Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T20:54:50.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

CONTROL OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN THE GEZIRA IRRIGATION SCHEME, SUDAN

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 February 2016

Mutamad Amin  and
Hwiada Abubaker
Mutamad Amin*
Affiliation:
Research and Grants Unit, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
Hwiada Abubaker
Affiliation:
School of Psychology and Pre-School Education, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
*
1Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

This paper analyses the changing patterns of infection with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan. Taking a historical perspective, it shows the way in which factors such as ecology, biology, social and economic variables and politics have shaped patterns of infection, and how different kinds of strategies have been developed to control schistosomal infection over time. Wider political and economic issues at both national and international levels have shaped these strategies, influencing the prevalence and intensity of schistosomal infection at a local level. By highlighting the inter-play between the above-mentioned factors, the article reflects on the wisdom of prioritizing community-directed mass drug administration for the control of schistosomiasis in Gezira and elsewhere. The review demonstrates that not all efforts to control schistosomiasis are sustainable. A comprehensive control strategy involving political commitment, community participation and socioeconomic development is important for sustainable control of schistosomal infection.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Biosocial Science , Volume 49 , Issue 1 , January 2017 , pp. 83 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aagaard-Hansen, J., Mawanga, J. R. & Bruun, B. (2009) Social science perspectives on schistosomiasis control in Africa: past trends and future directions. Parasitology 136(13), 1747–1758.Google Scholar
Ageel, A. & Amin, M. (1997) Integration of schistosomiasis control activities into the primary health care system in the Gizan region, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 91(8), 907–916.Google Scholar
Al Ghahtani, A. & Amin, M. (2005) Progress achieved in the elimination of schistosomiasis from the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 99(5), 483–490.Google Scholar
Amin, M. (1972) The control of schistosomiasis in the Gezira, Sudan: the use of copper sulphate and mechanical barriers. Sudan Medical Journal 10(2), 75–82.Google Scholar
Amin, M., Fenwick, A. & Osgerby, M. (1976) Large-scale snail control trial with trifenmorph in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 54(5), 573–585.Google Scholar
Amin, M., Fenwick, A., Teesdale, H., McLaren, M., Marshall, C. & Vaughan, P. (1982) The assessment of a large snail control programme over a three-year period in the Gezira Irrigation Area of the Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 76(4), 415–424.Google Scholar
Amin, M. & Omer, S. (1973) Evidence of the development in man of acquired resistance to infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Conference of the East African Medical Research Council, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Amin, M. & Satti, M. (1973) A general review on schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Sudan Medical Journal 11, 86–91.Google Scholar
Amin, M., Swar, M., Kardaman, M., Elhussein, D., Gibril, N., Abdelhafiez, M. et al. (2012) Treatment of pre-school children under 6 years of age for schistosomiasis: safety, efficacy and acceptability of praziquantel. Sudan Journal of Medical Science 7(2), 67–67.Google Scholar
Annual Health Statistical Report of Federal Ministry of Health (2012) Central Bureau of Statistical Census. URL: www.fmoh.gov.sd/statisticalreport.php Google Scholar
Annual Report of Health Services (1925) URL: http://thirdworld.nl/bilharziasis-in-the-gezira-irrigated-area-of-the-sudan (accessed 2nd February 2016).Google Scholar
Annual Report of Health Services (1926) The History of Sudan Health Services. URL: https://books.google.com/books?id=7AHPAAAAMAAJ (accessed 3rd February 2016).Google Scholar
Annual Report of Sudan Medical Services (1927) URL: http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/epidemiology/en/sudan.pdf (accessed 2nd February 2016).Google Scholar
Archibald, G. (1923) Some investigations connected with the spread of Bilharziasis in the Dongola province of the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 16(7), 419–426.Google Scholar
Archibald, G. (1933) The endemiology and epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 36, 345–348.Google Scholar
Ashi, J., Arfaa, F., Jeffri, M. & Suwiry, M. (1989) Progress achieved in the control of schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92(1), 27–31.Google Scholar
Barnett, T. (1977) The Gezira Scheme. An Illusion of Development. Frank, London.Google Scholar
Bella, L., Marshal, A., Omer, T. & Vaughan, J. (1980) Migrant workers and schistosomiasis in the Gezira, Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74, 36–39.Google Scholar
Bernal, V. (1997) Colonial moral economy and the discipline of development: the Gezira Scheme and ‘Modern’ Sudan. Cultural Anthropology 12(4), 447–479.Google Scholar
Brausch, G. (1964) Change and continuity in the Gezira region of the Sudan. International Social Science Journal 26(3), 341–357.Google Scholar
Chandiwana, K., Taylor, P. & Matanhire, D. (1991) Community control of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Central African Journal of Medicine 37(3), 69–77.Google Scholar
Chitsulo, L., Engels, D. & Montresor, A. (2000) The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Tropica 77(1), 41–51.Google Scholar
Christopherson, B. (1918) The successful use of antimony in Bilharziasis administered as intervenous of antimonium tartarum. The Lancet 7, 325–327.Google Scholar
El Gadal, A. (1985) The Blue Nile health proposed model: a comprehensive approach to the prevention and control of water associated diseases in Irrigation Schemes of the Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88(2), 47–182.Google Scholar
El Nagar, H. (1958) Control of schistosomiasis in the Gezira, Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61, 231–235.Google ScholarPubMed
Esrey, A., Potash, B., Roberts, L. & Shiff, C. (1991) Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 69(5), 609–621.Google Scholar
Fenwick, A. (1989) Irrigation in the Sudan and Schistosomiasis. In Service, M. W. (ed.) Demography and Vector-Borne Disease. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
Fenwick, A., Cheesmond, A. & Amin, M. (1981) The role of field irrigation canals in the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 59(5), 777–786.Google Scholar
Fenwick, A., Cheesmond, A., Kardaman, M., Amin, M. & Manjing, B. (1982) Schistosomiasis among labouring communities in the Gezira irrigated area, Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85(1), 3–11.Google Scholar
Fenwick, A., Rollinson, D. & Southgate, V. (2006) Implementation of human schistosomiasis control: challenges and prospects. Advances in Parasitology 61, 567–622.Google Scholar
Gaitskell, A. (1959) Gezira: A Story of Development in the Sudan. Faber & Faber, London.Google Scholar
Greany, H. (1952) Schistosomiasis in the Gezira Irrigation area of the Anglo-Egyptian-Sudan. Public health and field aspect. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 46(3), 250–267.Google Scholar
Gundersen, S. G., Birrie, H., Torvik, P. & Scherbaum, H. (1990) Control of Schistosoma mansoni in the Blue Nile Valley of western Ethiopia by mass chemotherapy and focal snail control: a primary health care experience. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84(6), 819–825.Google Scholar
Hassoun, I. (1952) ‘Western’ migration and settlement in the Gezira. Sudan Notes and Records 33, 60–81.Google Scholar
Hilali, H., Desougi, A., Wassila, M., Daffalla, A. & Fenwick, A. (1985) Snails and aquatic vegetation in Gezira Irrigation Canals. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88(2), 75–81.Google Scholar
Hilali, H., Madsen, H., Daffalla, A., Wassila, M. & Christensen, O. (1995) Infection and transmission pattern of Schistosoma mansoni in the Managil Irrigation Scheme Sudan. Annal of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 89(3), 279–286.Google Scholar
Humphreys, R. (1932) Vesical schistosomiasis in the Gezira irrigated area of the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26(3), 241–252.Google Scholar
Hyslop, J. (1952) The Bounteous River. Chapter in The Sudan Story . Naldrett Press.Google Scholar
Jobin, R. (2012) Origin of the Blue Nile Health Project and Importance of Irrigation, Drainage and Community Water Supplies. Blue Nile Associate, Colorado.Google Scholar
Jordan, P. (2000) From Katayama to the Dakhla Oasis: the beginning of the epidemiology and control of bilharzia. Acta Tropica 77(1), 9–40.Google Scholar
Kardaman, M., Amin, M., Fenwick, A., Cheesmond, A. & Dixon, G. (1983) A field trial using Praziquante (Biltricide) to treat Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infection in Gezira, Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 77(3), 297–304.Google Scholar
Mamoun, M. (1979) Schistosomiasis in AlGirba Scheme, Sudan. MSc Thesis, University of Khartoum.Google Scholar
Murda, G. (1985) Evaluation of a health education programme in Tayba Qurashi Village Central Sudan during 1983. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88(2), 111–113.Google Scholar
Omer, S. (1978) Schistosomaisis in the Sudan: historical background and the present magnitude of the problem. Proceedings of the International Conference of Schistosomiasis Cairo 1, 121–132.Google Scholar
Randa Water Foundation (2014) Water Wise. URL: http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterPollution.aspx (accessed 30th October 2014).Google Scholar
Rollinson, D., Knopp, S., Levitza, S., Russell, T., Amadou, A., Mohammedi, N. & Schurb, C. (2013) Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination. Acta Tropica 128(2), 423–440.Google Scholar
Saeed, K., El Wali, M., Dessein, J., Adeel, A., Magzoub, M., El Samani, K. et al. (2006) Schistosoma mansoni associated morbidity in Gezira: determined by clinical and ultrasound examination. Sudanese Journal of Public Health 1(1), 27–30.Google Scholar
Sharaf Eldin, H. & El Nagar, H. (1955) Control of snails by copper sulphate in the canals of the Gezira Irrigation area of the Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 58(11), 260–263.Google Scholar
Stephenson, R. (1947) Bilharziasis in the Gezira Irrigated area of the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40, 479–494.Google Scholar
Stothard, R., Mook, P., Mgeni, F., Khamis, S., Khamis, N. & Rollinson, D. (2006) Control of urinary schistosomiasis on Zanzibar (Unguja Island): a pilot evaluation of the educational impact of the Juma na Kichocho health booklet within primary schools. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Sep 101(1), 119–124.Google Scholar
Sudan Gezira Board (SGB) (1980) The Gezira Scheme: Past And Present. Information and Publication Section. Sudan Gezira Board, Barakat, Sudan.Google Scholar
Sudan Tribune (2013) Sudan’s Gezira agricultural project is failing, governor says. URL: http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article45813 (accessed 12th June 2014).Google Scholar
Swailem, R. (1988) The development of child health services in Saudi Arabia. Acta Paediatrica. (Supplement) 346, 9–14.Google Scholar
WHO (1998) Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis Control. WHO/CDS/CPC/SIP/99.2. WHO, Geneva.Google Scholar
WHO (2000) Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis in Low Transmission Areas: Control Strategies and Criteria for Elimination. WHO/CDS/CPE/SIP/2001.1. WHO, London.Google Scholar
WHO/EMRO (2007) Report of Inter-Country Meeting on Strategies to Eliminate Schistosomiasis. WHO/EMRO, Muscat, Oman. URL: ttps://www.google.com/webhp?ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8#q=WHO%2FEMRO+(2007)+Report+of+Inter-Country+Meeting+on+Strategies++Muscat (accessed 2nd February 2016).Google Scholar
WHO/EMRO (2013) Sudan Intensifies its Fight against Schistosomiasis through Large-Scale Treatment of School-Age Children. URL: http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/sudan_intensifies_fight_against_schistosomiasis_2013/en/ (accessed 31st March 2014).Google Scholar
Zhongguo, Xue Xi., Chong, F. & Zhi, Z. (2011) Performance evaluation of rural latrine renovation in key schistosomiasis control areas, Jiangsu Province. Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis 23(4), 390–394.Google Scholar