From 1971 to 1984, the Israeli Defence Forces administered two tests unaltered that qualify as IQ tests. These were the Matrices and the Instructions tests. The former is an adaptation of Raven's Progressive Matrices, similar to the original in that there are clusters with progressive difficulty and an escalation of difficulty throughout the test. The raw score range is from 4 to 35. The Instructions test is adapted from the old US Army Alpha Instructions Test and is described as an Otis-type verbal test. It includes 21 open-ended instructions. Typical items: write the last letter of the word which is the opposite of black; write the third letter of the largest word among the following four words; find the word beginning and ending with the same letter and write that letter. There are similar questions using numbers rather than letters. Both tests are timed, and most subjects do not complete either. There is no penalty for wrong answers (Col. Moshe Even-Chen, personal communication, 14 March 1990; Gal, 1986, pp. 79 and 95; Judy Goldenberg, personal communications, 4 March 1991 and 25 April 1993).