¹ Public Advertiser (January-December 1775). This is not a comprehensive account of charity events in London in 1775.

² Lloyd, Sarah, “‘Pleasure's Golden Bait’: Prostitution, Poverty and the Magdalen Hospital in Eighteenth-Century London,” History Workshop Journal 41 (Spring 1996): 51–72Google Scholar; Malcolm, J. P., Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century, 2d ed. (London, 1810), 1:84Google Scholar; Williams, Carolyn D., “‘The Luxury of Doing Good’: Benevolence, Sensibility, and the Royal Humane Society,” in Pleasure in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Porter, Roy and Roberts, Marie Mulvey (Washington Square, N.Y., 1996), p. 99Google Scholar; Wilson, Kathleen, The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 1715–1785 (Cambridge, 1995), p. 79Google Scholar.

³ Welsh School,Ashford, minutes of the Board of Governors and Trustees, vol. 3, 3 January 1774Google Scholar, National Library of Wales (hereafter cited as Welsh School minutes); see also McVeigh, Simon, Concert Life in London from Mozart to Haydn (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 181, 251Google Scholar, who reports that a benefit for the Royal Society of Musicians in 1796 cost over £796, exhausting income to a meager profit of £6.12.6; Rook, Arthur, Carlton, Margaret, and Cannon, W. Graham, The History of Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge (Cambridge, 1991), p. 55Google Scholar; Rhodes, Philip, Doctor John Leake's Hospital: A History of the General Lying-in Hospital York Road, Lambeth, 1765–1971 (London, 1977), pp. 26, 28, 32, 37, 41Google Scholar; Pearce, E. H., The Sons of the Clergy, 1651–1904 (London, 1904), p. 191Google Scholar, according to whom, in 1775, the twelve stewards of the anniversary of the Sons of the Clergy paid 35 gns. each; Public Advertiser (6 May 1762); McClure, Ruth, Coram's Children: The London Foundling Hospital in the Eighteenth Century (New Haven, Conn., 1981), pp. 68–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives (London: World Microfilms, 1976Google Scholar), pt. A, Minutes and Reports, vol. 12, 16 April 1728, p. 208Google Scholar; London Journal (12 April 1729).

⁵ Pearce, , Sons of the Clergy, p. 207Google Scholar; Minutes of the Stewards of the Festival of the Sons of the Clergy, A/FSC/1, 24 February 1778, 13 March 1787, London Metropolitan Archives (hereafter cited as Sons of the Clergy minutes); for comments on weather, see A/FSC/1, 4 May 1779, 18 May 1782.

⁶ For evidence of the broader social and political context of anniversaries, perambulations, and processions, see Wright, A. R., British Calendar Customs: England (London, 1938), 1:129–39, 166–69, 176–80, 2:130–35, 3:102–3, 155–56, 179Google Scholar; Cressy, David, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (London, 1989)Google Scholar; Rogers, Nicholas, Whigs and Cities: Popular Politics in the Age of Walpole and Pitt (Oxford, 1989), pp. 353–89Google Scholar; Trials for Adultery, vol. 7, Morley, Biker v., evidence of James, Sarah (1741) (London, 1779–1780), p. 11Google Scholar.

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¹⁰ Bell, Catherine, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice (New York and Oxford, 1992)Google Scholar. For definitions of what constitutes a ritual deployed for purposes of historical analysis, see Borsay, Peter, “All the Town's a Stage: Urban Ritual and Ceremony, 1660–1800,” in The Transformation of English Provincial Towns, 1600–1800, ed. Clark, Peter (London, 1984), pp. 228–58Google Scholar; Clawson, Mary Ann, Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton, N.J., 1989), p. 13Google Scholar; Rosser, , “Going to the Fraternity Feast,” p. 432Google Scholar.

¹¹ Public Advertiser (22 May 1756).

¹² McVeigh, , Concert Life in London, pp. 39, 55, 66–67Google Scholar; Richard, D., The Shows of London (Cambridge, Mass., 1978)Google Scholar; Taylor, J. S., Jonas Hanway: Founder of the Marine Society: Charity and Policy in Eighteenth-Century Britain (London, 1985), p. 78Google Scholar; David Garrick organized benefits for the Lock Hospital, the Welsh charity school, Westminster New Lying-in Hospital, and the Marine Society; see Merians, Linda E., “The London Lock Hospital and the Lock Asylum for Women,” in The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, ed. Merians, Linda E. (Lexington, Ky., 1996), p. 135Google Scholar; Welsh School minutes, vol. 3, 19 November 1773; Andrew, Rhodes, Doctor John Leake's Hospital, p. 32Google Scholar; Donna, , Philanthropy and Police: London Charity in the Eighteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1989), p. 80Google Scholar; The Letters of David Garrick, ed. Little, David M. and Kahrl, George M. (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), 1Google Scholar: letters 178, 216; 2: letter 728; 3: letters 964, 1087, 1329; see also Borsay, Anne, Medicine and Charity in Georgian Bath: A Social History of the General Infirmary, c. 1739–1830 (Aldershot, 1999), pp. 81–84Google Scholar.

¹³ “London Journal (21 December 1720), quoted in Cox, Nicholas, Bridging the Gap: A History of the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy over 300 years, 1655–1978 (Oxford, 1978), p. 50Google Scholar; Burn, Richard, Ecclesiastical Law (London, 1763), 2:278Google Scholar.

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¹⁷ Cunningham, Hugh, The Children of the Poor: Representations of Childhood since the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1992), pp. 38–45Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Porter, Roy, “The Gift Relation: Philanthropy and Provincial Hospitals in Eighteenth-Century England,” in The Hospital in History, ed. Granshaw, Lindsay and Porter, Roy (London, 1989), pp. 149–78Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Borsay, “All the Town's a Stage”; Phythian-Adams, Charles, Desolation of a City: Coventry and the Urban Crisis of the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1979), p. 271Google Scholar; Heal, , Hospitality, pp. 391–95Google Scholar.

²⁰ Solkin, David H., Painting for Money: The Visual Arts and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven, Conn., 1993), pp. 157–74Google Scholar.

²¹ Barry and Brooks, eds., The Middling Sort of People; Borsay, “All the Town's a Stage”; Borsay, Peter, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660–1770 (Oxford, 1989)Google Scholar; Hunt, Margaret R., The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 1680–1780 (Berkeley, 1996)Google Scholar; Epstein, James, “Radical Dining, Toasting, and Symbolic Expression in Early Nineteenth-Century Lancashire: Rituals of Solidarity,” Albion 20, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 271–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar; O'Gorman, Frank, “Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies: The Social Meaning of Elections in England, 1780–1860,” Past and Present, no. 135 (May 1992): 79–115Google Scholar; Rogers, Whigs and Cities; Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, Conn., 1992), pp. 88–89Google Scholar; for the early nineteenth century, see Morris, R. J., Class, Sect, and Party: The Making of the British Middle Class: Leeds, 1820–1850 (Manchester, 1990), pp. 161–203Google Scholar. Aspects of philanthropic practice that Morris dates to the early nineteenth century are evident elsewhere in Britain in the first half of the eighteenth century; see, e.g., p. 197.

²² Wilson, , Sense of the People, pp. 27–83Google Scholar; Kathleen, Wilson, “Urban Culture and Political Activism in Hanoverian England: The Example of Voluntary Hospitals,” in The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century, ed. Hellmuth, Eckhart (Oxford, 1990), pp. 165–84Google Scholar.

²³ Solkin, Painting for Money; Klein, Lawrence E., Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hume, David, Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. Selby-Bigge, L. A., 3d ed. (Oxford, 1975), pp. 176–79, 295–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁴ “London Hospital Sermon” (1767), in The Collected Works of William Warburton, ed. Hurd, R. (London, 1788), 5:507Google Scholar.

²⁵ Balguy, John, The Duty of Benevolence and Brotherly Love, and the III Effects of a Party Spirit (Assize sermon) (London, 1739)Google Scholar; Williams, , “‘The Luxury of Doing Good,’” pp. 77–107Google Scholar.

²⁶ Dodd, William, Discourses on the Miracles and Parables (London, 1757), 4:90–142Google Scholar.

²⁷ Barrow, Isaac, The Duty and Reward of Bounty to the Poor (London, 1671)Google Scholar; Carrington, James, Benevolence the Genuine Character of Christianity (sermon preached at the anniversary meeting of the governors and contributors to the Devon and Exeter Hospital) (Exeter, 1758)Google Scholar.

²⁸ Barker-Benfield, G. J., The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Chicago, 1992)Google Scholar.

²⁹ Dyer, George, A Dissertation on the Theory and Practice of Benevolence (London, 1795)Google Scholar.

³⁰ Rose, Craig, “‘Seminarys of Faction and Rebellion’: Jacobites, Whigs and the London Charity Schools, 1716–1724,” Historical Journal 34, no. 4 (December 1991): 831–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³¹ Habermas, Jürgen, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Burger, Thomas (London, 1989)Google Scholar.

³² This is the framework used in the following studies of charity institutions: Borsay, Anne, “‘Persons of Honour and Reputation’: The Voluntary Hospital in an Age of Corruption,” Medical History 35 (1991): 281–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wilson, Adrian, “Conflict, Consensus and Charity: Politics and the Provincial Voluntary Hospitals in the Eighteenth Century,” English Historical Review 111 (1996): 599–619CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³³ de Mandeville, Bernard, The Fable of the Bees: Or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits. With an Essay on Charity and Charity Schools …, 5th ed. (London, 1728), p. 316Google Scholar; according to the Public Advertiser (28 March 1753), two of the six stewards were aldermen; Jones, M. G., The Charity School Movement: A Study of Eighteenth-Century Puritanism in Action (Cambridge, 1938), pp. 44–46Google Scholar. The London and Westminster charity schools first gathered in 1704. Each subsequent year a committee of school trustees organized the procession, service, and sermon. A separate committee of stewards organized the trustees' dinner. In 1782, the Society of Patrons of the Anniversary Meeting of the Charity Schools formed to manage and fund the anniversary. The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) coordinated the charity school movement nationally. It had close institutional links with the trustees' committee and paid many expenses of the anniversary.

³⁴ The Charity for the Relief of the Poor Widows and Children of Clergymen (more commonly known as the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy) was founded in 1655 and granted a charter in 1678. First held in 1674, the festival raised an annual collection to apprentice clergymen's orphans (male and female). In 1749, the stewards who managed the festival established themselves as a separate society open to subscribers of both sexes to ensure a “constant succession of stewards” and educate clergymen's orphans until old enough to be apprenticed. Twelve stewards were appointed each year, and they paid the expenses of the festival. From 1753, the anniversary was held on the second Thursday in May, preceded on the previous Tuesday by the “Rehearsal” of music, an event that had developed into an important fund-raising event. Pearce, The Sons of the Clergy; Cox, Bridging the Gap.

³⁵ Conybeare, John, Sermon (Oxford 1752), pp. 24–25Google Scholar (Sons of the Clergy, Bristol); Burton, Nicholas, Sermon (Newcastle, 1712), pp. 1–3, 17Google Scholar (Sons of the Clergy, Newcastle upon Tyne); Downes, Henry, Sermon (Dublin, 1721), pp. 14–19Google Scholar (Dublin charity schools); Hurd, Richard, Sermon (Cambridge, 1753), p. 15Google Scholar (Cambridge charity schools); Archer, Edmund, Sermon (Oxford, 1713)Google Scholar (Oxford charity schools).

³⁶ Cox, , Bridging the Gap, p. 85Google Scholar.

³⁷ The Society of Patrons of the Anniversary of the Charity Schools, Minute books of the Trustees for the Charity Schools in and about the city of London and Westminster, and weekly Bills of Mortality, Church of England Record Centre, NS/SP/1/1–4, 1706–82 (hereafter cited as Charity Schools minutes); SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, Minutes and Reports; Stow, John, A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster … Corrected, Improved, and Very Much Enlarged in … 1720, by John Strype (London, 1754), 2:159–60Google Scholar; London Journal (12 April 1729), p. 2Google Scholar; The Times (3 June 1796), p. 3Google Scholar, col a.

³⁸ Twenty Five Sermons Preached at the Anniversary Meetings of the Children Educated in the Charity-Schools in and about the Cities of London and Westminster, on Thursday in Whitson Week, from 1704 … to 1728 … (London, 1729)Google Scholar.

³⁹ St. Saviour's Girls' Charity School Southwark, Trustees and Subscribers' Minute Book, A/NWC/1, 4 May 1708 (hereafter cited as St. Saviour's Girls' Charity School minutes).

⁴⁰ The anniversary dinner was moved to the day of the procession in the mid-1730s; for accounts of dinners, see Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 22 April 1762; NS/SP/1/4, 10 December 1778.

⁴¹ Mauss, Marcel, The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, trans. Halls, W.D (New York, 1991), pp. 3–4, 65–83Google Scholar.

⁴² Phythian-Adams, Desolation of a City; Sacks, David Harris, “The Demise of the Martyrs: The Feasts of St. Clement and St. Katherine in Bristol, 1400–1600,” Social History 11, no. 2 (May 1986): 146–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Douglas, Mary, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (New York, 1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Key, , “Political Culture,” pp. 231–34Google Scholar.

⁴³ Rosser, “Going to the Fraternity Feast.”

⁴⁴ Cunningham, , Children of the Poor, pp. 38–49Google Scholar. Cunningham analyzes this event as a carefully orchestrated demonstration of order and assertion of national pride that worked on the emotions to idealize, even misrepresent the children. Most of his evidence concerns the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

⁴⁵ For example, Spectator, no. 294 (6 February 1712).

⁴⁶ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 17 April 1729, 1 April 1736.

⁴⁷ Stanhope, George, “Sermon” (1705), in Twenty Five Sermons, p. 45Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 31 May 1716; Kennett, Cunningham, Children of the Poor, pp. 20–4Google Scholar; White, , “Sermon” (1706) in Twenty Five Sermons, pp. 60–63Google Scholar; Rogers, Rosser, “Going to the Fraternity Feast,” p. 441Google Scholar; Porter, , “The Gift Relation,” p. 174Google Scholar; Nicholas, , Crowds, Culture and Politics in Georgian Britain (Oxford, 1998)Google Scholar; Rogers, , Whigs and Cities, pp. 347–89Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 14 April 1713, 20 August 1714.

⁵⁰ SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. C, Letters and Memorials, Official Letters of the Secretary: Newman's Draft Correspondence, vol. 14, p. 65 (1724, to Viscount Percival), reiterated in almost identical terms in vol. 22, pp. 58–59 (1731, to the countess of Hertford).

⁵¹ Barry, , “Bourgeois Collectivism?” pp. 97, 102–3Google Scholar; for discussion of practices that stretched concepts of national, even political inclusion, see Wilson, Sense of the People; Colley, Britons.

⁵² The Times (3 June 1796); see also Gentleman's Magazine (May 1803), p. 474Google Scholar.

⁵³ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 14 January 1762; NS/SP/1/1, 21 February 172[9], 1 April 1736; NS/SP/1/4, 13 February 1772; Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser (22 May 1771).

⁵⁴ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 11 April 1712. For examples of troublesome mothers, see St. Saviour's Girls' Charity School minutes, A/NWC/1, 1 July 1707; 9 November 1708; 3 May, 7 June and 4 October 1709; 14 January 1717; Welsh School minutes, vol. 3, 5 August 1765, 3 May 1773, 1 May 1775.

⁵⁵ SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, vol. 5, 12 June 1712, p. 287Google Scholar; Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 9 April 1767, 14 March 1771.

⁵⁶ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 10 January 1771; NS/SP/1/4, 13 February 1772; see also NS/SP/1/1, 9 and 30 June 1713.

⁵⁷ For example, see the following from Charity Schools minutes: on precedency, NS/SP/1/1, 1 March 173[8]; on badges, NS/SP/1/3, 14 January 1762; on porters, etc., NS/SP/1/3, 10 January 1771; NS/SP/1/3, 11 April 1765; NS/SP/1/3, 8 March 1770; on stewards, NS/SP/1/2, 12 February 1761; NS/SP/1/3, 9 April 1767; NS/SP/1/3, 11 April 1771.

⁵⁸ Rose, “‘Seminarys of Faction and Rebellion.’”

⁵⁹ “Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 2 April 1713, 14 February 1755; NS/SP/1/3, 14 March 1771.

⁶⁰ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 1 September 1714.

⁶¹ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 14 March 1771; Rose, Craig, “Evangelical Philanthropy and Anglican Revival: The Charity Schools of Augustan London, 1698–1740,” London Journal 16, no. 1 (1991): 35–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶² Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 14 April 1713.

⁶³ Kennett, , “Sermon,” pp. 49–50Google Scholar; sermons by Stanhope, Robert Moss, Samuel Bradford, Andrew Snape, Nathaniel Marshall, Hugh Boulter, Thomas Mangey, and Joseph Watson in Twenty Five Sermons make the same appeal to the visual.

⁶⁴ For another example of the metaphor of consumption used to discuss charity, see Astell, Mary, The Christian Religion, as Profess'd by a Daughter of the Church of England (London, 1705), p. 204Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ Mandeville, , Essay on Charity Schools, p. 320Google Scholar; see also p. 304.

⁶⁶ Ibid., pp. 318–19.

⁶⁷ For example, Welsh School minutes, vol. 1, 20 December 1722 (boy discharged for “scurilous language”); Walpole, Kennett, “Sermon,” p. 61Google Scholar; Horace, , Correspondence, ed. Lewis, W. S. (New Haven, Conn., 1937–1983), 34:115Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 12 November 1767; Moss, , “Sermon” (1708) in Twenty Five Sermons, p. 118Google Scholar; Stow, , Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, 2:165Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/3, 12 February and 12 November 1767; on 30 June 1713, the committee unanimously rejected a proposal that one of the children should make a speech to the queen as she passed on her way to St. Paul's to celebrate the Peace of Utrecht (Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1); Campbell, Thomas, Diary of a Visit to England in 1775, by an Irishman, ed. Raymond, Samuel (Sydney, 1854), p. 28Google Scholar; Young, Percy M., The Concert Tradition: From the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century (London, 1965), pp. 22–23Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Moss, , “Sermon,” p. 117Google Scholar.

⁷¹ SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, vol. 7, 13 October 1715, pp. 76–77Google Scholar.

⁷² McClure, , Coram's Children, p. 69Google Scholar; Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 13 May 1784.

⁷³ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 9 May 1780; Warren, James, A Sermon Preached at the Anniversary Meeting of the Sons of the Clergy … (1728) (London, [1778]), app., p. 28Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 8 March 1775.

⁷⁵ For example, Public Advertiser (10 May 1753); Public Advertiser (18 February 1762), Magdalen-House Charity (advertisement); Public Advertiser (23 May 1775), Hospital for the Maintenance and Education of Exposed and Deserted Young Children (advertisement); Walpole, , Correspondence, 9:273–74Google Scholar, on his visit to the Magdalen-House Chapel.

⁷⁶ Public Advertiser (5 April 1775).

⁷⁷ Daily Post (11 December 1724); London Journal (17 February 1727–28); Warren, , Sermon, p. 26Google Scholar.

⁷⁸ Cox, , Bridging the Gap, pp. 76–77Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 14 May 1782.

⁸⁰ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 7 May 1795.

⁸¹ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 15 May 1781; for the Turkish ambassador's attendance at the 1798 anniversary, see Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 10 May 1798.

⁸² Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 9 May 1780 (“genteel to a degree”); 4 February 1783 (“very numerous and respectable company”); 6 March 1788 (“numerous Assemblage of the first Persons of Rank”); 14 May 1789 (“brilliant”); 18 May 1790 (“select”); 16 May 1793 (“splendid”); 5 May 1795 (“company thin”); Public Advertiser (10 May 1765) (“many reputable Citizens”); London Chronicle (13–15 May 1777) (“a very respectable and brilliant audience”); Daily Universal Register (11 May 1787) (“a pretty numerous assemblage of Ladies and Gentlemen”); The Times (15 May 1793) (“a very numerous and respectable audience”); The Times (21 May 1794) (“we never witnessed so large or so respectable an assemblage of all ranks of people on the like occasion as yesterday”).

⁸³ Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/1, 21 May 1712; SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, vol. 6, 13 November 1712, p. 33Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ For example, SPCK Early Eighteenth-Century Archives, pt. A, Minutes, vol. 1, 8 June 1704, p. 294Google Scholar; Daily Post (11 December 1721), Sons of the Clergy (advertisement); Public Advertiser (5 April 1753), Hospital for the Maintenance and Education of Exposed and Deserted Young Children (advertisement); Public Advertiser (10 July 1754), London Hospital (advertisement); Public Advertiser (18 September 1754), London Hospital (ad vertisement); Public Advertiser (8 March 1775), Society for Discharge and Relief of Persons imprisoned for Small Debts (advertisement); Public Advertiser (6 May 1762), Sons of the Clergy (advertisement); Public Advertiser (3 October 1775), John Rawlinson to the governors, etc., of the City of London Lying-in Hospital (advertisement); Borsay, , Medicine and Charity in Georgian Bath, pp. 43–44Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ Warren, , Sermon, p. 27Google Scholar; Daily Post (4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, and 17 April 1744).

⁸⁶ The Times (22 May 1797): “It has been suggested to the Stewards of the Anniversary Meeting of the Sons of the Clergy, that there is a probability that the Prince and Princess of Wirtenberg may honour the Cathedral Church of St. Paul with their presence on Wednesday next” (they did not attend); Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 24 February 1778; Public Advertiser (18 January 1775), Society for Discharge and Relief of Persons imprisoned for Small Debts (advertisement); Public Advertiser (26 October 1762), the Asylum (advertisement); Wilson, , Sense of the People, pp. 74–75Google Scholar; Borsay, , “‘Persons of Honour and Reputation’”; London Journal (4 April 1730).Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Johns, Adrian, The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago, 1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see, e.g., Public Advertiser (28 March 1775), Hospitals for the Small-Pox and Inoculation (advertisement).

⁸⁸ Brasbridge, J., The Fruits of Experience; or, Memoir of Joseph Brasbridge, Written in His 80th year (London, 1824), pp. 40, 50–51Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Habermas, Structural Transformation. There is a substantial literature on gender and the public sphere. See Goodman, Dena, “Public Sphere and Private Life: Toward a Synthesis of Current Historiographical Approaches to the Old Regime,” History and Theory 31 (1992): 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Landes, Joan, “The Public and the Private Sphere: A Feminist Reconsideration” in Feminists Read Habermas: Gendering the Subject of Discourse, edited by Meehan, J. (London and New York, 1995), pp. 91–116Google Scholar; Klein, Lawrence E., “Gender and the Public/Private Distinction in the Eighteenth Century: Some Questions about Evidence and Analytic Procedure,” Eighteenth-Century Studies, 29 (1995): 97–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁰ Hanbury, William, The History of the Rise and Progress of the Charitable Foundations of Church Langton (London, 1767), p. 81Google Scholar.

⁹¹ Solkin, , Painting for Money, pp. 165, 187Google Scholar; Gentleman's Magazine 36 (January 1766): 3–5Google Scholar.

⁹² Rosser, , “Going to the Fraternity Feast,” pp. 436–37Google Scholar; Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 8 March 1775; servants were also excluded from other charities' dinners; see, e.g., Public Advertiser (26 April 1775), the Asylum (advertisement).

⁹³ For example, Public Advertiser (17 February 1752), Small-Pox Hospital (advertisement); London Chronicle (20–22 April 1769), London Hospital on the Sons of the Clergy discontinuing music at the hall in 1753, “as being thought not only useless, but disagreeable,” see Warren, , Sermon, p. 34Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ Epstein, “Radical Dining.”

⁹⁵ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 6 March 1788, 22 May 1783; dinner was provided for 240 at the 1779 anniversary dinner of the London and Westminster charity schools; see Charity Schools minutes, NS/SP/1/4, 6 May 1779.

⁹⁶ Heal, Hospitality in Early Modern England; Nicholl, John, Ancient British Hospitality (sermon preached before the Society of Ancient Britons) (London, 1741)Google Scholar.

⁹⁷ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 16 May 1793.

⁹⁸ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 9 May 1775.

⁹⁹ Hierarchy and fraternity were not necessarily contradictory. See, Rosser, , “Going to the Fraternity Feast,” p. 444Google Scholar; for a different explanation, see Borsay, , English Urban Renaissance, p. 278Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁰ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 15 May 1781; see also 16 May 1786.

¹⁰¹ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 16 May 1793 (Bacon noted that it was fortunate that a dispute between the musicians occurred on the day following the anniversary “or such a Discord would have unharmonized the Day”); Goody, Jack, Cooking, Cuisine and Class: A Study in Comparative Sociology (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 11–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also Phythian-Adams, , Desolation of a City, p. 110Google Scholar.

¹⁰² On sociability, see Borsay, , English Urban Renaissance, pp. 267–83Google Scholar.

¹⁰³ Epstein, , “Radical Dining,” p. 286Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁴ Public Advertiser (26 April 1753).

¹⁰⁵ Key, , “Political Culture,” p. 239Google Scholar. Collection totals for 1775 were as follows: £210.16.3 at the rehearsal, £211.10.3 at the anniversary service, and £444.17.3 at the feast. Eminent supporters probably reserved their donations until the feast. Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 9 May 1775, 11 May 1775.

¹⁰⁶ For example, Croxson, , “Public and Private Faces,” pp. 141–42Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ Weekly-Journal or Saturday's-Post (7 December 1717).

¹⁰⁸ Minutes do not survive for this period; in 1741, however, the stewards rejected French wine because of war with France. See Warren, , Sermon, p. 31Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ London Chronicle (21–24 April 1764); see also Public Advertiser (6 May 1762) on Sons of the Clergy.

¹¹⁰ Sons of the Clergy minutes, A/FSC/1, 14 May 1782, 16 May 1793.

¹¹¹ Brewer, John, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1997), pp. 102–7Google Scholar.

¹¹² Andrew, , Philanthropy and Police, pp. 135–62Google Scholar; “The Police: VIII,” Oxford Magazine (February 1771)Google Scholar.

¹¹³ Langford, Paul, A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727–1783 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 567–613Google Scholar.

¹¹⁴ The correspondence can be found in the Public Advertiser: “J.H.” (8 May 1777); “An old Steward of the Sons of the Clergy, and a Layman” (12 May 1777); “A Layman” (14 May 1777). For material identifying “J.H.,” see Hanway, , Defects of Police, pp. 275–77Google Scholar. Warren also entered into the debate in his Sermon at the 1778 anniversary (pp. 22–24).

¹¹⁵ Ward, Archer, History of the Haberdashers' Company, pp. 126, 130–32Google Scholar; [Ned, ], The Parish Gutt'lers: or, the Humours of a Select Vestry (London, 1722)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁶ McVeigh, , Concert Life in London, pp. 14–15, 58Google Scholar; Langford, , Polite and Commercial People, pp. 574–75Google Scholar.

¹¹⁷ Public Advertiser (24 April 1762). The hospital returned to this venue in subsequent years. See, e.g., Public Advertiser (5 June 1777); Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser (16 May 1771).

¹¹⁸ For example, Hanway, Jonas, A Journal of Eight Days Journey from Portsmouth to Kingston upon Thames, … to Which is Added, an essay on Tea … (London, 1756)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁹ Solkin, , Painting for Money, pp. 78 ffGoogle Scholar.

¹²⁰ Hanway, , Defects of Police, pp. 276–77Google Scholar.

¹²¹ Ibid., p. 277; Sekora, John, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought, Eden to Smollett (Baltimore, 1977), pp. 119–22Google Scholar.

¹²² Russell, Kennett, “Sermon,” pp. 51–52Google Scholar; Stanhope, , “Sermon,” p. 45Google Scholar; see also Snape, , “Sermon” (1711) in Twenty Five Sermons, p. 191Google Scholar; Andrew, , Philanthropy and Police, p. 80Google Scholar; Gillian, , The Theatres of War: Performance, Politics and Society, 1793–1815 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 137–39Google Scholar. In the 1760s, the Society of Musicians attempted to circumvent the bishop of London's restrictions on theatrical performances in Passion week by appealing to Archbishop Seeker, president of the Sons of the Clergy, and hinting that in return they would perform for nothing for that charity. See Lambeth Palace Library, Misc 1121, pp. 85–88.

¹²³ Spectator, no. 294 (6 February 1712), and no. 372 (7 May 1712).

¹²⁴ Mandeville, , Fable of the Bees, pp. 313, 321Google Scholar.

¹²⁵ Brown, John, An Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times, 3d ed. (London, 1757), pp. 66–67Google Scholar.

¹²⁶ Solkin, , Painting for Money, pp. 30–37Google Scholar.

¹²⁷ Lloyd, “‘Pleasure's Golden Bait.’”

¹²⁸ Harkin, Maureen, “Smith's The Theory of Moral Sentiments: Sympathy, Women and Emulation,” Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 24 (1995): 175–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹²⁹ Brown, , Estimate, p. 51Google Scholar.

¹³⁰ For example, Public Advertiser (28 March 1753), Middlesex Hospital (advertisement); General Advertiser (28 February 1752), Smallpox Hospital (advertisement).

¹³¹ Hannah More to one of her family, 1776, The Letters of Hannah More, Selected with an Introduction by R. Brimley Johnson (London, 1925), p. 30Google Scholar.

¹³² Public Advertiser (1 May 1753): “At the Desire of several Ladies of Distinction, there will be a charitable Collection, for the Benefit of poor Clergymens Daughters, upon the Delivery of the Tickets going into the Choir.” This is later subsumed into the more general statement that the collection “is appropriated for apprenticing the Sons and Daughters of necessitous Clergymen.” See Public Advertiser (28 April 1775).

¹³³ “Arrangements for the Annual Meeting,” York Ladies Female Friendly Society, York City Archives, Ace 50 YL/FF:12, 14 May 1794; Cappe, Catharine, An Account of Two Charity Schools for the Education of Girls: And of a Female Friendly Society in York: Interspersed with Reflections on Charity Schools and Friendly Societies in General (York, 1800), pp. 71–72Google Scholar.

¹³⁴ See also More to Wilberforce, 1791, The Letters of Hannah More, pp. 171–73.

¹³⁵ Cappe, Catharine, Observations on Charity Schools, Female Friendly Societies, and Other Subjects Connected with the Views of the Ladies' Committee (York, 1805), p. ixGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁶ Cappe, , Observations, p. 170nGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁷ Cappe, Catharine, Memoirs of the Late Mrs Catharine Cappe, Written by Herself (London, 1822), p. 392Google Scholar.

¹³⁸ For conceptual problems concerning female sentiment and virtue, see Harkin, “Smith's The Theory of Moral Sentiments.”

¹³⁹ Jones, M. G., Hannah More (Cambridge, 1952)Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ Public Advertiser (3 May 1757).

¹⁴¹ For example, London Chronicle (12–14 June 1783) on charity schools.

¹⁴² Klein, “Gender and the Public/Private Distinction.”