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⁴ The day 5 November was enshrined in the Anglican Prayer Book in 1690 as a day of national thanksgiving until such potentially divisive provisions were deleted in 1859. See Schwoerer, “Celebrating,” 3.

⁵ On commemoration in the Church of Scotland, see The Times, 30 May 1888, 6.

⁶ At least one scholar—and not a historian—has gone admirably far to justify his heavy use of The Times: Young, Robert J. C., The Idea of English Ethnicity (Oxford, 2008), 95Google Scholar.

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¹¹ On the downward trickle of Civil War history, see Samuel, “The Discovery of Puritanism,” 206–7.

¹² Blaas, Continuity and Anachronism; Bentley, Michael, Modernizing England’s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism, 1870–1970 (Cambridge, 2005), esp. 95–96Google Scholar. Blaas also called Macaulay Whiggishness into question (see chap. 2).

¹³ On English Nonconformist support for Home Rule, see Bebbington, D. W., The Nonconformist Conscience: Chapel and Politics, 1870–1914 (London, 1982), chap. 5Google Scholar; Megahey, Alan, “‘Irish Protestants Feel This Betrayal Keenly …’: Home Rule, Rome Rule and Nonconformity,” in Problems and Perspectives in Irish History since 1800: Essays in Honour of Patrick Buckland, ed. Boyce, D. George and Swift, Roger (Dublin, 2004)Google Scholar.

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¹⁶ Pincus, 1688, 16–21.

¹⁷ Glasgow Herald, 24 May 1888, 6. See also Notes and Queries 6 (1888): 36; Liverpool Mercury, 9 August 1888, 5; Pall Mall Gazette, 1 January 1889, 1; Birmingham Daily Post, 24 June 1889, 8.

¹⁸ Glasgow Herald, 29 December 1888, 9; Thomas, Peter W., “Jenner, Henry (1848–1934),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (hereafter ODNB), http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/75066Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Schwoerer, “Celebrating,” 11.

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²¹ Pall Mall Gazette, 3 April 1888, 1.

²² The Times, 19 January 1888, 12.

²³ Glasgow Herald, 5 May 1888, 6; Schwoerer, “Celebrating,” 11–12.

²⁴ Freeman’s Journal, 11 February 1889, 6. On Naoroji’s connections with Irish nationalism, see Biagini, Eugenio F., British Democracy and Irish Nationalism, 1876–1906 (Cambridge, 2007), 17, 163CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²⁹ The Times, 28 February 1889, 10.

³⁰ The Times, 13 July 1888, 6.

³¹ Standard, 15 March 1888, 3.

³² Glasgow Herald, 1 November 1888, 6. See also Bebbington, Nonconformist Conscience, 99–100; Brewer, John D. and Higgins, Gareth I., Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland, 1600–1998 (Basingstoke, 1998), 75–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hempton, David, “‘For God and Ulster’: Evangelical Protestantism and the Home Rule Crisis of 1886,” in Protestant Evangelicalism: Britain, Ireland, Germany and America, c.1750–c.1950, ed. Robbins, Keith (Oxford, 1990), 247–48Google Scholar. On American funding for the Land League and the Home Rule cause, see Biagini, British Democracy, 195n, 247, 259. On slightly earlier British attitudes toward American Fenianism, see Nie, Michael De, The Eternal Paddy: Irish Identity and the British Press, 1798–1882 (Madison, WI, 2004), 153Google Scholar.

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³⁴ Nation, 21 July 1888, 2.

³⁵ Hempton, “‘For God and Ulster’”; Brewer and Higgins, Anti-Catholicism, 71–78. Talk of Protestant unity in Ulster of course hid, as in England and Scotland, a long history of enmity between Protestant denominations (see Brown, Terence, The Whole Protestant Community: The Making of a Historical Myth [Derry, 1985]Google Scholar).

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³⁸ Belfast News-Letter, 16 July 1888, 8.

³⁹ Belfast News-Letter, 19 July 1888, 4.

⁴⁰ Pincus, 1688; Fraser, T. G., “The Siege: Its History and Legacy, 1688–1889,” in Derry and Londonderry: History and Society; Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County, ed. O’Brien, Gerard (Dublin, 1999), 393–94Google Scholar.

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⁴³ Beckett, John, City Status in the British Isles, 1830–2002 (Aldershot, 2005), 43–47Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Belfast News-Letter, 6 April 1889, 3; 22 December 1888, 8.

⁴⁵ All quotations are from Glasgow Herald, 5 May 1888, 6. On the Herald’s Unionism and sectarian character, see MacKenzie, John M., “The Press and the Dominant Ideology of Empire,” in Newspapers and Empire in Ireland and Britain: Reporting the British Empire, c.1857–1921, ed. Potter, Simon J. (Dublin, 2004), 31Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Christian Life, 1 October 1887, 482.

⁴⁷ Standard, 11 May 1888, 3; The Times, 11 May 1888, 5; 17 May 1888, 5; 18 May 1888, 7; 31 May 1888, 6; 1 June 1888, 5; Tablet, 5 May 1888, 714. See also Quinault, “The Cult of the Centenary,” 315.

⁴⁸ Letter from T. C. Noble to Western Morning News, 24 November 1887, in T. C. Noble, A Collection of Papers Relating to the History of the Spanish Armada 1588 and the Tercentenary Celebration 1888 etc, held in the British Library; Tablet, 5 May 1888, 714–15.

⁴⁹ Fremantle, The Eighty-Eights, 41–45, 61; Church and State, 6 February 1886, 1.

⁵⁰ This was the angle for the tercentenary in 1988.

⁵¹ Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 4 December 1888, 6.

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⁵⁷ Jackson’s Oxford Journal, 1 December 1888, 6. For Blackwood’s views on Home Rule, as well as the importance of 1688 to his Unionism, see Montagu, H. S. D. and Blackwood, Lady, eds., Some Records of the Life of Arthur Blackwood (London, 1896), 359Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Morley and Goschen were taking part in a debate over diplomatic presence at the Paris Exhibition, which was held from 6 May to 31 October 1889 to coincide with the centenary of the French Revolution. Goschen had responded to Gladstone’s point that the French would not decline to attend a British exhibition held in 1888 to coincide with the 1688 bicentenary (The Times, 29 May 1889, 8).

⁵⁹ McFarland, Elaine W., “‘Outposts of the Loyalists of Ireland’: The Orangemen’s Unionist Vision,” in Unionist Scotland, 1800–1997, ed. MacDonald, Catriona M. M. (Edinburgh, 1998), 39Google Scholar. On Scottish anti-Catholicism, see Brown, Callum G., Religion and Society in Scotland since 1707 (Edinburgh, 1997), 191–96Google Scholar.

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⁶³ Liverpool Mercury, 23 October 1888, 5. On Taylor, see Waller, Democracy and Sectarianism. He spoke in Liverpool on the Revolution earlier in the year; see Liverpool Mercury, 26 July 1888, 6.

⁶⁴ The “quadrilaterial resolution” at Lambeth set four conditions for reunion: the preeminence of Scripture, the Apostles’ and Nicene Creeds as statements of faith, the scripturally justified sacraments of baptism and communion, and the “historic episcopate” as adapted to local conditions. See “Resolutions from 1888, Resolution 11,” Lambeth Conference Resolutions Archive, http://www.lambethconference.org/resolutions/1888/1888-11.cfm.

⁶⁵ Fremantle, The Eighty-Eights, esp. v–vii.

⁶⁶ Dundee Courier and Argus, 31 August 1888, 6; John Wordsworth, “Wordsworth, Charles (1806–1892),” rev. H. C. G. Mattew, ODNB.

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⁷⁰ Schwoerer’s sources, by contrast, presented a post-Newman England reconciled to Catholicism (see Schwoerer, “Celebrating,” 11).

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⁷⁴ The charges against King included the administering of wine mixed with water, ceremonial washing of the communion vessels, facing eastward with his back to the congregation, and making the sign of the cross. The outcome of his trial was mostly in King’s favor, leading to the Church Association lodging an unsuccessful appeal with the Privy Council. For accounts of King’s actions and the trial, see Russell, George W. E., Edward King, Sixtieth Bishop of Lincoln: A Memoir (London, 1912), chap. 5Google Scholar; Norman, E. R., Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England (New York, 1968), 105–21Google Scholar; Bentley, Ritualism and Politics, 116–20.

⁷⁵ Derby Mercury, 27 February 1889, 5.

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⁷⁷ These concerns continued into the Edwardian period (see Megahey, “Irish Protestants,” 173).

⁷⁸ Bruce, Robert, “Preface,” in Bicentenary Lectures: A Historical Series Delivered on the Occasion of the Bicentenary of the Revolution of 1688, ed. Congregational Union of England and Wales (London, 1889), viiGoogle Scholar.

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⁸⁰ Cheshire Observer, 14 April 1888, 7.

⁸¹ Western Mail, 12 June 1888, 4.

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⁸⁵ Ibid., 31 July 1888, 4. See also North British Daily Mail report, reprinted in Bruce Herald (New Zealand), 25 September 1888, 4.

⁸⁶ Dundee Courier and Argus, 21 November 1888, 3.

⁸⁷ Bristol Mercury and Daily Post, 12 November 1888, 3. The story (eventually) made it as far as New Zealand (see Wanganui Herald, 3 January 1889, 2).

⁸⁸ The Times, 10 October 1888, 7.

⁸⁹ Protestant Commemoration in 1888, 15–16.

⁹⁰ The Times, 6 September 1889, 11; Waller, Democracy and Sectarianism, 96.

⁹¹ The Times, 31 March 1888, 8; Belfast News-Letter, 5 April 1888, 7; “The British Mission to the Vatican,” American Journal of International Law 9, no. 1 (January 1915): 207Google Scholar; Quinn, Patronage and Piety, 167–69; Parry, J. P., “Nonconformity, Clericalism and ‘Englishness’: The United Kingdom,” in Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe, ed. Clark, Christopher and Kaiser, Wolfram (Cambridge, 2003), 154Google Scholar; Urbach, Karina, “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service: Gladstone, Ireland and Pope Leo XIII, 1881–1885/6,” in The Papacy and the New World Order: Vatican Diplomacy, Catholic Opinion and International Politics at the Times of Leo XIII, 1878–1903, ed. Viaene, Vincent (Leuven, 2005)Google Scholar; Foreign and Commonwealth Office, “Holy See,” http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/holy-see/?profile=intRelations.

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⁹³ Protestant Commemoration in 1888, 8, 10.

⁹⁴ The Times, 31 May 1888, 6. For the Edinburgh meeting, see Belfast News-Letter, 27 June 1888, 5.

⁹⁵ Glasgow Herald, 31 July 1888, 4.

⁹⁶ Glasgow Herald, 4 April 1888, 10. See also Belfast News-Letter, 5 April 1888, 7; Machin, Politics and the Churches, 179.

⁹⁷ The Times, 31 May 1888, 6.

⁹⁸ Glasgow Herald, 7 March 1888, 13.

⁹⁹ Glasgow Herald, 4 April 1888, 10; Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 11 April 1888, 5; The Times, 31 May 1888, 6; 1 June 1888, 5.

¹⁰⁰ Pincus, 1688, 16–21.

¹⁰¹ Nonconformist and Independent, 22 March 1888, 277.

¹⁰² Bebbington, Nonconformist Conscience, chap. 7.

¹⁰³ Ibid., 133.

¹⁰⁴ See, e.g., Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 11 April 1888, 5.

¹⁰⁵ Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 24 October 1888, 8. See also Bristol Mercury and Daily Post, 2 October 1888, 6.

¹⁰⁶ Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 24 October 1888, 8.

¹⁰⁷ Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 24 October 1888, 8. For Fairbairn, see Birmingham Daily Post, 26 September 1888, 5.

¹⁰⁸ Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 10 October 1888, 6.

¹⁰⁹ Congregational Union of England and Wales, ed., Bicentenary Lectures: A Historical Series Delivered on the Occasion of the Bicentenary of the Revolution of 1688 (London, 1889)Google Scholar.

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¹¹² The Times, 10 October 1888, 7.

¹¹³ Parry, “Nonconformity”; Grimley, “The Religion of Englishness,” 892.

¹¹⁴ Bristol Mercury and Daily Post, 29 May 1888, 3. Quinault states that The Times has the distinction of making the first recorded use of “bicentenary” in 1862; see Quinault, “The Cult of the Centenary,” 309. However, the Oxford English Dictionary currently gives the honor to the Congregational Year Book. But I have found an even earlier use made nearly twenty years before, also in connection with religion: Bicentenary of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster (Edinburgh, 1843)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁵ Bruce, “Preface,” iv–v.

¹¹⁶ Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 11 April 1888, 5.

¹¹⁷ Birmingham Daily Post, 26 September 1888, 5.

¹¹⁸ Bristol Mercury and Daily Post, 29 May 1888, 3.

¹¹⁹ Celebration of the Armada was most overt and enthusiastic in Plymouth; see Quinault, “The Cult of the Centenary,” 315.

¹²⁰ Bury and Norwich Post, and Suffolk Standard, 27 March 1888, 6.

¹²¹ Sheffield and Rotherham Independent, 4 December 1888, 6.

¹²² Richardson, Joanna, “Queen Victoria’s Jubilees,” History Today 27, no. 6 (1977): 349–56Google Scholar.

¹²³ Gregory, Adrian, The Silence of Memory: Armistice Day, 1919–1946 (Oxford, 1994)Google Scholar, and “The Commemoration of the Battle of Britain,” in The Burning Blue: A New History of the Battle of Britain, ed. Addison, Paul and Crang, Jeremy A. (London, 2000)Google Scholar.

¹²⁴ Kenyon, “1688 Remembered,” 121.

¹²⁵ Worden, “The Victorians,” and Roundhead Reputations, 309–14.

¹²⁶ See, e.g., MacRaild, Donald M., “Wherever Orange Is Worn: Orangeism and Irish Migration in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” Canadian Journal of Irish Studies 28, no. 2 (2002)Google Scholar; 29, no. 1 (2003): 98–117.

¹²⁷ Ashley, W. J., The Adjustment of Wages (London, 1903), 3Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Traill, Henry Duff, William the Third (London, 1888), 201–3Google Scholar. See reviews in Dublin Review 20 (1888): 462Google Scholar; Journal of Education 10 (1888): 448–49Google Scholar; and London Quarterly Review 70 (1888): 376–77Google Scholar.

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¹³¹ See, esp., Fremantle, The Eighty-Eights.

¹³² I am indebted to James McConnel for the highly stimulating conversation from which the main ideas in this conclusion derive.

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