¹ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to George Thomason, 18 July 1649, British Library (BL), E783; Williamson, H. R., Four Stuart Portraits (London, 1949), 52Google Scholar; Power, Michael J., “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy at Bethnal Green,” East London Papers 10 (1967): 29CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Betcherman, Lita-Rose, “Balthazar Gerbier: A Renaissance Man in Early Stuart England” (PhD diss., University of Toronto, 1969), 246Google Scholar.

² Invitation to Samuel Hartlib, November 1649, Hartlib Papers (HP) 10/2/30A, Sheffield University Library.

³ Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy”; Williamson, Four Stuart Portraits, 26–60; Betcherman, “Balthazar Gerbier,” chap. 6; Adamson, J. W., Pioneers of Modern Education, 1600–1700 (Cambridge, 1921), 185–89Google Scholar; Greaves, Richard L., The Puritan Revolution and Educational Thought (New Brunswick, 1969), 56Google Scholar; Turnbull, G. H., Hartlib, Dury and Comenius (London, 1947), 57–63Google Scholar.

⁴ For suggestions that Gerbier modeled his academy on Kynaston, see Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 30. For Kynaston and his academy, see Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB); The Constitutions of the Musaeum Minervae (London, 1636)Google Scholar. For Gerbier’s debt to Continental and Renaissance ideas regarding education, see Betcherman, “Balthazar Gerbier,” 252–65.

⁵ Turnbull, Hartlib, Dury and Comenius, 57; Greaves, Puritan Revolution, 56; Spencer, Lois, “The Professional and Literary Connexions of George Thomason,” Library, 5th ser., 13 (1958): 102–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jeremy Wood, ODNB, s.v. “Gerbier, Sir Balthazar.”

⁶ Raymond, Joad, Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 2003)Google Scholar.

⁷ For an appreciation of Gerbier’s prolific but under-studied pamphlet output, see Wing, Donald, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier,” in To Doctor R.: Essays Here Collected and Published in Honor of the Seventieth Birthday of Dr A. S. W. Rosenbach (Philadelphia, 1946), 241–49Google Scholar. It is, of course, interesting that Kynaston went into print in order to defend his academy from the accusations that he was undermining the universities: Betcherman, “Balthazar Gerbier,” 241.

⁸ Keblusek, Marika, “Cultural and Political Brokerage in Seventeenth-Century England: The Case of Balthazar Gerbier,” in Dutch and Flemish Artists in Britain, 1500–1800, ed. Roding, Juliette (Leiden, 2003), 74–75Google Scholar.

⁹ Raymond, Joad, The Invention of the Newspaper: English Newsbooks, 1641–1649 (Oxford, 1996)Google Scholar; Frank, Joseph, The Beginnings of the English Newspaper, 1620–1660 (Cambridge, MA, 1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Free Print and Non-commercial Publishing since 1700, ed. Raven, James (Aldershot, 2000)Google Scholar; Archer, Ian, “The London Lobbies in the Later Sixteenth Century,” Historical Journal 31, no. 1 (1988): 17–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dean, David, “Pressure Groups and Lobbies in the Elizabethan and Early Jacobean Parliaments,” Parliaments, Estates and Representation 11 (1991): 139–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “London Lobbies and Parliament: The Case of the Brewers and Coopers in the Parliament of 1593,” Parliamentary History 8, no. 1 (1989): 341–65Google Scholar; Peacey, Jason, “Print Culture and Political Lobbying during the English Civil Wars,” Parliamentary History 26, no. 1 (2007): 30–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kyle, Chris R., “Parliament and the Politics of Carting in Early Stuart London,” London Journal 27, no. 2 (2002): 1–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ For scholarly interest in the idea of “popularity” in relation to seventeenth-century politics and communication, see Cogswell, Thomas and Lake, Peter, “Buckingham Does the Globe: Henry VIII and the Politics of Popularity in the 1620s,” Shakespeare Quarterly 60, no. 3 (2009): 253–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fincham, Kenneth and Lake, Peter, “Popularity, Prelacy and Puritanism in the 1630s: Joseph Hall Explains Himself,” English Historical Review 111, no. 443 (1996): 856–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shagan, Ethan, “Popularity and the 1549 Rebellions Revisited,” English Historical Review 115, no. 460 (2000): 121–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thomas Cogswell, “The People’s Love: The Duke of Buckingham and Popularity,” 211–34; Richard Cust, “Charles I and Popularity,” 235–58; and Lake, Peter, “Puritans, Popularity and Petitions: Local Petitions in National Context, Cheshire, 1641,” 259–89, all in Politics, Religion and Popularity in Early Stuart Britain, ed. Cogswell, Thomas, Cust, Richard, and Lake, Peter (Cambridge, 2002)Google Scholar; Peter Lake, “The Politics of Popularity and the Public Sphere: The Monarchical Republic of Elizabeth I Defends Itself,” 59–94; and Hammer, Paul, “The Smiling Crocodile: The Earl of Essex and Late Elizabethan Popularity,” 95–115, both in The Politics of the Public Sphere in Early Modern England, ed. Lake, Peter and Pincus, Steven (Manchester, 2007)Google Scholar.

¹¹ Wood, “Gerbier”; List of Royal Servants, 1641, The National Archives (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), LC 3/1, fol. 8; Letter books of Sir Balthazar Gerbier, 1631–42, TNA: PRO, SP 105/7–18; Balthazar Gerbier to Basil, Lord Feilding, 1637–38, Warwickshire Record Office, CR 2017/C48/3, 109, 111a, 112a, 114, 121; Calendar of State Papers Domestic (CSPD), 1640–1641, 374; CSPD, 1641–43, 37, 293, 322, 337, 462; HMC Fifth Report, 62; Commons Journals (CJ), ii. 233; Lords Journals (LJ), iv. 292. Gerbier’s return to England may have been related to his financial problems on the Continent, as well as accusations that he was acting as a spy for France and the Low Countries: CSPD, 1640–41, 150, 265. For the early part of Gerbier’s career, see Betcherman, “Balthazar Gerbier,” chaps. 1–4.

¹² CSPD, 1641–43, 38, 40, 41, 46, 47. Williamson, Four Stuart Portraits, 45. Gerbier’s disgrace placed him in a difficult financial position, as his petitions from 1642 indicate: CSPD, 1641–43, 65, 73, 293, 365.

¹³ Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 24; A Wicked and Inhumane Plot (London, [5 October] 1642, Wing W2077), sigs. A2–A3Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Sir Richard Browne to Sir Edward Nicholas, 2/12 June 1643, BL, Add. MSS 78194, fol. 19v. Gerbier was granted a pass in December 1642 to travel with the Spanish ambassador to the king and must have left England sometime after that date: LJ, v. 515. Gerbier’s wife and daughters were granted a pass to travel to France in May 1643: LJ, vi. 37. For Gerbier’s claim, made in 1648, to have been sent to France with letters of credence from the king in 1643, see “Copy of the declaration made by Sir Balthazar Gerbier,” 1648, BL, Add. MSS 78205, fol. 113.

¹⁵ Cogswell and Lake, “Buckingham”; Cogswell, “The People’s Love.”

¹⁶ Keblusek, “Cultural and Political Brokerage,” 74–75, 78.

¹⁷ For earlier examples, see Harkness, Deborah, The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution (London, 2007), 62–63, 85–86, 95, 97–98, 102, 120–21, 233Google Scholar; Baker, H., Such as are Desirous ([London, 1590?], STC 1209.3)Google Scholar. Fragmentary evidence survives regarding similar tactics during the 1640s, including advertisements for Julius Otto’s lectures in Edinburgh and handbills by physicians and educators in London. Otto, J., Quod Felix Faustumque sit Ecclesiae Reip et Academiae Edinburgenae (Edinburgh, 1642, Wing, O535a)Google Scholar; Nothing Without God ([London], 1647, BL, E526/19)Google Scholar; Ravius, C., All Gentlemen and Others May be Pleased to Take Notice (London, 1656)Google Scholar. For later examples, see Cressy, David, “Educational Opportunity in Tudor and Stuart England,” History of Education Quarterly 16, no. 3 (1976): 307CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the broader history, see Harris, Michael, “Timely Notices: The Uses of Advertising and Its Relationship to News during the Late Seventeenth Century,” in News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain, ed. Raymond, Joad (London, 1999), 141–56Google Scholar; Christine Y. Ferdinand, “Constructing the Frameworks of Desire: How Newspapers Sold Books in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” in News, Newspapers and Society, ed. Raymond, 157–75; Turner, E. S., The Shocking History of Advertising (London, 1952), 15–23Google Scholar; Elliott, Blanche Beatrice, A History of English Advertising (London, 1962), 21–27Google Scholar; Walker, R. B., “Advertising in London Newsbooks, 1650–1750,” Business History 15, no. 1 (1973): 112–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nuttall, W. L. F., “Newspapers and Their Advertisements in the Commonwealth,” History Today 17, no 7 (July 1967): 460–67Google Scholar; Whitford, H. C., “Exposed to Sale: The Marketing of Goods and Services in Seventeenth Century England, as Revealed by Advertisements in Contemporary Newspapers and Periodicals,” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 71, nos. 9–10 (October–November 1967): 496–515, 606–13Google Scholar; Furdell, Elizabeth Lane, “Grub Street Commerce: Advertisements and Politics in the Early Modern English Press,” Historian 63, no. 1 (2000): 35–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For handbills, see Elliott, History of English Advertising, 4, 11–13. During the seventeenth century, many such handbills were used to advertise the commercial exploitation of monstrous births, and those with extraordinary physical characteristics, in what represented an early modern “freak show”: BL, N.TAB 2026.

¹⁸ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Richard Steward and Sir Richard Browne, November–December 1646, BL, Add. MSS 78197, fols. 201, 203, 205; A Letter from Sr Balthazar Gerbier Knight, to His Three Daughters Inclosed in a Nunnery at Paris (n.p., n.d. [26 May 1646], Wing, G564; BL, E510/1); copies of tract by Sir Balthazar Gerbier, 1646, BL, Add. MSS 78237, and BL, Harleian MSS 3384.

¹⁹ Wicked and Inhumane Plot, 7.

²⁰ Baltazar Gerbier Knight to all Men that Loves Truth (n.p., n.d. [Paris, 26 May 1646], Wing, G577; BL, E510/1*).

²¹ Solomon, Howard Mitchell, Public Welfare, Science and Propaganda: The Innovations of Theophraste Renaudot (Princeton, NJ, 1972)Google Scholar.

²² Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Mercurius Britanicus, 1 June 1646, Thomason Tracts, BL, E510/1.

²³ Remonstrance tres Humble du Chevalier Balthazar Gerbier (Paris, 1643)Google Scholar; Exposition du Chevalier Balthazar Gerbier (Paris, 1644)Google Scholar; Factum, Touchant les Monts de Piete (1643); Avant-Courer des Monts-de-Piete (1643); Suite de l’Avant-Coureur des Monts-de-Piete (1643); Mont de Piete pour le Soutien des Pauvres (1643); Serments que Doivant Prester les Officiers des Monts-de-Piete (1643); Brevet et Lettres Patentes pour l’Establissement des Monts-de-Piete (1643); Manifeste de Chevalier Balthazar Gerbier (1644); Motifs de l’Institution des Monts-de-Piete (n.d.). The first two of these were reprinted in Archives Curieuses de Histoire de France, ed. Danjou, F., 2nd ser. (Paris, 1838), 6:215–26, 233–42Google Scholar. For Gerbier’s ideas, which had been developing since the early 1640s, see CSPD, 1640–41, 527; Williamson, Four Stuart Portraits, 44; Betcherman, “Balthazar Gerbier,” chap. 5. Gerbier also published in Paris his Relation du Chevalier Balthazar Gerbier (1648).

²⁴ To the Honourable the Commons of the Realm of England, Assembled in Parliament. Explanation Concerning Certaine Expedients by Which the State of England May Reape Notable Advantage (n.p., 1646, Wing, G578)Google Scholar.

²⁵ Love, Harold, Scribal Publication in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; The Uses of Script and Print, 1300–1700, ed. Crick, Julia and Walsham, Alexandra (Cambridge, 2004)Google Scholar.

²⁶ “Copy of the declaration made by Sir Balthazar Gerbier,” 1648, BL, Add. MSS 78205, fols. 113–16. It may have been this work that Sir Richard Browne sent to Sir Edward Nicholas: Sir Edward Nicholas to Sir Richard Browne, 13/23 March 1648, BL, Add. MSS 78194, fol. 67.

²⁷ “The relation of Sir Balthazar Gerbier,” 26 June 1648, Bodleian MS Eng.hist.e.184. For other copies, see BL, Add. MSS 4181; BL, Add. MSS 78238. The latter is a leather-bound pamphlet.

²⁸ Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 25–27; Betcherman, “Balthazar Gerbier,” 244–46. For the best analysis of these papers, see Turnbull, Hartlib, Dury and Comenius, 57–63.

²⁹ Arnold Boate to Samuel Hartlib, 26 July 1648, HP 58/3A–B. For Hartlib and educational thought and practice, see Greengrass, Mark, “Samuel Hartlib and the Commonwealth of Learning,” in The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, vol. 4, 1557–1695, ed. Barnard, John and McKenzie, D. F. (Cambridge, 2002), 306–8, 317Google Scholar; Greaves, Puritan Revolution; Turnbull, Hartlib, Dury and Comenius.

³⁰ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 27 August 1648, HP 10/2/2A–B. Gerbier may have been referring to the following “editorial”: Moderate Intelligencer 49 (5–12 February 1646), 287.

³¹ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 27 August 1648, HP 10/2/2A–B.

³² Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, n.d., HP 10/2/44A.

³³ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 4 October 1648, 11 October 1648, 24 October 1648, HP 10/2/13B, 14A, 16A, 16B, 18A; Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 26–27.

³⁴ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, n.d., HP 10/2/43A. For Bere’s connection to Gerbier, and his employment by Pembroke, see CSPD, 1645–47, 500. Gerbier wrote to the earl of Denbigh in December 1645 in the hope of getting a pass and mentioned having already written to Lenthall, to whom he had recently sent a letter regarding his proposals: HMC Fourth Report, 273.

³⁵ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 6 January 1649, 27 August 1648, 28 November 1648, 25 December 1648, 26 December 1648, 24 March 1649, HP 10/2/1A, 2A–B, 21A, 23A, 25A–B, 28A–B; Sidney Bere to Samuel Hartlib, n.d., HP 10/2/45A–46B. For Gerbier and the Kipp family, see Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 23, 27. William Kipp’s will, written in May 1646, was proved in May 1649 and named his daughter Deborah as beneficiary and Sidney Bere as one of the overseers: London Commissary Court Original Wills, Guildhall Library, MS 9172/53c, fols. 56–57.

³⁶ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 29 August 1648, HP 10/2/6A.

³⁷ For Hartlib and the media, see Greengrass, “Samuel Hartlib,” 317.

³⁸ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 29 August 1648, HP 10/2/6A.

³⁹ Ibid. For Gerbier’s evident haste to return to England, see Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, n.d., HP 10/2/43B.

⁴⁰ To all Fathers of Families and Lovers of Knowledge ([Paris?, 1648])Google Scholar, HP 57/2A. This is the only surviving copy of this work, and its poor spelling betrays its origins in a French print shop.

⁴¹ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 29 August 1648, HP 10/2/6A; Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 25–26.

⁴² Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 29 August 1648, 15 September 1648, 16/26 September 1648, n.d., HP 10/2/6A, 9A, 10A–11A, 43A.

⁴³ The topic and nature of Gerbier’s complaint to the Council of State in June 1649 is unclear, although it may have related to the apparent seizure of some of his papers for use in the king’s trial, some of which were ordered to be returned to him later in the year; CSPD, 1649–50, 169, 387.

⁴⁴ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 24 March 1649, HP 10/2/29B.

⁴⁵ To the Right Honourable the Parliament and the Councell of State of England. The Most Humble Expression of Sir Balthazar Gerbier (n.p., n.d., n.t.p., [1649], Wing, G581), 4, 5–10.

⁴⁶ Ibid., 11.

⁴⁷ Ecclesiae Londino-Batavae Archivum. Tomi Tertii. Epistulae et Tractatus, ed. Hessels, J. H., 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1897), 2:2161Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Ibid., 2:2156. In asking for financial backing from the Dutch community in London, Gerbier offering as a bond not merely art works, jewelry, silverware, and 500 copies of one of his books (probably the Interpreter); ibid., 2:2161, 2162. Like all of the capital’s best educational institutions, the academy was founded in debt.

⁴⁹ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 27 August 1648, 29 August 1648, HP 10/2/2A–B; HP 10/2/6A.

⁵⁰ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 29 August 1648, HP 10/2/6A.

⁵¹ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 27 August 1648, HP 10/2/2A–B.

⁵² Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 16/26 September 1648, n.d., HP 10/2/10A–11A, 43A.

⁵³ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 4 October 1648, 11 October 1648, 24 October 1648, HP 10/2/12A, 16A, 18A.

⁵⁴ Moderate Intelligencer 182 (7–14 September 1648), 1531–32.

⁵⁵ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 4 October 1648, HP 10/2/12B, 14B.

⁵⁶ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 31 October 1648, 28 November 1648, 24 March 1649, HP 10/2/20A, 21A, 28B; Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 27. The printed copy of the opening addresses, sent by Gerbier to Hartlib, survive in Hartlib’s papers: SirGerbier, Balthazar, The Interpreter of the Academy (London, 1648)Google Scholar, HP 10/2/27/1A–4B. Gerbier mentioned Danzig, Hamburg, Silesia, and Holland. See also “Petit truchement pour ce qui son desireuz d’apprandre les langues,” HP 10/2/47A; “Au peres des familles,” HP 48A–60B; printed French edition of the Interpreter, HP 10/2/27/5A–8B.

⁵⁷ Intepreter (1648), HP 10/2/27/A1–4, B3, 5, sig. Bii.

⁵⁸ Gerbier, Balthazar, The Interpreter of the Academie (London, 1649, Wing, G563; BL, E783/3)Google Scholar; Williamson, Four Stuart Portraits, 53–54; Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 30; Balthazar Gerbier, A Most Necessarie Vade Mecum for Such as the State of England Shall Suffer to Travell Abroad (1649). The only known copy of this work survives in the papers of Hartlib, to whom it was evidently sent by Gerbier: HP 10/2/31/1A–8B; Turnbull, Hartlib, Dury and Comenius, 62–63. It reprinted the address to fathers of families from the Interpreter.

⁵⁹ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 16/26 September 1648, HP 10/2/10A; “Extracts from Sir Balthazar Gerbier letter,” 9 September 1648, HP 36/1/18A; Interpreter (1649), 6.

⁶⁰ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 4 October 1648, n.d., HP 10/2/12A, 43A. For Gerbier’s intention of attracting students from the Continent, see Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 28 November 1648, HP 10/2/21A.

⁶¹ Moderate Intelligencer 182 (7–14 September 1648), 1531–32; Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 24 October 1648, HP 10/2/18A–B.

⁶² Interpreter (1649), 18–203.

⁶³ To all Fathers of Noble Families and Lovers of Vertue (n.p., n.d., n.t.p., [4 August 1649], Wing, G574; BL, E1377/2), 6–10; Perfect Diurnall 10 (11–18 February 1650, BL, E543/10), sig. K3. Thomason appears to have been sent his copy of the first of these by Gerbier.

⁶⁴ It has been suggested that Gerbier modified his curriculum in order to deflect criticism from the universities, not least from men such as John Wallis; see Betcherman, “Balthazar Gerbier,” 246; Stoye, J. W., English Travellers Abroad, 1604–1667 (London, 1952), 59Google Scholar. For scholarship on the public lectures, see Betcherman, “Balthazar Gerbier,” 251; Greaves, Puritan Revolution, 56.

⁶⁵ On this aspect of educational reform, see Cressy, “Educational Opportunity,” 301–20.

⁶⁶ “Extracts from Sir Balthazar Gerbier letter,” 9 September 1648, HP 36/1/18B–19A. See Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 31.

⁶⁷ Interpreter (1649), 4–5.

⁶⁸ To all Fathers of Noble Families and Lovers of Vertue (n.p., n.d., n.t.p., [4 August 1649], Wing, G574; BL, E1377/2), 12.

⁶⁹ To the Right Honourable the Parliament, 8.

⁷⁰ Ibid., 11.

⁷¹ Invitation to Samuel Hartlib, November 1649, HP 10/2/30A; Perfect Occurrences 134 (20–27 July 1649, BL, E532/1), 1199 and 135 (27 July–3 August 1649, BL, E532/7), 1205.

⁷² These were based upon the detailed program of study outlined in the bilingual and lavishly illustrated second part of the Intepreter: The Intepreter of the Academie, pt. 2 (London, 1649, BL, E783/4)Google Scholar, sig. A, 1–91.

⁷³ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 24 March 1649, HP 10/2/28A–B.

⁷⁴ To all Fathers of Noble Families, and Lovers of Virtue ([London, June 1649], Wing, G573; BL, 669.f.14/46). There is another copy in the Thomason collection: To all Fathers of Noble Families, and Lovers of Vertue (single sheet, n.p., n.d., Wing, G573; BL, E783/2). The former of these was dated by Thomason 28 June 1648, but this seems to be a mistake for 1649, the approximate date of other items surrounding Gerbier’s piece in the same volume.

⁷⁵ To all Fathers of Noble Families and Lovers of Vertue (n.p., n.d., n.t.p., [4 August 1649], Wing, G574; BL, E1377/2), 4.

⁷⁶ The First Publique Lecture Read at Sir B. Gerbier his Accademy, Concerning Military Architecture, or Fortifications (London, by Gartrude Dawson for Hanna Hallen, [30 August] 1649, Wing, G561; BL, E572/5); The First Lecture of an Introduction to Cosmographie (London, by Gartrude Dawson for Hannah Allen, [11 September] 1649, Wing, G557; BL, E573/5); The First Lecture of Geographie (London, by Gartrude Dawson for Hanna Allen, [11 September] 1649, Wing, G559; BL, E573/6); The First Lecture Concerning Navigation (London, by Gartrude Dawson, [20 September] 1649, Wing, G556; BL, E574/14).

⁷⁷ For comments on how little is known about the operation of the academy, see Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 31.

⁷⁸ To all Fathers and Noble Families and Lovers of Vertue (London, for Ibbitson, [31 October] 1649, Wing, G575; BL, 669.f.14/87).

⁷⁹ Ibid.

⁸⁰ The Second Lecture, Being an Introduction to Cosmographie (London, for Ibbitson, [30 November] 1649, Wing, G569; BL, E584/5), sigs. A2, A2v; The First Lecture Touching Navigation (London, for Ibbitson, [3 November] 1649, Wing, G560; BL, E584/4), sigs. A2, A2v; The First Lecture of an Introduction to Cosmographie (London, for Ibbitson, [1 December] 1649, Wing, G558; BL, E584/6), sigs. A3, A3v; The First Lecture Being an Introduction to the Military Architecture (London, for Ibbitson, 1650, imp. Scobell, Wing, G555), sigs. A2, A2v; The Art of Well Speaking (London, for Robert Ibbitson, 1650, Wing, G539), sigs. A2, A2v; A Publique Lecture on all the Languages, Arts, Sciences, and Noble Exercises, Which are Taught in Sr Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy (London, for Ibbitson, [12 March] 1650, Wing, G568; BL, E595/3), sigs. A2, A2v.

⁸¹ The Art of Well Speaking, 1; A Publique Lecture on all the Languages, sig. A2; The First Lecture Touching Navigation, sig. A2v. Lady Eleanor Davies issued a pamphlet in 1649 complaining about the absence of Bible studies from the academy’s curriculum, having evidently seen Gerbier’s promotional literature: Davies, E., For the Right Noble, Sir Balthazer Gerbier ([London], 1649, Wing, D1989B)Google Scholar; Cope, E. S., Handmaid of the Holy Spirit (Ann Arbor, MI, 1992), 148Google Scholar.

⁸² Gerbier, B., To the Lovers of Vertue Attending the Lecture ([London, 1649], Wing, T1567B)Google Scholar.

⁸³ Severall Proceedings 7 (9–16 November 1649, BL, E533/24), 68. For the move to Whitefriars, see Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 32. For Walker, see Williams, J. B., “Henry Walker, Journalist of the Commonwealth,” Nineteenth Century and After 65 (1908)Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ Severall Proceedings 10 (30 November–7 December 1649, BL, E533/27), 122. For another promotional comments regarding the published lectures, see Severall Proceedings 14 (28 December–4 January 1650, BL, E533/34), 182; Severall Proceedings 15 (4–11 January 1650, BL, E533/36), 196.

⁸⁵ Severall Proceedings 11 (7–14 December 1649, BL, E533/28), 138; 12 (14–21 December 1649, BL, E533/30), 147; and 15 (4–11 January 1650, BL, E533/36), 196.

⁸⁶ Severall Proceedings 7 (9–16 November 1649, BL, E533/24), 68.

⁸⁷ Severall Proceedings 10 (30 November–7 December 1649, BL, E533/27), 122; and 12 (14–21 December 1649, BL, E533/30), 147.

⁸⁸ Severall Proceedings 12 (14–21 December 1649, BL, E533/30), 147.

⁸⁹ Severall Proceedings 13 (21–28 December 1649, BL, E533/32), 163–64.

⁹⁰ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 4 October 1648, HP 10/2/12A. The use of a group of tutors was always evident from his comments, which have been overlooked by scholars of the academy, who have assumed that Gerbier planned to teach alone: Williamson, Four Stuart Portraits, 51; Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 31.

⁹¹ Severall Proceedings 10 (30 November–7 December 1649, BL, E533/27), 122;11 (7–14 December 1649, BL, E533/28), 138; and 12 (14–21 December 1649, BL, E533/30), 148; Walker advertised the printed versions of his “four orations” on Hebrew in early January 1650: Severall Proceedings 15 (4–11 January 1650, BL, E533/36), 196. They appeared as Walker, H., Bereshit, the Creation of the World (London, 1649)Google Scholar.

⁹² Man in the Moon 37 (2–9 January 1650, BL, E589/8), 296; and 38 (9–16 January 1650, BL, E589/15), 303.

⁹³ Mercurius Pragmaticus (For King Charls II), pt. 2, no. 44 (26 February–5 March 1650, BL, E594/17), sig. Xx3v.

⁹⁴ B. Gerbier, Counsel and Advice (1663), dedication.

⁹⁵ Severall Proceedings 13 (21–28 December 1649, BL, E533/32), 163–64.

⁹⁶ Severall Proceedings 14 (28 December 1649–1644 January 1650, BL, E533/34), 181.

⁹⁷ Severall Proceedings 15 (4–11 January 1650, BL, E533/36), 196.

⁹⁸ Severall Proceedings 16 (11–18 January 1650, BL, E533/38), 209–10.

⁹⁹ It is not clear what Gerbier would have made of the fact that Lady Eleanor Davies described the academy as an “intimation of paradise”: Davies, For the Right Noble, Sir Balthazar Gerbier, 2.

¹⁰⁰ Man in the Moon 37 (2–9 January 1650, BL, E589/8), 296.

¹⁰¹ HMC Egmont I, 492.

¹⁰² Mercurius Pragmaticus (For King Charls II), pt. 2, no. 44 (26 February–5 March 1650, BL, E594/17, 370.44), sig. Xx3v.

¹⁰³ Gerbier, To the Lovers of Vertue Attending.

¹⁰⁴ Perfect Diurnall 10 (11–18 February 1650, BL, E543/10), sig. K3. The basic syllabus would cost 30s. per month, with an additional 30s. for music dancing and fencing. Riding lessons were much more expensive: ibid., sig. K3v.

¹⁰⁵ Perfect Diurnall 13 (4–11 March 1650, BL, E534/16), 109.

¹⁰⁶ Williamson, Four Stuart Portraits, 51–54.

¹⁰⁷ Walker delivered at least one set-piece sermon before Oliver Cromwell in the summer of 1650: Severall Proceedings 41 (4–11 July 1650, BL, E777/22), 602.

¹⁰⁸ The Academies Lecture Concerning Justice (for Gabriel Bedel, [4 July] 1650, Wing, G538; BL, E607/5), sigs. A2–A3.

¹⁰⁹ The Correspondence of Bishop Brian Duppa and Sir Justinian Isham, 1650–1660, ed. Sir Gyles Isham (Northamptonshire Record Society, xvii, 1951), 11–12; Power, “Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s Academy,” 33. See also HMC Egmont I, 492.

¹¹⁰ To the Parliament. The Most Humble Remonstrance of Sr Balthtazar Gerbier Kt. (n.p., n.d., n.t.p. [1650], Wing, G580), 1. For his correspondence with Bulstrode Whitelocke in 1652 regarding some of his ideas, see HMC Third Report, 192. For a separate printed lobby regarding the cautionary towns, see To the Supreme Authority the Parliament of the Common-wealth of England. The Humble Remonstrance of Sir Balthazar Gerbier (n.p., n.d., [1651], Wing, G582). In June 1649, Gerbier had been summoned by the Council of State to give testimony regarding the seizure by Dunkirkers of a ship owned by colonial adventurers, perhaps from the days of the Providence Island Company: see CSP Colonial (America and West Indies), 1574–1660, 329.

¹¹¹ To the Parliament, the Humble Proposals of Sir Balthazar Gerbier, Peter Lilly and George Gelders (n.p., n.d., [1650), Wing, G579); “Proposal to paint the memorable events of Parliament,” 1651, BL, Stowe MSS 184, fol. 283.

¹¹² SirGerbier, B., Some Considerations on the Two Grand Staple-Commodities of England (London, by Mab, T. and Coules, A., 1651, Wing, G570), 1–3, 5, 8Google Scholar, and see also A Discovery of Certain Notorious Stumbling-Blocks (London, by T. M., [12 March] 1652, Wing, G553; BL, E656/8)Google Scholar.

¹¹³ A Manifestation by Sr Balthazar Gerbier (London, printed for the author, 1651, Wing, G565), 2; Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Oliver Cromwell, 1 March 1652, BL, Add. MSS 32093, fol. 302; “A summary relation of Sir Balthazar Gerbier’s proceedings,” 1652, BL, Add. MSS 32093, fols. 305–7.

¹¹⁴ A New Years Result in Favour of the Poore (London, by T. M., [1 January] 1652, Wing, G566; BL, E651/14). In March 1650, Gerbier had announced that, when the academy returned to Bethnal Green, the Whitefriars house would be devoted to the relief of the poor by providing free credit; see Perfect Diurnall 13 (4–11 March 1650, BL, E534/16), 109.

¹¹⁵ CSPD, 1650, 474; CSPD, 1651, 15; CSPD, 1651–52, 235, 325, 350. The sense emerges that Gerbier was not an easy person with whom to do business or settle personal terms of employment: CSPD, 1651–52, 266.

¹¹⁶ Ecclesiae Londino-Batavae Archivum, 2:2209–10, 2212.

¹¹⁷ CSPD, 1651–52, 352; Birch, Thomas, ed., A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, 7 vols. (London, 1742), 7:275Google Scholar. For Hyde’s comments, see Macray, William Dunn, Ogle, Octavius, Bliss, W. H., and Routledge, F. J., eds., Calendar of the Clarendon State Papers (CCSP), 5 vols. (Oxford, 1872–1970), 2:150Google Scholar; State Papers Collected by Edward, Earl of Clarendon (CSP), 3 vols. (London, 1767), 3:100Google Scholar. While royalists suspected his involvement in the composition of scurrilous tracts like The Nonesuch Charles—something Gerbier strenuously denied—he was not entirely shunned by them during the 1650s: see The Nicholas Papers, ed. Warner, George F., 4 vols. (Camden Society, 1886–1920), 1:310Google Scholar; CCSP, 2:153, 162, 184, 190; CSP, 3:110; 151, 156. For suspicions regarding Gerbier and his involvement in pamphleteering, see Nicholas Papers, 1:311; CCSP, 2:151; “Earl of Leicester library list,” Centre for Kentish Studies, Z45/2, fol. 126v. For Gerbier’s denials, see Nicholas Papers, 1:310; CSPD, 1661–62, 78–79. Gerbier certainly published a tract outlining the dangers from evil councillors and corrupt courtiers to various European countries: see Gerbier, , Les Effects Pernicieux de Meschants Favoris et Grande Ministres D’Estat (The Hague, 1653)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁸ Tweede deel vande Waeractige (The Hague, 1656)Google Scholar; Waerachtige Verklaringe Nopende (The Hague, 1656)Google Scholar; Waarachtige Verklaringe vanden Ridder Balthasar Gerbier ([The Hague?], 1657)Google Scholar; Derde Verclaringe (The Hague, 1656)Google Scholar; Gebedt Van der Ridder Balthazar Gerbier (Amsterdam, 1659)Google Scholar. For the story of Gerbier’s involvement with these schemes, and wider colonial ventures, see Williamson, Four Stuart Portraits, 56.

¹¹⁹ Informatie voorde Rechts Geleerde (n.p., [1660]); Sommier Verhael (Cedruckt voor den autheur, 1660); “To the king of great Britain,” 1660, BL, 1029.e.8/4; A Sommary Description (printed for Sir Balthazar Gerbier, 1660); Avertissement for Men Inclyned to Plantasions in America (Rotterdam, by Herry Goddaeus, 1660). Gerbier may have been motivated in part by the loss of his position as master of ceremonies: CSPD, 1660–61, 415.

¹²⁰ Mayo, R., An Answer to the Zealous Expressions of Sir Balthazar Gerbier ([London, 1659])Google Scholar. This item, not recorded in Wing, survives in the British Library (C.194.a.632/47). Gerbier’s pamphlet does not seem to survive.

¹²¹ CSPD, 1661–62, 78–79; A Brief Discourse Concerning the Three Chief Principles of Magnificent Building (London, 1662)Google Scholar; Counsel and Advice to all Builders (London, 1663)Google Scholar; The First and Second Part of Counsel and Advice to all Builders (London, 1664)Google Scholar; Subsidium Peregrinatibus (Oxford, 1665)Google Scholar.

¹²² See Jason Peacey, Common Politics: Print and Political Participation in Seventeenth Century England (forthcoming).

¹²³ Manifestation, 2.

¹²⁴ Sir Balthazar Gerbier to Samuel Hartlib, 26 December 1648, HP 10/2/25A; Manifestation, 2. See Peacey, Jason, “John Lilburne and the Long Parliament,” Historical Journal 43, no. 3 (2000): 625–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹²⁵ Cogswell, “The People’s Love,” 217; Lake, “The Politics of Popularity,” 87.

¹²⁶ Some Considerations 3, 8–9.

¹²⁷ “The relation of Sir Balthazar Gerbier,” 25 June 1648, BL, Add. MSS 78238, 64; “The relation of Sir Balthazar Gerbier,” 26 June 1648, Bodl. MS Eng.hist.e.184, fols. 7–8.