n.s., 10 (1985): 317–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lockhart, D. G., “Sources for Studies of Migration to Estate Villages in North-East Scotland, 1750–1850,” Local Historian 14 (1980): 35–43Google Scholar; and Devine, T. M., “Temporary Migration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century,” Economic History Review 32 (1979): 344–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Scottish parish registers frequently do not survive or are heavily defective before the nineteenth century. See, e.g., MacInnes, J., “Baptism in the Highlands,” Records of the Scottish Church History Society 13 (1969): 1–24Google Scholar; and Baxendine, P. M., “Notes on the Old Parochial Registers of Scotland,” Scottish Genealogist 21 (1974): 106–10Google Scholar.

¹⁷ A major survey of Scottish bastardy from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, by R. Mitchison of the University of Edinburgh, Department of Economic History, is nearing completion.

¹⁸ Dupaquier, J., ed., Marriage and Remarriage in Populations of the Past (London, 1981)Google Scholar. Tranter (n. 11 above), pp. 177–95. Styles, P., “The Evolution of the Law of Settlement,” University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963): 33–63Google Scholar.

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²⁰ The debates are neatly set out in Sanderson, M., Education, Economic Change and Society in England, 1780–1870 (London, 1983)Google Scholar. See also Sanderson, M., “Social Change and Elementary Education in Industrial Lancashire, 1780–1840,” Northern History 3 (1968): 131–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “Literacy and Social Mobility in the Industrial Revolution in England,” Past and Present, no. 56 (1972), pp. 75–104Google Scholar; Tranter, N., “The Labour Supply, 1780–1860,” in Floud, and McCloskey, , eds. (n. 9 above), pp. 204–26Google Scholar; West, E. G., Education and the Industrial Revolution (London, 1975)Google Scholar, and “Literacy and the Industrial Revolution,” Economic History Review 31 (1978): 369–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Laqueur, T. W. and Sanderson, M., “Debate,” Past and Present, no. 64 (1977), pp. 96–112Google Scholar; Schofield, R. S., “Dimensions of Illiteracy, 1750–1850,” Explorations in Economic History 10 (1973): 437–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Anderson, C. A. and Bowman, M. J., “Education and Economic Modernization in Historical Perspective,” in Schooling and Society, ed. Stone, L. (Baltimore, 1976), pp. 3–19Google Scholar; and Hartwell, R. M., “Education and Economic Growth in England during the Industrial Revolution,” Annales Cisalpines D'Histoire Sociale 1 (1971): 75–93Google Scholar.

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