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“Students Who Have the Irish Tongue”: The Gaidhealtachd, Education, and State Formation in Covenanted Scotland, 1638–1651
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 January 2021
Abstract
This article examines the Scottish Covenanters’ initiatives to revamp educational provision in the Gaidhealtachd, the Gaelic-speaking portions of Scotland, from the beginning of the Scottish Revolution in 1638 to the Cromwellian conquest of Scotland in 1651. Scholars have explored in detail the range of educational schemes pursued by central governments in the seventeenth century to “civilize” the Gaidhealtachd, but few have engaged in an analysis of Covenanting schemes and how they differed from previous endeavors. While the Statutes of Iona are probably the best-known initiative to civilize the Gaidhealtachd and extirpate the Gaelic language, Covenanter schemes both adapted such policies and further innovated in order to serve the needs of a nascent confessional state. In particular, Covenanting schemes represented a unique and pragmatic way to address the Gaidhealtachd's educational deficiencies because they sought practical accommodation of the Gaelic language and preferred the matriculation of Gaelophone scholars into the universities. These measures not only represented a new strategy for integrating the Gaelic periphery into the Scottish state but were also notable for the ways in which they incorporated Gaelophone students into Scotland's higher education orbit—a stark departure from the educational situation in Ireland. By drawing on underutilized manuscript and printed sources, this article examines how the Covenanters refurbished education in the Gaidhealtachd and posits that the Covenanter schemes represented a key facet of the broader process of state formation in 1640s Scotland.
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References
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89 Macinnes, British Confederate, 225, 245–46.
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102 See, for example, Heinz Schilling, “Confessional Europe,” in Handbook of European History, 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation, vol. 2, Visions, Programs, and Outcomes, ed. Thomas A. Brady, Heiko A. Oberman, and James D. Tracy (Leiden, 1995), 641–81, at 642–44, 647–66, 658–50.
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105 Peebles Presbytery Minutes, January 1650, NRS CH2/295/4, fol. 7v.
106 Canongate Kirk Session Minutes, October 1649, NRS CH2/122/4, fol. 28.
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108 Dunfermline Kirk Session Minutes, 9 April 1650, NRS CH2/592/1/1, fol. 109v; Dunfermline Presbytery Minutes, 29 May 1650, NRS CH2/105/1/1, fol. 125.
109 Lanark Presbytery Minutes, 12 June 1651, NRS CH2/234/1, fol. 478; Tealing Kirk Session Minutes, 3 August 1651, NRS CH2/352/1, fol. 57.
110 Brechin Presbytery Minutes, April 1649, NRS CH2/40/1, fol. 104.
111 Durkan, Scottish Schools and Schoolmasters, 272–73.
112 See Withers, Gaelic in Scotland, chaps. 4–5.
113 Peterkin, Records of the Kirk, 510; Scott, Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, 4:5–6, 9; Innes, Munimenta Alme Universitatis Glasguensis, 3:103.
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122 Baxter, Minutes of the Synod of Fife, 165.
123 MacTavish, Minutes of the Synod of Argyll, 1:159 and 159n1; Scott, Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, 4:6.
124 MacTavish, Minutes of the Synod of Argyll, 1:153.
125 Innes, Munimenta Alme Universitatis Glasguensis, 3:29; Scott, Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, 4:9.
126 Innes, Munimenta Alme Universitatis Glasguensis, 3:29; Scott, Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, 4:16.
127 Register of Acts Agreed Upon by the Commissioners of the Scottish Universities, 1647–1649, Glasgow University Archives 26790, p. 4.
128 MacKinnon, “Education in Argyll and the Isles,” 50.
129 See Scott, Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, vol. 4.
130 MacTavish, Minutes of the Synod of Argyll, 1:185–86, 208, 222–23, 2:3, 15, 35, 40–41; Roibeard Ó Maolalaigh, Katherine Forsyth, and Aonghas MacCoinnich, “17th Century—The Church and Education,” The Gaelic Story at the University of Glasgow, accessed 30 September 2018, https://sgeulnagaidhlig.ac.uk/17thc-argyll-the-synod/?lang=en; Withers, Gaelic in Scotland, 33.
131 Withers, Gaelic in Scotland, 34–37; Withers, Gaelic Scotland, 116–36.