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The Whiteness of Ireland Under and After the Union. Comment: Whiteness and the Liverpool-Irish

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2012

John Belchem
John Belchem
Affiliation:
University of Liverpool
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Type
Roundtable: G. K. Peatling, “The Whiteness of Ireland Under and After the Union”
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 44 , Issue 1 , January 2005 , pp. 146 - 152
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2005

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References

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2 Kolchin, Peter, “Whiteness Studies: The New History of Race in America,” Journal of American History 89 (2002): 154–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Arnesen, Eric, “Whiteness and the Historians’ Imagination,” International Labor and Working-Class History, no. 60 (2001), pp. 3–32Google Scholar.

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6 See, e.g., Curtis, L. Perry, Apes and Angels: The Irishman in Victorian Caricature, rev. ed. (Washington, D.C., 1997)Google Scholar.

7 This research is funded by the British Academy and a Leverhulme Major Research Fellowship.

8 Belchem, John, “The Liverpool-Irish Enclave,” Immigrants and Minorities 18 (1999): 128–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar. There is important questioning of revisionist perspectives in MacRaild, D. M., Irish Migrants in Modern Britain, 1750–1922 (Basingstoke, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 Quoted in Taylor, I. C., “Black Spot on the Mersey: A Study of Environment and Society in 18th and 19th Century Liverpool,” (Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool, 1976), p. 101Google Scholar.

10 “Mr. Dennis Bulgruddery's Correspondence with His Relations in Ireland” began in Liverpool Lion (8 May 1847). See also “Unfashionable Arrivals at the Clarence Dock,” Liverpool Lion (11 December 1847).

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14 Emerald (1 June 1864).

15 There was much two-way traffic: e.g., Liverpool audiences welcomed back Mr. Collins, “the great delineator of Irish character,” on his return from Dublin, “fresh with laurels from the Emerald Isle,” Foot-Lights (17 May 1865). Scally, R. J., “Liverpool and the Celtic Sea,” chap. 5 in his The End of Hidden Ireland (New York, 1995)Google Scholar.

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19 See my unpublished paper, “Emerald Minstrels: Green, Black and White in Victorian Liverpool.”

20 Irish Programme (19 January and 3 May 1884); Nationalist and Irish Programme (6 December 1884).

21 “The ‘Stars’ at the Theatre Royal,” Porcupine (3 July 1869).

22 Dickens, Charles, The Uncommercial Traveller, final ed. (1869), chap. 5Google Scholar.

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27 For a critique of the pioneer studies by Richard Lawton and Colin Pooley, see Dennis, Richard, English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 4, 205–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Papworth, J. D., “The Irish in Liverpool, 1835–71: Segregation and Dispersal” (Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool, 1982)Google Scholar.

28 Neal, Frank, Sectarian Violence: The Liverpool Experience, 1819–1914 (Manchester, 1988)Google Scholar.

29 “Liverpool's Coloured Colonies,” Liverpool Echo (6 June 1919).

30 O’Mara, Pat, The Autobiography of a Liverpool Irish Slummy (London, 1934), p. 11Google Scholar.

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33 Nationalist and Irish Programme (25 October and 6 December 1884).

34 Liverpool Catholic Herald (1, 22 May, 18 September, 16 October 1903, 22 January 1904). See also The Liverpool Irishman, or Annals of the Irish Colony in Liverpool (Liverpool, 1909)Google Scholar.

35 O’Mara, , Liverpool Irish Slummy, pp. 66–67Google Scholar.