Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T17:29:00.691Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Race, genetics and growth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2011

D. F. Roberts
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne

Extract

Much of our understanding of the biological differences between races has come with the development of human genetics. Surveys have established the frequencies of genetic characters known to be under the control of single genes and independent of environmental modification; comparisons of these frequencies in different populations have led to the resolution of many of the earlier outstanding problems of affinities between races and, with the support of experimental and associated investigations, to the identification and measurement of the processes that have given rise to race formation. With this information we can begin to appreciate the extent to which apparent differences are due to racial heritage and to environmental influences.

Type
Physiological and psychological aspects
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1969

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acheson, R.M., (1960) Effects of nutrition and disease on human growth. In Human Growth, p. 73. Ed. Tanner, J.M., Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Adams, M.S., & Niswander, J.D., (1968) Birth weight of North American Indians. Hum. Biol. 40, 226.Google Scholar
Aherne, W., (1966) A weight relationship between the human foetus and placenta. Biologic Neonat. 10, 113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, N.A., Brown, E.W., & Lyon, R.A., (1943) Causes of prematurity. III. Influences of race and sex on duration of gestation and weight at birth. Am. J. Dis. Child. 65, 523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonov, A.N., (1947) Children born during the siege of Leningrad in 1942. J. Paediat. 30, 250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archibald, H.M., & Bruce-Chwatt, L.J., (1956) Suppression of malaria with pyrimethamine in Nigerian school children. Bull. Wld Hlth. Org. 15, 775.Google Scholar
Armitage, P., Boyd, J.D., Hamilton, W.J., & Rowe, B.C., (1967) A statistical analysis of a series of birth weights and placental weights. Hum. Biol. 39, 430.Google Scholar
Barnett, S.A., & Coleman, E.M., (1959) The effect of low environmental temperature on the reproductive cycle of female mice. J. Endocr. 19, 232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barron, S.L., & Vessey, M.P., (1966) Immigration: a new social factor in obstetrics. Br. med. J. i, 1189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benassi Graffi, E., (1965) Ricerche sull'eta media di comparsa della puberta negli ultimi cento anni. Minerva Pediat. 17, 1136.Google Scholar
Boas, F., (1932) Studies in growth. Hum. Biol. 4, 307.Google Scholar
Bojlen, K.W., Rasch, G., & Weis-Bentzon, M., (1954) The age incidence of the menarche in Copenhagen. Acta obstet. gynaec. scand. 33, 405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bojlen, K., & Weis-Bentzon, M., (1968) The influence of climate and nutrition on age at menarche; a historical review and a modern hypothesis. Hum. Biol. 40, 69.Google Scholar
Chang, K.S.F., Chan, S.T., Low, W.D., & Ng, C.K., (1967) Skeletal maturation of Chinese preschool children. Far East med. J. 3, 289.Google Scholar
Chang, K.S.F., Lee, M.M.L., Low, W.D., & Kran, E., (1963) Height and weight of southern Chinese children. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 21, 497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christie, A., (1949) Prevalence of ossification centres in the newborn infant. Am. J. Dis. Child. 77, 355.Google ScholarPubMed
Christie, A., Dunham, E., Jenss, R.M., & Dipple, A.L., (1941) Development of the centre for the cuboid bone in newborn infants. Am. J. Dis. Child. 61, 471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colbourne, M.J., (1955) The effect of malaria suppression in a group of Accra schoolchildren. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 49, 356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cristescu, M., Bulai Stirbu, M., & Feodorovici, C., (1964) L'influence des facteurs geographiques et sociaux sur le développement des enfants. Ann. Roum. d'Anthrop. 1, 65.Google Scholar
Crump, E.P., Horton, C.P., Matsuoka, J., & Ryan, D., (1957) Growth and development. I. J. Pediat. 51, 678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, R.F.A., (1960) The effects of malnutrition on the growth of young children. In Modern Problems in Paediatrics, Vol. 5, p. 111. Ed. Falkner, F.. Karger, New York.Google Scholar
Donovan, B.T., & Ten Bosch, J.J., v. Der, W., (1965) Physiology of Puberty. Arnold, London.Google Scholar
Douglas, J.W.B., (1964) The Home and the School. MacGibbon & Kee, London.Google Scholar
Dreizen, S., & Stone, R.E., (1962) Human nutrition and growth failure. Postgrad. Med. 32, 381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreizen, S., Stone, R.E., & Spies, T.D., (1961) The influence of chronic undernutrition on bone growth in children. Postgrad. Med. 29, 182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunham, E.C., Jenss, R.M., & Christie, A., (1939) A consideration of race and sex in relation to growth and development of infants. J. Paediat. 14, 156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eastman, N.J., (1947) Prematurity from the viewpoint of the obstetrician. Am. Practnr, Philadelphia, 1, 343.Google ScholarPubMed
Ellis, R.W.B., (1945) Growth and health of Belgian children. Archs Dis. Childh. 20, 97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falkner, F., Pernot-Roy, M.P., Habech, H., Sénécal, J., & Massé, G., (1958) Some international comparisons of physical growth in the first two years of life. Archs Dis. Childh. 33, 167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Formato, R., (1964) The weight of newborn infants in Rome in the years 1945–60. Riv. Ostet. Ginec. prat. 46, 151.Google Scholar
Garn, S.M., (1961) The genetics of normal human growth. In De Genetica Medica, p. 414. Ed. Gedda, L.. Istituto Gregorio Mendel, Rome.Google Scholar
Garn, S.M., (1966) Malnutrition and skeletal development in the preschool child. In Preschool Child Malnutrition. Nat. Acad. Sci.–Nat. Res. Counc., Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Garn, S.M., & Haskell, J.A., (1960) Fat thickness and development status in childhood and adolescence. Am. J. Dis. Child. 99, 746.Google Scholar
Garn, S.M., & Rohmann, C.G., (1966) Interaction of nutrition and genetics in the timing of growth and development. Pediat. Clins N. Am. 13, 353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geber, M., & Dean, R.F.A., (1957) Gesell tests on African children. Pediatrics, 20, 1055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glass, B., & Li, C.C., (1953) The dynamics of racial intermixture: an analysis based on the American Negro. Am. J. hum. Genet. 5, 1.Google ScholarPubMed
Greulich, W.W., & Pyle, S.I., (1959) Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist. Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruenwald, P., Furakawa, H., Mitani, S., Nishimura, T., & Takeuchi, S., (1967) Influence of environmental factors on foetal growth in man. Lancet, i, 1026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, A.F., & Weinstock, M., (1925) A comparison of the evolution of carpal centres in white and negro newborn infants. Am. J. Dis. Child. 29, 347.Google Scholar
Hytten, F.E., & Leitch, I., (1964) The Physiology of Human Pregnancy. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ito, P.K., (1942) Comparative biometrical study of physique of Japanese women born and reared under different environments. Hum. Biol. 14, 279.Google Scholar
Kark, E., (1943) Menarche in South African Bantu girls. Sth Afr. J. med. Sci. 8, 35.Google Scholar
Kark, E., (1956) Puberty in South African girls; II. Social class in relation to the menarche. Sth Afr. J. Lab. din. Med. 2, 84.Google Scholar
Kelly, H.J., & Reynolds, L., (1947) Appearance and growth of ossification centres and increases in the body dimensions of white and negro infants. Am. J. Roentgenol. 57, 417.Google ScholarPubMed
Kirchhoff, H., (1967) Die Akzeleration des Neugeborenen. Geburtsch Frauenheilk. 27, 565.Google Scholar
Kralj-Cercek, L., (1956) The influence of food, body build and social origin on the age at menarche. Hum. Biol. 28, 393.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, M.M., Chang, K.S., & Chan, M.M., (1963) Sexual maturation of Chinese girls in Hong Kong. Paediatrics, 32, 389.Google ScholarPubMed
Lewis, A.B., & Garn, S.M., (1960) The relationship between tooth formation and other maturational factors. Angle Orthod. 30, 70.Google Scholar
Lichty, J.A., Ting, R.Y., Bruns, P.D., & Dyar, E., (1957) Studies of babies born at high altitude. I. Am. J. Dis. Child. 93, 666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobb, T., (1747) A Compendium of the Practice of Physick, p. 90. London.Google Scholar
McGregor, I.A., Rahman, A.K., Thompson, B., Billewicz, W.Z., & Thomson, A.M., (1968) The growth of young children in a Gambian village. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 62, 341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, I.A., Thomson, A.M., & Billewicz, W.Z., (1968) The development of primary teeth in children from a group of Gambian villages, and critical examination of its use for estimating age. Br. J. Nutr. 22, 307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeown, T., & Record, R.G., (1953) The influence of placental size on foetal growth in man. J. Endocr. 9, 418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay, D.H., (1952) Skeletal maturation in the hand. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 46, 135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Massé, G., & Hunt, E.E., (1963) Skeletal maturation of the hand and wrist in West African children. Hum. Biol. 35, 3.Google ScholarPubMed
Michelson, N., (1944) Studies in physical development of negroes; IV Onset of puberty. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. N.S. 2, 151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montesquieu, J., (1767) De l'esprit des loix, p. 44. Nourse, London.Google Scholar
Morton, N.E., (1955) The inheritance of human birth weight. Ann. hum. Genet. 20, 125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naylor, A.F., & Myrianthopoulos, N.C., (1967) Relation of ethnic and selected socioeconomic factors to human birth weight. Ann. hum. Genet. 31, 71.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelson, G.K., & Dean, R.F.A., (1959) The electroencephalogram in African children. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 21, 779.Google ScholarPubMed
Nisbet, J.D., & Illsley, R.I., (1963) The influence of early puberty on test performance at age 11. Br. J. educ. Psychol. 33, 169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearl, R., (1939) The Natural History of Population. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Penrose, L.S., (1961) Genetics of growth and development of the foetus. In: Recent Advances in Human Genetics, p. 56. Ed. Penrose, L.S.. Churchill, London.Google Scholar
Petri, E., (1935) Untersuchungen zur Erbbedingtheit der Menarche. Z. Morph. Anthrop. 33, 43.Google Scholar
Popenoe, P., (1928) Inheritance of age of onset of menstruation. Eugen. News, 13, 101.Google Scholar
Poppleton, P.K., & Brown, P.E., (1966) The secular trend in puberty. Br. J. educ. Psychol. 36, 95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quetelet, L.A.J., (1871) Anthropometrie ou Mesure des Différentes Facultés de l'Homme. Brussels.Google Scholar
Roberton, J., (1832) An inquiry into the natural history of the menstrual function. Edinb. med. surg. J. 38, 227.Google ScholarPubMed
Roberton, J., (1845) On the period of puberty in Hindu women. Edinb. med. surg. J. 64, 156.Google ScholarPubMed
Roberts, D.F., (1952) Basal metabolism, race and climate. Jl R. anthrop. Inst. 82, 169.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.F., (1953) Body weight, race and climate. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 4, 533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, D.F., (1955) The dynamics of racial intermixture in the American Negro: some anthropological considerations. Am. J. hum. Genet. 7, 361.Google ScholarPubMed
Roberts, D.F., (1960) Effects of race and climate on human growth. In: Human Growth, pp. 5972. Ed. Tanner, J.M.. Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.F., (1961) Korperhöhe und Gewicht nilotider Kinder. Homo, 12, 33.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.F., & Boyo, A.E., (1962) Abnormal hemoglobins in childhood among the Yoruba. Hum. Biol. 34, 20.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.F., & Dann, T.C., (1967) Influences on menarcheal age in girls in a Welsh college. Br. J. prev. soc. Med. 21, 170.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.F., & Hiorns, R.W., (1961) The dynamics of racial intermixture. Am. J. hum. Genet. 14, 261.Google Scholar
Salber, E.A., & Bradshaw, E.S., (1951) Birth weights of South African babies. Br. J. prev. soc. Med. 5, 113.Google ScholarPubMed
Schultz, A.H., (1926) Fetal growth of man and other primates. Q. Rev. Biol. 1, 465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, J.A., (1961) Report on the heights and weights (and other measurements) of school pupils in the County of London in 1959. London County Council.Google Scholar
Shiloh, A., & Goldberg, R., (1965) A study of the menarche among Tel Aviv school girls. Harefuah, 68, 161.Google Scholar
Shipman, W.G., (1964) Age of menarche and adult personality. Arch. gen. Psychiat. 10, 155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shuttleworth, F.K., (1939) The physical and mental growth of girls and boys aged 6 to 19 in relation to age at maximum growth. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 4, No. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skerlj, B., (1947) Menarha in prehrana. Zdravstvenni vestnik. 55.Google Scholar
Smellie, W., (1766) A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery, p. 122. London.Google Scholar
Smith, C.A., (1947) Effects of maternal undernutrition upon the newborn infant in Holland (1944–45). J. Pediat. 30, 229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soenderop, E., Winter, K., & Neelsen, U., (1961) Über den Zeitpunkt der Menarche. Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen. 16, Heft 32, 1485.Google Scholar
Sontag, L.W., & Garn, S.M., (1957) Human heredity studies of the Fels Research Institute. Acta genet. statist. med. 6, 495.Google Scholar
Stukovsky, R., Valsik, J.A., & Bulai Stirbu, M., (1967) Family size and menarcheal age in Constanza, Roumania. Hum. Biol. 39, 277.Google Scholar
Swift, J., (1729) A modest proposal. In: The Literature of England, p. 43. Ed. Woods, G.B..Google Scholar
Tanner, J.M., (1962) Growth at Adolescence, 2nd edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
Tanner, J.M., (1965) The trend towards earlier physical maturation. In: Biological Aspects of Social Problems, p. 40. Ed. Meade, J.E. & Parkes, A.S.. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoma, A., (1960) Age at menarche, acceleration and heritability. Acta biol. Acad. Sci. hung. 11, 241.Google Scholar
Tisserand-Perrier, M., (1953) Étude comparative de certains processus de croissance chez les jumeaux. J. Génét. hum. 2, 87.Google Scholar
Tompkins, W.T., & Wiehl, D.G., (1954) Epiphyseal maturation in newborn as related to maternal nutritional status. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 68, 1366.Google ScholarPubMed
Valsik, J.A., Stukovsky, R., & Bernatova, L., (1963) Quelques facteurs géographiques et sociaux ayant une influence sur l'âge de la puberté. Biotypologie, 24, 109.Google Scholar
Weiner, J.S., & Thambipillai, V., (1952) Skeletal maturation of West African negroes. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 10, 407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, A.V., (1963) Study of birth weights of babies born in Barbados, W. Indies. W. Ind. med. J. 12, 194.Google Scholar
De Wijn, J.F., (1966) Estimation of age at menarche in a population. In: Somatic Growth of the Child, pp. 1624. Ed. Bosch, J. Ten & Haak, A.. Stenfert Kroese, Leiden.Google Scholar
Wilson, D.C., & Sutherland, I., (1949) The age of the menarche. Br. med. J. ii, 130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wurst, F., Wassertheurer, H., & Kineswengen, K., (1961) Entwicklung und Umwelt des Landeskindes. Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Vienna.Google Scholar
van Wymeersch, H., (1951) Enquête sur 1'ossification de la main et du poignet chez l'enfant noir du Congo Belge. Ann. Musée Congo Belge, Tervuren, 1.Google Scholar