Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T04:40:29.226Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Islamic Turn in Indonesia: A Political Explanation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

R. William Liddle
Get access

Extract

In December 1995, the Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals, ICMI (Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim se-Indonesia), held its second national congress in Jakarta (Kompas, December 4–10, 1995; Republika, December 4–10, 1995; Gatra, December 9 and 16, 1995; Forum Keadilan, January 1, 1996; Ummat, December 11, 1995). Twelve hundred delegates, representing 42,000 members from all Indonesian provinces and from many Indonesian Islamic communities abroad, participated. Minister of Research and Technology B. J. Habibie, generally considered President Suharto's favorite cabinet member, was chosen for a second five-year term as national chair. Sixteen ministers, nearly half the cabinet, were elected to leadership positions, and the president himself was designated ICMI's “Protector” (Pelindung).

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 55 , Issue 3 , August 1996 , pp. 613 - 634
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Ali, Fachry and Effendy., Bahtiar 1986. Merambah jalan Baru Islam [Clearing a New Islamic Path]. Bandung: Mizan.Google Scholar
Anwar, M. Syafi'i. 1992. “Islam, Negara, dan Formasi Sosial Dalam Orde Baru” [Islam, State, and Social Formation in the New Order]. Uiumui Qur'an 3,3: Supplement 1–28.Google Scholar
Anwar, M. Syafi’i. 1995. Pemikiran dan Aksi Islam Indonesia: Sebuah Kajian Politik Tentang Cendekiawan Muslim Orde Baru [Indonesian Islamic Thought and Action: A Political Study of New Order Muslim Intellectuals]. Jakarta: Yayasan Paramadina.Google Scholar
Barton, Greg. 1995. “The Emergence of Neo-Modernism: A Progressive, Liberal Movement of Islamic Thought in Indonesia.” Ph.D. diss., Monash University.Google Scholar
Beberapa Ciri Pemeluk Agama di Indonesia [Several Characteristics of Religious Adherents in Indonesia]. 1990. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.Google Scholar
Benda, Harry J. 1958. The Crescent and the Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam Under the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945. The Hague and Bandung: W. van Hoeve.Google Scholar
Coppel, Charles. 1983. Indonesian Chinese in Crisis. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crouch, Harold. 1974. The 15th January Affair in Indonesia. Dyason House Papers No. 1.Google Scholar
Crouch, Harold. 1981. “Indonesia.” In The Politics of Islamic Reassertion, edited by Ayoob, M.. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Effendy, Bahtiar. 1994. “Islam and the State: The Transformation of Islamic Political Ideas and Practices in Indonesia.” Ph.D. diss., The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Esposito, John. 1995. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality. 2d ed.New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frank, Andre Gunder. 1970. “The Development of Underdevelopment.” In Imperialism and Underdevelopment, edited by Rhodes, Robert I.. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1959. “The Javanese Village.” In Local, Ethnic, and National Loyalties in Village Indonesia: A Symposium, edited by Skinner, G. William. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1960. The Religion of Java. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1990. “‘Popular Art’ and the Javanese Tradition.” Indonesia 50: 77–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatley, Barbara. 1994. “Cultural Expression.” In Indonesia’s New Order: The Dynamics of Socio-Economic Transformation, edited by Hill, Hal. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert. 1987. “Islamizing Java? Religion and Politics in Rural East Java.” Journal of Asian Studies 46:533—54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, Robert. 1993. “Islam, State, and Civil Society: ICMI and the Struggle for the Indonesian Middle Class.” Indonesia 56: 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, Samuel. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, Okla., and London: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Husaini, Adian. 1995. Habibie, Soeharto, dan Islam [Habibie, Suharto, and Islam]. Jakarta: Gema Insani.Google Scholar
Kahin, George MCT. 1952. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keeler, Ward. 1987. Javanese Shadow Puppets, Javanese Selves. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
King, Blair A. 1992. “The 1992 General Election and Indonesia’s Political Landscape.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 14:154—73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legge, J. D. 1972. Sukarno: A Political Biography. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. 1988. The Political Language of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liddle, R. William. 1993. “RMS.” Tempo, April 10: 104.Google Scholar
Liddle, R. William. 1996. Leadership and Culture in Indonesian Politics. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Madjid, Nurcholish. 1987. Islam, Kemodernan dan Keindonesiaan [Islam, Modernity, and Indonesianness]. Bandung: Mizan.Google Scholar
Madjid, Nurcholish. 1992. Islam: Doktrin dan Peradaban [Islam: Doctrine and Civilization]. Jakarta: Yayasan Paramadina.Google Scholar
Makka, A. Makmur. 1991. Setengah Abad Prof. Dr. Ing. B. J. Habibie [A Half Century of Prof. Dr. Eng. B. J. Habibie]. Jakarta: BPPT.Google Scholar
Magnis-Suseno, Franz. 1995. “Kekhawatiran Itu Bisa Dimengerti” [That Worry Can be Understood]. In ICMI: Antara Status Quo dan Demokratisasi [ICMI Between the Status Quo and Democratization], edited by Ali-Fauzi, Nasrullah. Bandung: Mizan.Google Scholar
Moertopo, Ali 1974. Strategi Politik Nasional [National Political Strategy]. 2d printing. Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies.Google Scholar
Mujani, Saiful. 1995. “Kultur Kelas Menengah Muslim dan Kelahiran ICMI: Tanggapan Terhadap R. W. Hefner dan M. Nakamura” [Middle Class Muslim Culture and the Birth of ICMI: A Response to R. W. Hefner and M. Nakamura]. In ICMI: Antara Status Quo dan Demokratisasi, edited by Ali-Fauzi, Nasrullah. Bandung: Mizan.Google Scholar
Nadjib, Emha Ainun. 1995. “Janji Kecendekiawanan ICMI” [ICMI’s Promise of Intellectualism]. In ICMI: Antara Status Quo dan Demokratisasi, edited by Ali-Fauzi, Nasrullah. Bandung: Mizan.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Mitsuo. 1993. “The Emergence of Islamizing Middle Class and the Dialectics of Political Islam in the New Order of Indonesia: Prelude to Formation of the ICMI.” Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Pipes, Daniel. 1983. In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rais, M. Amien. 1989. Islam di Indonesia: Suatu lkhtiar Mengaca Diri [Islam in Indonesia: An Effort at Self-Reflection], Jakarta: Rajawali.Google Scholar
, Rudini. 1995. “Kader ICMI Jangan Menumpuk di Birokrasi” [ICMI Cadres Shouldn’t Concentrate in the Bureaucracy]. In Mereka Bicara Tentang ICMI [They Talk About ICMI], edited by Hakiem, Lukman et al. Jakarta: Amanah Putra Nusantara.Google Scholar
Sasono, Adi. 1995. “ICMI Itu Dari Menteri Sampai Sri Bintang, Kok” [ICMI Ranges From Ministers to Sri Bintang, Doesn’t it?]. In Mereka Bicara Tentang ICMI, edited by Hakiem, Lukman et al. Jakarta: Amanah Putra Nusantara.Google Scholar
Schmitter, Philippe C. 1974. “Still the Century of Corporatism?” Review of Politics 36: 85–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, Adam. 1994. A Nation in Waiting. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Soeharto, . 1988. Pikiran, Ucapan, dan Tindakan Saya: Otobiografi [My Thoughts, Words, and Deeds: Autobiogaphy]. Jakarta: Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada.Google Scholar
Soekarnoputri, Megawati. 1995. “Bila ICMI Eksklusif, Akan Mengurangi Peran Politik Umat” [If ICMI is Exclusive, the Political Role of the Islamic Community will be Reduced]. In Mereka Bicara Tentang ICMI, edited by Hakiem et al, Lukman. Jakarta: Amanah Putra Nusantara.Google Scholar
Sudibyo, M., ed. 1995. Pemilihan Umum 1992: Suatu Evaluasi [The 1992 General Election: An Evaluation]. Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies.Google Scholar
Tanjung, Akbar. 1995. “ICMI Harus Menghindari Kesan Negatif” [ICMI Must Avoid a Negative Impression]. In Mereka Bicara Tentang ICMI, edited by Hakiem et al, Lukman. Jakarta: Amanah Putra Nusantara.Google Scholar
Wahid, Abdurrahman. 1995. “Intelektual di Tengah Eksklusivisme” [The Intellectual in the Midst of Exclusivism]. In ICMI: Antara Status Quo dan Demokratisasi, edited by Ali-Fauzi, Nasrullah. Bandung: Mizan.Google Scholar