This is a retrospective study of 1754 patients seen at the Brook Pregnancy Advice Service (Avon) in the 3½ years January 1971 to June 1974; 1653 patients were referred for termination of pregnancy. The ages of the patients ranged from 13 to 44 years; the age peak was 19 years. Most patients attended between the 7th and 10th weeks of pregnancy; the peak was at 8 weeks. The majority of patients from outside the clinical area were referred for abortion privately. Patients from within the clinical area were referred to the NHS slightly more often than privately. There is a delay of 2–4 weeks for an NHS gynaecological appointment and a further 1–4 weeks before termination. Private patients are seen within 7 days and their abortions are performed within a few days. Patients from within the clinical area are more likely to return to the clinic for follow-up. There is a considerable fall-off in the continuation of follow-up for all patients returning to the clinic.

Since the first rush of publications on IUDs following the start of Tietze's Cooperative Statistical Programme for the Evaluation of IUDs (Tietze & Lewit, 1970) there has rarely been a period in which a report relating to newer, ‘second-generation’ devices has not been published. There are degrees of sophistication in these reports varying from the odd anecdotal reference and highly subjective clinical impression to carefully constructed and evaluated large-scale clinical and field trials. This in itself creates problems, for the carefully constructed trials tend to be reported long after the clinical impressions have been publicized. In some cases the impressionistic information has so affected opinion that the presentation of data from large-scale trials providing greater validity and reliability becomes merely an academic exercise.

A retrospective study of 185 Thai males who had been vasectomized at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, between January 1970 and March 1973 was conducted during the period May–July 1973. At the time of the vasectomy the mean age of the men was 33·5 years and the mean age of their wives was 29·9 years; they had a mean of 3·7 living children. The motivation for seeking a permanent method of fertility control was a combination of adverse economic pressures, a degree of rationality in family building, and worry over additional pregnancies. Only a few of the men experienced any medical complications as a result of the operation, and the most significant factor associated with health was fatigue. Few changes in mental health, social relationships, or personal habits occurred as a result of the operation. Post-vasectomy changes in sexual relations were found to be minimal; if occurring at all, such changes were usually improvements. Taking into consideration the age of husband and wife, duration of marriage, and number of living children, the demographic impact of vasectomies in Thailand seems to be greater than that in other developing countries where comparisons can be made.

The shape of the mandibular symphysis was studied in four groups of adult male Caucasians, aged 18–49. The composition of the groups and their numbers were as follows: (1) Down's syndrome (20), (2) familial idiopathic subnormality (20), (3) healthy individuals, IQ range 94−120 (22), and (4) healthy individuals, IQ 130+ (22). From lateral skull radiographs, the outline of the mandibular symphysis was digitized with a D-mac pencil follower. Selected distances and angles were computed and used as variables in a canonical analysis. Plots of the canonical variates discriminated appreciably between each group. Generalized distance measurements between group means were significant for all pairs of groups except 2/3 and 3/4. The results suggest a genetic link between intelligence and symphysis shape. This hypothesis will be tested by introducing a brain-damaged group, matched in intelligence, and for length of stay in hospital, with Group 2. The finding could influence developments in human genetics and psychology.

Data from New South Wales are analysed to show how the interval between confinements depends on the parity of the mother. When an average interval is calculated it is a weighted average for mothers of varying parity. The weights depend in part on the parity progression ratios and as changes in the parity progression ratios alter the composition of the population by parity, this affects the weightings used and thus affects the average interval obtained.

For any interval, age of mother can be calculated at the birth of either child. When age of mother is calculated at the birth of the second child, it is found that the interval is shorter for younger mothers than older mothers. However, when age of mother is calculated at the birth of the first child, there is no significant variation in the interval with age of mother.

After reviewing recent work indicating that the level of spontaneous fetal loss (SFL) is much higher than estimates derived from traditional sources, this paper assesses some implications of differential rates of SFL by race and maternal health and challenges the common view that early SFL is largely a function of genetic abnormalities of the fetus and thus subject to little change over time. If, as is argued here, SFL changes over time in response to changing environmental conditions, fertility trends may be affected by environmental trends. An example of the possible impact of declining SFL on marital fertility rates over the period 1940–60 in the US is provided. The paper concludes with work that uses new estimates of SFL rates to measure the extent to which induced abortion may be unnecessary because the pregnancy would terminate spontaneously, and then estimates the extent to which contraceptive failure rates, as measured in the US National Fertility Study of 1965, may be deflated due to under-reporting of SFL.

From a survey conducted in the Republic of Ireland, data are given on the opinions of 754 married women and 194 husbands regarding the Government ban on and the desired availability of contraception. Data are given stating the extent of family planning and the methods used.

A study is reported of physical growth of Jamaican schoolboys who had been admitted to hospital with severe malnutrition during infancy (index cases). Height, weight and head circumference of the index cases was compared with that of male siblings close in age (siblings), with unrelated classmates or neighbours matched for sex and age (comparisons) and with Jamaican or US growth standards. Index boys were significantly smaller in height and head circumference than comparisons and significantly smaller than sibs only in head circumference. Sibs were intermediate in stature to the index and comparison boys. When the boys were divided into three age groups there was evidence of complete catch-up in height and weight after 7 years of age, but catch-up was incomplete for head circumference in the oldest group. No significant differences in stature at follow-up of the index boys were found in relation to age when admitted to hospital.

The proportion of unwanted births to married women who were delivered in a district maternity hospital during a 3-month period in 1971 was computed for each ward in the administrative area. The percentage varied from 5 to 20% with an average of 10%. These results were compared with the distributions of socio-economic variables derived from the 1971 Census. Party was shown to be the most important indicator; Kendall's rank correlation coefficient was 0·56 (P <0·01). When the effect of parity was eliminated by the use of Kendall’s partial rank correlation coefficient, overcrowding and family structure were shown to be statistically significant (P <0·05).

In a sample of 345 women aborting at a New York clinic, women having a repeat abortion had delayed significantly less in seeking abortion than had women aborting for the first time. Those having a repeat abortion were more likely to anticipate, suspect and acknowledge pregnancy, and to have located the abortion clinic more rapidly, once the decision to have an abortion was made. Psychological reactions to the decision did not differ between women having first and repeat abortions. The complex interactions of many of the factors involved in the decision-making process were examined by path analysis. Variables entering the path analysis explained 36·0 and 52·4% of the variance in delay for first and repeat abortions, respectively. The analyses suggest that women having repeat abortions come from at least three groups: (1) those whose contraceptive method failed because of technical failure; (2) those experiencing contraceptor failure due to social and personal interactions with the method not conducive to optimal contraceptive practice, and (3) those women who are not practising contraception and for whom repeated unwanted pregnancies may be a response to neurotic needs.