Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T10:45:37.241Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Factors related to duration of postpartum amenorrhoea among USA women with prolonged lactation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2008

M. Jane Heinig ,
Laurie A. Nommsen-Rivers ,
Janet M. Peerson  and
Kathryn G. Dewey
M. Jane Heinig
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
Laurie A. Nommsen-Rivers
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
Janet M. Peerson
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
Kathryn G. Dewey
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Duration of postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA) was compared among women who breast-fed For ≥ 6 months (breast-feeding group) Or ≤ 3 Months (formula-feeding group) and was found to be significantly shorter among the latter. associations between maternal factors and duration of PPA were examined. within the formula-feeding group, the only variable associated with duration of PPA was duration of breast-feeding. among breast-feeding mothers who resumed menstruation after 3 months postpartum, duration of PPA was positively associated with parity and negatively associated with maternal body mass index (bmi) at 3 months postpartum. Among breastfeeding mothers who resumed menstruation after 6 months, duration of PPA was positively associated with parity, pregnancy weight gain, number of night feeds and milk volume at 6 months, and negatively associated with maternal age and bmi at 6 months postpartum. These results indicate that maternal anthropometric status is related to duration of PPA, even in a relatively well-nourished population of lactating women.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Biosocial Science , Volume 26 , Issue 4 , October 1994 , pp. 517 - 527
Copyright
Copyright © 1994, Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bongaarts, J. (1980) Does malnutrition affect fecundity? A summary of evidence. Science, 208, 564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bongaarts, J. & Delgado, H. (1978) Effects of nutritional status on fertility in rural Guatemala. In: Natural Fertility. Edited by Leridon, H. & Menken, J.. Ordina, Liège.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. (1975)ng-Aid to Infant Health and Fertility Control. Population Reports Series J. No. 4, 47. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Delgado, H. L., Martorell, R. & Klein, R. E. (1982) Nutrition, lactation and birth intervalv components in rural Guatemala. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35, 1468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewey, K. G., Heinig, M. J., Nommsen, L. A. & Lonnerdal, B. (1991) Adequacy of energy intake among breastfed infants in the DARLING study: relationships to growth velocity, morbidity and activity levels. J Pediatr. 119, 538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewey, K. G., Heinig, M. J., Nommsen, L. A., Peerson, J. M. & Lonnerdal, B. (1992) Growth patterns of breastfed and formula-fed infants from 0 to 18 mo: the DARLING study. Pediatr. 89, 1035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz, S., Cardenas, H., Brandeis, A., Miranda, P., Schiappacasse, V., Salvatierra, A. M., Herreros, C, Seron-Ferre, M. & Croxatto, H. B. (1991) Early difference in endocrine profile of long and short lactational amenorrhea. J clin. Endocr. Metab. 72, 196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz, S., Rodrigues, G., Marshall, G., DelPino, G., Casado, M. E., Miranda, P., Schiappacasse, V. & Croxatto, H. B. (1988) Breastfeeding pattern and the duration of lactational amenorrhea in urban Chilean women. Contraception, 38, 37.Google ScholarPubMed
Diaz, S., Seron-Ferre, M., Cardenas, H., Schiappacasse, V., Brandeis, A. & Croxatto, H. B. (1989) Circadian variation of basal plasma prolactin, prolactin response to suckling, and length of amenorrhea in nursing women. J. din. Endocr. Metab. 68, 946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fomon, S. J. (1977) Nutritional Disorders of Children; Prevention, Screening and Follow-up. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publication No. (HSA) 77–5104. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Frisch, R. E. (1978) Population, food intake and fertility: there is historical evidence for a direct effect of nutrition on reproductive ability. Science, 199, 22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garza, C., Butte, N. F. & Dewey, K. G. (1985)on of the energy content of human milk. In: Human Lactation. Edited by Jensen, R.G. & Neville, M.C.. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Gray, R. H., Campbell, O. M., Apelo, R., Eslami, S. S., Zacur, H., Ramon, R. M., Gehret, J. C. & Labbok, M. H. (1990) Risk of ovulation during lactation. Lancet, 335, 25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, B. A. & Eastman, C. J. (1985) Prolactin and the return of ovulation in breastfeeding women. J. biosoc. Sci. Suppl. 9, 25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howie, P. W. & McNeilly, A. S. (1982a) Contraceptive effect of breastfeeding. J. trop. Pediat. 28, ii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howie, P. W. & McNeilly, A. S. (1982b) Effect of breastfeeding patterns on human birth intervals. J. Reprod. Fert. 65, 545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howie, P. W., McNeilly, A. S., Houston, M. J., Cook, A. & Boyle, H. (1982) Fertility after childbirth: postpartum ovulation and menstruation in bottle and breastfeeding mothers. Clin. Endocr. 17, 315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffman, S. L. (1987) Risk of pregnancy associated with maternal and child nutritional status. Int. J. Gynaec. Obstet. Suppl. 25, 57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huffman, S. L., AlauddinChowdhury, A. K. M. & Mosley, W. H. (1978) Postpartum amenorrhea: how is it affected by maternal nutritional status? Science, 200, 1155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, A. H., Hsu, T. C., Freedman, R. & Chang, M. C. (1970) Demographic aspects of lactation and postpartum amenorrhea. Demography, 7, 255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R. E. (1988) A hazards model analysis of breastfeeding variables and maternal age on return to menses postpartum in rural Indonesian women. Hum. Biol. 60, 853.Google ScholarPubMed
Kumar, S. & Reddaiah, V. P. (1988) Lactational amenorrhea in urban poor women and its implications for use of contraception. Ind. Pediatr. 25, 987.Google ScholarPubMed
Kurz, K. M., Habicht, J-P., Rasmussen, K. M. & Schwager, S. J. (1993) Effects of maternal nutritional status and maternal energy supplementation on length of PPA among Guatemalan women. Am. J. clin. Nutr. 58, 636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, P. R., Brown, J. B., Renfree, M. B. & Short, R. V. (1991) The resumption of ovulation and menstruation in a well nourished population of women breastfeeding for an extended period of time. Fert. Steril. 55, 529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lunn, P. G. (1985) Maternal nutrition and lactational infertility: the baby in the driving seat. In: Maternal Nutrition and Lactational Infertility. Edited by Dobbing, J.. Raven Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lunn, P. G., Austin, S., Prentice, A. M. & Whitehead, R. G. (1984) The effect of improved nutrition on plasma prolactin concentrations and postpartum infertility in lactating Gambian women. Am. J. din. Nutr. 39, 227.Google ScholarPubMed
Lunn, P. G., Prentice, A. M., Austin, S. & Whitehead, R. G. (1980) Influence of maternal diet on plasma-prolactin levels during lactation. Lancet, i, 623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeilly, A. S. (1993) Lactational amenorrhea. Endocr. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 22, 59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeilly, A. S., Glasier, A. & Howie, P. W. (1985) Endocrine control of lactational infertility I. In: Maternal Nutrition and Lactational Infertility. Edited by Dobbing, J.Raven Press, New York.Google Scholar
Prema, K., Naidu, A. N., Neelakumari, S. & Ramalakshmi, B. A. (1981) Nutrition-fertility interaction in lactating women of low income groups. Br. J. Nutr. 45, 461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J. E. & Short, R. V. (1977) Changes in breast sensitivity at puberty, during the menstrual cycle, and at parturition. Br. med. J. 1, 1188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosner, A. E. & Schulman, S. K. (1990) Birth interval among breastfeeding women not using contraceptives. Pediatr. 86, 747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosa, F. W. (1979).Breastfeeding and birth spacing. In: Breastfeeding and Food Policy in a Hungry World. Edited by D Rafael. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Shaaban, M. M., Kennedy, K. I., Sayed, G. H., Ghaneimah, S. A. & Abdel-Aleem, A. M. (1990) The recovery of fertility during breast-feeding in Assiut, Egypt. J. biosoc. Sci. 22, 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Short, R. V. (1984) Breastfeeding. Science, 207, 788.Google Scholar
Tay, C. C. K., Glasier, A. F. & McNeilly, A. S. (1992) The 24 hour pattern of pulsatile luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin release during the first 8 weeks of lactational amenorrhoea in breastfeeding women. Hum. Reprod. 7, 951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, C. W. (1983) Breastfeeding and fertility control. Am. J. publ. Hlth, 73, 364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (1983) Measuring Change in Nutritional Status. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar