Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T01:08:32.103Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Historiography of Violence and the Secular State in Indonesia: Tuanku Imam Bondjol and the Uses of History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 July 2008

Jeffrey Hadler
Get access

Abstract

This essay is a revisionist history of the Padri War and the place of Tuanku Imam Bondjol in the intellectual history of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, of the Dutch colonial state, and of Indonesian nationalism. The Tuanku Imam is an official “national hero” from the early nineteenth century, a putative Wahhabi, and leader of the Padri War, the first Muslim-against-Muslim jihad in Southeast Asia. The essay examines the Tuanku Imam in contemporary sources and then his construction as a serviceable trope of controlled Islam, Minangkabau patriotism, or Indonesian nationalism by successive states. Using memoirs by the Tuanku Imam and his son, Sutan Caniago, the essay analyzes the Tuanku's renunciation of Wahhabism in the face of matrifocal opposition and the interplay of three connected texts that serve to secularize the story of the Padri War.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 67 , Issue 3 , August 2008 , pp. 971 - 1010
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Abdullah, Taufik. 1967. “Minangkabau 1900–1927: Preliminary Studies in Social Development.” Master's thesis, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Abdullah, Taufik. 1971. Schools and Politics: The Kaum Muda Movement in West Sumatra (1927–1933). Ithaca, N.Y.: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Rafiuddin. 1996. The Bengal Muslims, 1871–1906: A Quest for Identity. 2nd ed.Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. 2002. Wahhabism: A Critical Essay. Oneonta, N.Y.: Islamic Publications International.Google Scholar
Aman, Sitti Djanewar Bustami. 2001. Nostalgia Liau Andeh [The nostalgia of Liau Andeh]. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.Google Scholar
Ambler, John S. 1988. “Historical Perspectives on Sawah Cultivation and the Political and Economic Context for Irrigation in West Sumatra.” Indonesia 46:39–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amrullah, H. A. M. K. [Hamka]. 1929. Sedjarah Minangkabau Dengan Agama Islam [Islam and Minangkabau history]. Fort de Kock: Tsamaratoel Ichwan.Google Scholar
Andaya, Leonard Y. 2000. “Unravelling Minangkabau Ethnicity.” Itinerario 24 (2): 20–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. “Old State, New Society: Indonesia's New Order in Comparative Historical Perspective.” Journal of Asian Studies 42 (3): 477–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arunima, G. 2003. There Comes Papa: Colonialism and the Transformation of Matriliny in Kerala, Malabar, c. 1850–1940. New Delhi: Orient Longman.Google Scholar
Asnan, Gusti. 2002. “Transportation on the West Coast of Sumatra in the Nineteenth Century.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 158 (4): 727–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asnan, Gusti. 2004. “Geography, Historiography and Regional Identity: West Sumatra in the 1950s.” In Indonesia in Transition: Rethinking “Civil Society,” “Religion,” and “Crisis,” ed. Samuel, Hanneman and Nordholt, Henk Schulte, 129–46. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.Google Scholar
Azra, Azyumardi. 2004. The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern ‘Ulama’ in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azra, Azyumardi. 2005a. “Contemporary Islamic Militant Movements: Challenges to Democracy in Indonesia.” ICIP Journal 2 (2): 1–13.Google Scholar
Azra, Azyumardi. 2005b. “Islam in Southeast Asia: Tolerance and Radicalism.” Miegunyah Public Lecture, University of Melbourne.Google Scholar
Barnard, Timothy P. 1997. “Local Heroes and National Consciousness: The Politics of Historiography in Riau.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 153 (4): 509–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Blommestein, A. F.. 1903. Peratoeran dari segala hal hakim dan hoekoeman jang terpakei di dalam segala negri jang menoeroet pemerentahan: Pasisir Barat Poelou Pertja [Regulations regarding all judicial matters and laws as used in all districts under the administration of Sumatra's west coast]. Trans. Dessouw, B. A.Padang: Pertjitakan Persarikatan Paul Bäumer & Co.Google Scholar
Boelhouwer, J. C. 1841. Herinneringen Van Mijn Verblijf Op Sumatra's Westkust, Gedurende De Jaren 1831–1834 [Memories of my stay on Sumatra's west coast during the years 1831–1834]. The Hague: De Erven Doorman.Google Scholar
Caniago, Naali Sutan. 1979a. Naskah Tuanku Imam Bonjol. Transliterator Nain, Syafnir AboePadang: Panitia Pembangunan Musium Imam Bonjol.Google Scholar
Caniago, Naali Sutan. 1979b. Tuanku Imam Bonjol. Transliterator Nain, Sjafnir AboeProyek Penerbitan Buku Bacaan Dan Sastra Indonesia Dan Daerah. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka/Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, William G. 2004. “Elephants, Horses, and the Coming of Islam to Northern Sumatra.” Indonesia and the Malay World 32 (93): 271–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colombijn, Freek. 1994. Patches of Padang: The History of an Indonesian Town in the Twentieth Century and the Use of Urban Space. Leiden: CNWS.Google Scholar
Colombijn, Freek. 1998. “A Dutch Polder in the Sumatran Mountains: Nineteenth-Century Colonial Ideals of the West Sumatran Peasant and Landscape.” In Environmental Challenges in South-East Asia, ed. King, Victor T, 52–68. Richmond: Curzon.Google Scholar
Cust, Robert N. 1878. A Sketch of the Modern Languages of the East Indies. London: Trübner & Co.Google Scholar
Darmansjah., 1940. Hoeloebalang Paderi (Pengantar Soerat Toeankoe Imam Bondjol) [Paderi warrior (Courier of Toeankoe Imam Bondjol)]. Ed. Damhoeri, A.. Medan: Kintamani.Google Scholar
Madjolelo, Dawis Datoek and Marzoeki., Ahmad 1951. Tuanku Imam Bondjol: Perintis Djalan Ke Kemerdekaan [Tuanku Imam Bondjol: Pioneer on the road to independence]. Djakarta: Djambatan.Google Scholar
Daya, Burhanuddin. 1995. Gerakan Pembaharuan Pemikiran Islam: Kasus Sumatera Thawalib [The intellectual Islamic revivalist movement: The case of the Sumatera Thawalib]. 2nd ed.Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.Google Scholar
Dias, Thomas. 1995. “A Mission to the Minangkabau King.” Trans. Jane Drakard. In Witnesses to Sumatra: A Travellers' Anthology, ed. Reid, Anthony, 152–61. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dihoeloe, L. Dt. R. 1939. Riwajat Dan Perdjoeangan Toeankoe Imam Bondjol Sebagai Pahlawan Islam: Disoesoen Dari Tjatatan2 Poetra Beliau St. Tjaniago Alm [The story and struggle of Toeankoe Imam Bondjol as a hero of Islam: Complied from the notes of his son the late Sutan Caniago]. Medan: Boekhandel Islamijah.Google Scholar
Djaja, Tamar. 1946. Poesaka Indonesia (Orang-Orang Besar Tanah Air) [Indonesian heirlooms (Important people of the homeland)]. Vol. 1. 2nd ed.Boekit Tinggi: Penjiaran Ilmoe.Google Scholar
Djilâl-Eddîn, and de Hollander, J. J. eds. 1857. Verhaal Van Den Aanvang Der Padri-Onlusten Op Sumatra, Door Sjech Djilâl Eddîn [Account of the origins of the Padri wars on Sumatra, by Syekh Jalaluddin]. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djohan, Bahder. 1919. “Zaman Paderi” [The Padri era]. Jong-Sumatra 2 (1): 109–13.Google Scholar
Dobbin, Christine. 1972. “Tuanku Imam Bondjol (1772–1864).” Indonesia 13:5–35.Google Scholar
Dobbin, Christine. 1977. “Economic Change in Minangkabau as a Factor in the Rise of the Padri Movement, 1784–1830.” Indonesia 2:1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobbin, Christine. 1983. Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy: Central Sumatra, 1784–1847. Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series no. 47. London: Curzon.Google Scholar
Drakard, Jane. 1999. A Kingdom of Words: Language and Power in Sumatra. Kuala Lampor: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Feith, Herbert, and Daniel, S. Lev. 1969. “The End of the Indonesian Rebellion.” In Man, State, and Society in Contemporary Southeast Asia, ed. Tilman, Robert O., 467–80. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Francis, E. 1839. “Korte Beschrijving Van Het Nederlandsch Grondgebied Ter Westkust Sumatra, 1837” [A short description of the Dutch territory on the west coast of Sumatra, 1837]. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 2 (1): 28–45, 90–111, [112–30], 131–54, 203–20, [456–58].Google Scholar
Graves, Elizabeth E. 1981. The Minangkabau Response to Dutch Colonial Rule in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.Google Scholar
v. d., H 1838. “Oorsprong Der Padaries (Eene Secte Op De Westkust Van Sumatra)” [Origin of the Padaries (A sect on the west coast of Sumatra)]. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 1 (1): 113–32.Google Scholar
Hadi, Wisran. 2002. “Pengakuan” [Confession]. In Empat Lakon Perang Paderi [Four dramas of the Padri war]. Bandung: Angkasa.Google Scholar
Hadler, Jeffrey. 1998. “Home, Fatherhood, Succession: Three Generations of Amrullahs in Twentieth-Century Indonesia.” Indonesia 65:123–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadler, Jeffrey. 2008. Muslims and Matriarchs: Cultural Resilience in Indonesia through Jihad and Colonialism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Haluan, 1983. “Pemda Sumbar akan Bentuk Team Khusus untuk Teliti Keabsahan Sejarah Imam Bonjol” [The West Sumatran provincial government will establish a special team to study the historical validity of Imam Bonjol]. April 28.Google Scholar
Hamka, [H. A. M. K. Amrullah]. 1974. Antara Fakta Dan Khayal “Tuanku Rao”: Bantahan Terhadap Tulisan-Tulisan Ir. Mangaradja Onggang Parlindungan Dalam Bukunya “Tuanku Rao” [“Tuanku Rao” between fact and fantasy: A refutation of the writings of Ir. Mangaradja Onggang Parlindungan in his book Tuanku Rao]. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.Google Scholar
Harahap, Basyral Hamidy. 2007. Greget Tuanku Rao [Tuanku Rao Furor]. Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu.Google Scholar
Hardy, P. 1972. The Muslims of British India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasselt, A. L. van. 1882. Volksbeschrijving Van Midden-Sumatra [Anthropology of central Sumatra]. Vol. 1 of Midden-Sumatra: Reizen En Onderzoekingen Der Sumatra-Expeditie, Uitgerust Door Het Aardrijkskundig Genootschap [Voyage and exploration of the Sumatra expedition, sponsored by the Geographical Society], ed. Veth, P. J. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Hatta, Mohammad. 1928. Indonesië Vrij [Free Indonesia]. The Hague: Perhimpoenan Indonesia.Google Scholar
Hatta, Mohammad. 1972. “Free Indonesia.” In Portrait of a Patriot: Selected Writings, ed. Noer, Deliar, 205–97. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huda, Yasrul. 2003. “Islamic Law versus Adat: Debates about Inheritance Law and the Rise of Capitalism in Minangkabau.” Master's thesis, Leiden University.Google Scholar
Imam Bondjol, Tuanku. 2004. Naskah Tuanku Imam Bonjol. Transliterator Nain, Sjafnir AboePadang: PPIM.Google Scholar
Imam Bondjol, Tuanku, and Naali, Sutan Caniago. 1925. Naskah Tuanku Imam Bondjol [manuscript in Arabic-script Minangkabau]. University of California, Berkeley. Doe Library, DS646.15.S76.I43.Google Scholar
Jones, Kenneth W. 1994. Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India. Vol. 3 of The New Cambridge History. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kahin, Audrey R. 1984. “Repression and Regroupment: Religious and Nationalist Organizations in West Sumatra in the 1930s.” Indonesia 38:39–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahin, Audrey R. 1999. Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity, 1926–1998. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Kahin, Audrey R., and George, M. Kahin. 1995. Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Kathirithamby-Wells, J. 1986. “The Origin of the Term Padri: Some Historical Evidence.” Indonesia Circle 41:3–9.Google Scholar
Keddie, Nikki R. 1994. “The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations and Relations to Imperialism.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 36 (3): 463–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kielstra, E. B. 1887. “Onze Kennis Van Sumatra's Westkust, Omstreeks De Helft Der Achttiende Eeuw” [Our knowledge of Sumatra's west coast: The latter half of the eighteenth century]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië 36:499–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kielstra, E. B. 1888. “Het Contract Met Bondjol Van Januari 1824” [The treaty with Bondjol of January 1824]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië, 5th ser., 37 (3): 141–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kielstra, E. B. 1890. “Sumatra's Westkust van 1836–1840” [Sumatra's west coast, 1836–1840]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië 39:127–221, 263–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
der Kinderen, T. H.. 1875. Proclamatie van den Heer T. H. der Kinderen aan de Maleische Hoofden, Bukittinggi 12 Sawal 1292 (11 November 1875) [Proclamation of Mr. T. H. der Kinderen to the Malay leaders, Bukittinggi 12 Sawal 1292]. Betawi: Pertjetakan Gouwernemen.Google Scholar
der Kinderen, T. H.. 1882. Formulierboek ten gebruike Bij de Toepassing van het Regelment tot Regeling van het Regtswezen in het Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust (Staatsblaad 1874 No. 94b), voor zooveel betreft De Regtspleging bij de Distrikts- en Magistraats-Geregten, De Landraden en Rapats, benevens De Uitoefening der Policie [Applied form-book for the implementation of the regularization of the arrangement of the law-ways in the government of Sumatra's west coast]. Regering van Nederlandsch-Indië, 2nd ed.Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.Google Scholar
Kratz, E. Ulrich. 1992. “Surat Keterangan Syekh Jalaluddin.” Indonesia Circle 57:31–37.Google Scholar
Kratz, E. Ulrich, and Adriyetti, Amir. 2002. Surat Keterangan Syeikh Jalaluddin Karangan Fakih Saghir [Letter of clarification of Syeikh Jalaluddin by Fakih Saghir]. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
van der Kroef, J. M.. 1962. “Two Forerunners of Modern Indonesian Independence: Imam Bondjol and Thomas Matulesia.” Australian Journal of Politics and History 8 (2): 148–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laffan, Michael. 2003. “The Tangled Roots of Islamic Activism in Southeast Asia.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 16 (3): 397–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maharadja, Datuk Soetan. 1917. “Perempoean” [Women]. Soenting Melajoe: Soerat chabar perempoean di Alam Minang Kabau, January 26, 1–2.Google Scholar
Maier, Henk. 2004. We Are Playing Relatives: A Survey of Malay Writing. Leiden: KITLV.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malaka, Tan. 1951. Madilog: Materialisme, Dialektika, Logika [Madilog: Materialism, dialectic, logic]. Djakarta: Widjaya.Google Scholar
Mangkoeto, S. Soetan. 1929. Soeloeh Moeballigh Islam Indonesia: Bergoena boeat goeroe-goeroe dan Moeballigh Islam Indonesia [Preachers' torch of Indonesian Islam: Of use to teachers and preachers of Indonesian Islam]. Padang Pandjang: Boekhandel M. Thaib bin H. Ahmad.Google Scholar
Mansoer, M. D., et al. 1970. Sejarah Minangkabau [Minangkabau history]. Jakarta: Bhratara.Google Scholar
Marsden, William. 1807. “On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature Extant among the Malays.” Asiatic Researches 4:217–24.Google Scholar
Maters, Mirjam. 1998. Van Zachte Wenk Tot Harde Hand: Persvrijheid En Persbreidel in Nederlands-Indië, 1906–1942 [From gentle wink to firm hand: Press freedom and press restrictions in the Netherlands Indies, 1906–1942]. Hilversum: Verloren.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Barbara. 1982. Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moeda, Dja Endar. 1903. Riwajat Poelau Sumatra [History of the island of Sumatra]. Padang: N. Venn. Snelspersdrukkerij “Insulinde.”Google Scholar
Mrázek, Rudolf. 1972. “Tan Malaka: A Political Personality's Structure of Experience.” Indonesia 14:1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, N 1931. “Toeankoe Imam.” Indonesia Raja: Madjallah Perhimpoenan Peladjar-Peladjar Indonesia, September 2, 281–83.Google Scholar
Nasution, A. Muluk. 1981. Pemberontakan Rakyat Silungkang Sumatra Barat 1926–1927: Pengalaman Perjuangan dalam Merintis Kemerdekaan [The rebellion of the people of Silungkang West Sumatra, 1926–1927: Experiences of struggle in blazing a path to independence]. Jakarta: Mutiara.Google Scholar
Noer, Deliar. 1973. The Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia, 1900–1942. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Oki, Akira. 1977. “Social Change in the West Sumatran Village.” Ph.D. diss., Australian National University.Google Scholar
Oshikawa, Noriaki. 1990. “Patjar Merah Indonesia.” In Reading Southeast Asia: Translation of Contemporary Japanese Scholarship on Southeast Asia, ed. Shiraishi, Takashi, 9–39. Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Pamoentjak, Ad. Gr. 1895. Soeatoe Kitab akan dikoendang olih Djoeroe Sita pada pangadilan Landraad atau Rapat atau siapa jang mendjalankan pekerdjaän seperti itoe menoeroet atoeran jang terseboet didalam oendang oendangnja [A text of use to bailiffs in the courts of the landraad or meetings or to whomever carries out this sort of work in accordance with the rules mentioned in the laws]. Padang: Otto Bäuer.Google Scholar
Parlindungan, Mangaradja Onggang. 1963. Pongkinangolngolan Sinambela gelar Tuanku Rao: Terror Agama Islam Mazhab Hambali di Tanah Batak 1816–1833 [Pongkinangolngolan Sinambela gelar Tuanku Rao: Hambali Islamic terror in the Batak lands (1816–1833)]. Jakarta: Penerbit Tandjung Pengharapan.Google Scholar
Peletz, Michael G. 1988. A Share of the Harvest: Kinship, Property, and Social History among the Malays of Rembau. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Peletz, Michael G. 1998. “The ‘Great Transformation’ among Negeri Sembilan Malays, with Particular Reference to Chinese and Minangkabau.” In Market Cultures: Society and Morality in the New Asian Capitalisms, ed. Hefner, Robert W, 173–200. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Pires, Tome. 1990. The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, an Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East before 1515. Ed. Cortesão, Armando. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.Google Scholar
Raffles, Thomas Stamford. Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &C. London: John Murray, 1830.Google Scholar
Raffles, Thomas Stamford. 1835. Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &C. Vol. 2. 2nd ed.London: James Duncan, 1835.Google Scholar
Rais, Zaim. 2001. Against Islamic Modernism: The Minangkabau Traditionalists Responses to the Modernist Movement. Jakarta: Logos Wacana Ilmu.Google Scholar
Ramli, Rusydi. 1989. Hikayat Fakih Saghir ‘Ulamiah Tuanku Samiang Syekh Jalaluddin Ahmad Koto Tuo: Suatu Studi “Sejarah Pemikiran Islam” Dari Teks Tokoh Gerakan Padri Awal Abad XIX [The story of Fakih Saghir ‘Ulamiah Tuanku Samiang Syekh Jalaluddin Ahmad Koto Tuo: A study in Islamic intellectual history based on the text of a figure from the Padri movement at the beginning of the nineteenth century]. Padang: IAIN “Imam Bonjol.”Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. 1979. “The Nationalist Quest for an Indonesian Past.” In Perceptions of the Past in Southeast Asia, ed. Reid, Anthony and Marr, David, 281–98. Singapore: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M. C. 2004. Islamizing Indonesia: Religion and Politics in Singapore's Giant Neighbour. Singapore: Asian Civilisations Museum.Google Scholar
Roff, William R. 1987. “Islamic Movements: One or Many?” In Islam and the Political Economy of Meaning: Comparative Studies of Muslim Discourse, ed. Roff, William R, 31–52. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ronkel, Ph. S. van. 1914. “De Invoering Van Ons Strafwetboek Ter Sumatra's Westkust Naar Aanteekeningen in Een Maleisch Handschrift” [The establishment of our penal code on the west coast of sumatra according to notations in a Malay manuscript]. Tijdschrift voor het Binnenlandsch Bestuur 46 (16): 249–55.Google Scholar
Ronkel, Ph. S. van. 1915. “Inlandsche Getuigenissen Aangaande Den Padri-Oorlog” [A native account of the Padri war]. Pts. 1 and 2. De Indische Gids 37 (2): 1099–1119; 1243–59.Google Scholar
Roosa, John. 2006. Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup d’État in Indonesia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Sahrul, N. 2005. Kontroversial Imam Bonjol. Padang: Garak.Google Scholar
Sanday, Peggy Reeves. 2002. Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Sanggoeno di Radjo, Datoe. 1919. Kitab Tjoerai Paparan ‘Adat Lembaga ‘Alam Minangkabau [Weighing the immemorial custom of the people of the Minangkabau realm]. Transliterator Seri Maharadja, B.DtFort de Kock: Snelpersdrukkerij “Agam.”Google Scholar
Schreiner, Klaus H. 1997. “The Making of National Heroes: Guided Democracy to New Order, 1959–1992.” In Outward Appearances: Dressing State and Society in Indonesia, ed. Nordholt, H. S, 259–90. Leiden: KITLV.Google Scholar
Schreiner, Klaus H. 2002. “‘National Ancestors’: The Ritual Construction of Nationhood.” In The Potent Dead: Ancestors, Saints and Heroes in Contemporary Indonesia, ed. Chambert-Loir, Henri and Reid, Anthony, 183–204. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Schrieke, B. 1920. “Bijdrage Tot De Bibliografie Van De Huidige Godsdienstige Beweging Ter Sumatra's Westkust” [A contribution to the bibliography of the contemporary religious movement on Sumatra's west coast]. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 59 (1920): 249–325.Google Scholar
Shiraishi, Takashi. 1990. An Age in Motion: Popular Radicalism in Java, 1912–1926. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, James. 1997. Fetish, Recognition, Revolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjafnir, Aboe Nain. 1988. Tuanku Imam Bonjol: Sejarah Intelektual Islam Di Minangkabau, 1784–1832 [Intellectual history of Islam in Minangkabau, 1784–1832]. Padang: Esa.Google Scholar
Soekarno, . 1950. Introduction to Sedjarah Peperangan Dipanegara: Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Indonesia [History of the Diponegoro war: Hero of Indonesian independence], by Yamin, Muhammad. 2nd ed.Djakarta: Jajasan Pembangunan.Google Scholar
Sou‘ib, Joesoef. 1938. Di Empang Pengepoengan Kota Bondjol [Behind the fortifications in Bondjol town]. Doenia Pengalaman 1.3, December. Ed. Pamoentjak, A. M., Aria, Diningrat and Qasim, Ahmad. Medan: Poestaka Islam.Google Scholar
Sou'yb, Joesoef. 1948–49. Paderi! 3 vols. Tebing Tinggi: Tjerdas.Google Scholar
Steenbrink, Karel A. 1984. Beberapa Aspek Tentang Islam Di Indonesia Abad Ke-19 [Several aspects of Islam in Indonesia in the nineteenth century]. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.Google Scholar
Steijn Parvé, H. A. 1854. “De Secte Der Padaries (Padries) in De Bovenlanden Van Sumatra” [The sect of the Padries in the highlands of Sumatra]. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2 (3): 249–78.Google Scholar
Ridder de Stuers, H. J. J. L.. 1849–50. De Vestiging En Uitbreiding Der Nederlanders Ter Westkust Van Sumatra [The establishment and spread of the Dutch on the west coast of Sumatra]. Ed. Veth, P. J. Amsterdam: P. N. van Kampen.Google Scholar
Suryadi, . 2001. “Shaikh Daud of Sunur: Conflict between Reformists and the Shattâriyyah Sûfî Order in Rantau Pariaman in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century.” Studia Islamika 8 (3): 59–124.Google Scholar
Suryadi, . 2004. Syair Sunur: Teks dan Konteks “Otobiografi” Seorang Ulama Minangkabau Abad ke-19 [Syair Sunur: The text and context of the “Autobiography” of a Minangkabau ulama of the nineteenth century]. Padang: Citra Budaya Indonesia.Google Scholar
Suryadi, . 2006. “Ke Manakah Raibnya Naskah Tuanku Imam Bonjol?” [Where is the vanished manuscript Tuanku Imam Bonjol?], part 1. Sriwijaya Post, July 30, 21. http://www.ranah-minang.com/tulisan/328.html.Google Scholar
Teitler, G. 2004. Het Einde Van De Padrie-Oorlog: Het Beleg En De Vermeestering Van Bonjol, 1834–1837 (Een Bronnenpublicatie) [The end of the Padri war: The siege and subjugation of Bonjol, 1834–1837 (A source-publication)]. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw.Google Scholar
van der Toorn, J. L.. 1984. Oendang-Oendang Poelisi: Tarsalin Kadalam Bahasa Malajoe. [Police laws: Translated into Malay]. 2nd ed.Batawi: Partjitakan Gouvernement.Google Scholar
Turie, D. E. Manu. 1941. Angkatan Paderi ke Tanah Batak [Padri forces in the Batak lands]. Ed. Loebis, Djauhari. Sibolga: Perpoestakaan Kita.Google Scholar
Umri, D. 1940. Di Samping Keroeboehan Kota Bondjol. [Beside the wreckage of Bondjol town]. Ed. Tamar Djaja, Aziz Thaib, and Martha. Fort de Kock: Penjiaran Imoe.Google Scholar
Verkerk Pistorius, A. W. P. 1871. Studien over De Inlandsche Huishouding in De Padangsche Bovenlanden [Studies on the native households of the Padang highlands]. Zalt-Bommel: Joh. Noman en Zoon.Google Scholar
Vikør, Knut S. 1999. “Jihad in West Africa: A Global Theme in a Regional Setting.” In Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts, ed. Manger, Leif, 80–101. Richmond: Routledge/Curzon.Google Scholar
Westenenk, L. C. 1913. Sumatra Illustrated Tourist Guide: A Fourteen Days’ Trip in the Padang Highlands (the Land of Minang Kabau). Batavia (Weltevreden): Official Tourist Bureau.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, Nobuto. 1995. “Colonial Surveillance and ‘Public Opinion’: The Rise and Decline of Balai Poestaka's Press Monitoring.” Keio Journal of Politics, no. 8:71–100.Google Scholar
Yamin, Muhammad. 1950. Sedjarah Peperangan Dipanegara: Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Indonesia [History of the Diponegoro war: Hero of Indonesian independence]. 2nd ed.Djakarta: Jajasan Pembangunan.Google Scholar
Young, Ken. 1994. Islamic Peasants and the State: The 1908 Anti-Tax Rebellion in West Sumatra. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Center for International and Area Studies.Google Scholar
Yunus, Mahmud. 1982. Riwayat Hidup Prof. Dr. H. Mahmud Yunus: 10 Pebruari 1899–16 Januari 1982 [The life story of Prof. Dr. H. Mahmud Yunus: 10 February 1899–16 January 1982]. Jakarta: Hidakarya Agung.Google Scholar
Zed, Mestika. 1983. “Melayu Kopidaun: Eksploitasi Kolonial dalam Sistim Tanam Paksa Kopi di Minangkabau Sumatera Barat (1847–1908)” [Leaf-coffee Malays: Colonial exploitation in the coffee cultivation system in Minangkabau, West Sumatra (1847–1908)]. S2 thesis, Universitas Indonesia.Google Scholar
Zurbuchen, Mary S. 2005. “Historical Memory in Contemporary Indonesia.” In Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present, ed. Zurbuchen, Mary S., 3–32. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar