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³⁹ This question has been well explored in Joanna Innes, “Legislating for Three Kingdoms: How the Westminster Parliament Legislated for England, Scotland and Ireland, 1707–1830,” in Hoppit, Parliaments, Nations and Identities, 15–47.

⁴⁰ 20 George II, c. 42, § 3.

⁴¹ It should be noted that turnpikes were usually authorized for twenty-one years, requiring new legislation to extend their lives.

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