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Good Housing for Good “Married Life”: Privacy, Transnational Anti-Communism, and Postwar Housing in South Korea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2022

Na Sil Heo Open the ORCID record for Na Sil Heo [Opens in a new window]
Na Sil Heo*
Affiliation:
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
*
Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

This article examines postwar housing in South Korea as a transnational project in the Cold War milieu. Privacy (p’ŭraibŏshi) became a central architectural concern in South Korea after the Korean War (1950–53), as Korean architects negotiated their understanding of good, modern housing in the midst of deepening interactions with American architectural knowledge. A call for the construction of independent children's rooms was linked to the belief that good housing should also ensure the sexual privacy of the married couple. This article argues that architects construed privacy to be a value that was attached to liberal democracies and that reflected postwar fantasies and desires for a democratic living in contradistinction to its North Korean counterpart. In this way, housing became a site of transnational anti-communism, as architects and aspiring homeowners invested much energy in the ideological and material construction of privacy as a salient feature of modern housing.

Keywords

architecturechildhoodCold Wardomesticitygender and sexualityliberalismpostwar Koreaprivacytransnational anti-communism
Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 81 , Issue 3 , August 2022 , pp. 459 - 474
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Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2022

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References

List of References

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Fenemore, Mark. 2009. Sex, Thugs and Rock ‘n’ Roll: Teenage Rebels in Cold-War East Germany. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
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Ghodsee, Kristen. 2019. Second World, Second Sex: Socialist Women's Activism and Global Solidarity during the Cold War. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
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Harris, Steven E. 2013. Communism on Tomorrow Street: Mass Housing and Everyday Life after Stalin. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Henry, Todd. 2014. Assimilating Seoul: Japanese Rule and the Politics of Public Space in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, Jane. 2002. How Young Ladies Became Girls: The Victorian Origins of American Girlhood. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ch'ang-bok, Im. 2011. Han'guk ŭi chut'aek: Kŭ yuhyŏng kwa pyŏnch’ŏnsa [Korean housing: (Housing) types and the history of (their) changes]. P'aju: Tolbegae.Google Scholar
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So-yŏn, Kang. 2006. “1950-nyŏndae yŏsŏng chapchi e p'yosang toen miguk munhwa wa yŏsŏng tamnon” [Representations of American culture and discourses on women in 1950s women's magazines]. Sanghŏ hakpo [Sanghur Hakbo: The Journal of Korean Modern Literature] 18: 107–36.Google Scholar
Kim, Eunjung. 2017. Curative Violence: Rehabilitating Disability, Gender, and Sexuality in Modern Korea. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Han Sang. 2018. “‘My’ Sweet Home in the Next Decade: The Popular Imagination of Private Homeownership during the Yusin Period.” In Cultures of Yusin: South Korea in the 1970s, edited by Ryu, Youngju, 119–40. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Sungjo. 2020. “Urbanizing the Countryside: The Developmentalist Designs of the New Village and Farmhouse in 1970s Rural Korea.” International Journal of Korean History 25 (1): 193–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Suzy. 2013. Everyday Life in the North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kwak, Nancy. 2015. A World of Homeowners: American Power and the Politics of Housing Aid. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lara, Fernando Luiz. 2008. The Rise of Popular Modernist Architecture in Brazil. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Chae-hong. 2006. “The National Security Law and Anticommunist Ideology in Korean Society.” Korea Journal 46 (3): 80–102.Google Scholar
Lim, Sungyun. 2019. Rules of the House: Family Law and Domestic Disputes in Colonial Korea. Oakland: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loftin, Craig M. 2012. Masked Voices: Gay Men and Lesbians in Cold War America. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
May, Elaine Tyler. 1988. Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Moon, Seungsook. 2005. Militarized Modernity and Gendered Citizenship in South Korea. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Neitzel, Laura. 2016. The Life We Longed for: Danchi Housing and the Middle Class Dream in Postwar Japan. Portland, Maine: MerwinAsia.Google Scholar
Nelson, Deborah. 2002. Pursuing Privacy in Cold War America. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ogata, Amy F. 2013. Designing the Creative Child: Playthings and Places in Midcentury America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parson, Don. 2007. “The Decline of Public Housing and the Politics of the Red Scare: The Significance of the Los Angeles Public Housing War.” Journal of Urban History 33 (3): 400–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwa-sŏn, Ri. 1989. Chosŏn kŏnch'uksa [History of Korean architecture]. P'yŏngyang: Kwahak Paekkwa Sajŏn Chonghap.Google Scholar
Rogaski, Ruth. 2004. Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Nicole. 2009. “‘Who Should Be the Author of a Dwelling?’ Architects versus Housewives in 1950s France.” Gender & History 21 (3): 541–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryu, Youngju. 2016. Writers of the Winter Republic: Literature and Resistance in Park Chung Hee's Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Schmid, Andre. 2018. “Historicizing North Korea: State Socialism, Population Mobility, and Cold War Historiography.” American Historical Review 123 (2): 439–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunsoo, Shin and Jung, Inha. 2016. “Appropriating the Socialist Way of Life: The Emergence of Mass Housing in Post-war North Korea.” Journal of Architecture 21 (2): 159–80.Google Scholar
Song, Jaesook. 2014. Living on Your Own: Single Women, Rental Housing, and Post-Revolutionary Affect in Contemporary South Korea. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
chut'aek kongsa, Taehan. 1992. Taehan chut'aek kongsa 30-nyŏnsa [Thirty-year history of the Korea Housing Corporation]. Seoul: Taehan chut'aek kongsa.Google Scholar
Taehan kŏnch'uk hakhoe. 2011. Han'guk kŏnch'uksa [History of Korean architecture]. Seoul: Kimundang.Google Scholar
Tillman, Margaret Mih. 2018. Raising China's Revolutionaries: Modernizing Childhood for Cosmopolitan Nationalists and Liberated Comrades, 1920s–1950s. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sand, Jordan. 2003. House and Home in Modern Japan: Architecture, Domestic Space and Bourgeois Culture, 1880–1930. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
United Nations Archives and Records Management. n.d. “About UNKRA.” https://archives.un.org/content/united-nations-korean-reconstruction-agency-unkra (accessed August 31, 2020).Google Scholar
Varga-Harris, Christine. 2015. Stories of House and Home: Soviet Apartment Life during the Khrushchev Years. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Peter. 1999. A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Woo, Jung-en. 1991. Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Yŏng-bae, An. 1960. “Modular Coordination—Chut'aek ŭl chungsim ŭro han module ŭi chean” [Modular coordination—Suggestions on modules that center housing]. Kŏnch'uk [Review of architecture and building science] 5 (5): 23–30.Google Scholar
Yŏng-bae, An. 1966. “Uri nara chut'aek kŏnch'uk 20-nyŏn” [Our country's 20 years of housing architecture]. Kŏnch'uk [Review of architecture and building science] 10 (February): 18–21.Google Scholar
Yŏng-bae, An and Sŏn-gyun, Kim. 1964. Saeroun chut'aek [New housing]. Seoul: Pojinjae.Google Scholar
Che 1-hoe chŏn'guk chut'aek sŏlgye, kŏnch'uk chajae hyŏnsang tangsŏn chakp'um [First prize winner's work in the First National Housing Competition]. 1958. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.Google Scholar
Hyŏn-bae, Ch'oe. 1953. Minjujuŭi wa kungmin todŏk [Democracy and national morality]. Seoul: Chŏngŭmsa. Photoreproduction from Oesol Ch'oe Hyŏn-bae chŏnjip [Complete works of Oesol Ch'oe Hyŏn-bae] 18. Seoul: Ch'aeryun, 2019.Google Scholar
Chosŏn ilbo. 1955. May 16.Google Scholar
Chosŏn nyŏsŏng. 1955. August.Google Scholar
Chu Nam-ch’ŏl. 1965. “Han'guk chut'aek ŭi pyŏnch’ŏn kwa paldal e kwanhan yŏn'gu” [Research on changes and development of Korean housing (II)]. Kŏnch'uk [Review of architecture and building science] 9 (2): 9–19.Google Scholar
Chut'aek [House & home]. 1959. Seoul: Chosŏn Chut'aek Yŏngdan.Google Scholar
Chut'aek [Housing]. 1960. Seoul: Yŏwŏnsa.Google Scholar
Kyŏnghyang sinmun. 1953. July 5.Google Scholar
O Ch'ŏn-sŏk. 1968. Igŏt i kongsanjuŭi ta [This is communism]. Seoul: Hyŏndae Kyoyuk Ch'ongsŏ.Google Scholar
Pogŏn sahoe t'onggye nyŏnbo [Year book of public health and social statistics: 1955–1957]. 1958. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.Google Scholar
Saesallim. 1957. July.Google Scholar
Taehan chut'aek kongsa. 1965. Han'guk ŭi chut'aek hyŏnhwang [The current state of Korean housing]. Seoul: Taehan chut'aek kongsa.Google Scholar
Tonga ilbo. 1955. May 22.Google Scholar
Tonga ilbo. 1958a. April 30.Google Scholar
Tonga ilbo. 1958b. July 18.Google Scholar
Tonga ilbo. 1958c. December 29.Google Scholar
Tosi kyehoek paeksŏ 1962 [Urban planning white paper 1962]. 1962. Seoul: Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi.Google Scholar
Yŏwŏn [Women's garden]. November 1956.Google Scholar
Yŏwŏn. 1957. November.Google Scholar
Yŏwŏn. 1959a. July.Google Scholar
Yŏwŏn. 1959b. August.Google Scholar
Yŏwŏn. 1959c. September.Google Scholar
Yŏwŏn. 1960. February.Google Scholar
Yŏwŏn. 1961. June.Google Scholar
Yŏwŏn. 1963. December.Google Scholar
Yŏng-bae, An, Hyŏng-min, Pae, Tong-sŏn, Yu, and Wŏn-jun, Ch'oe. 2013. An Yŏng-bae kusuljip [Oral history of An Yŏng-bae]. Seoul: Mat'i.Google Scholar
Betts, Paul, and Crowley, David. 2005. “Domestic Dreamworlds: Notions of Home in Post-1945 Europe—Introduction.” Journal of Contemporary History 40 (2): 213–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowd, Gavin, Madeleine, Davis, Paulo, Drinot, Dianne, Kirby, Carl, Levy, and Matthew, Worley. 2014. “A Century of Anti-Communisms: A Roundtable Discussion.” Twentieth Century Communism 6 (Spring): 22–58.Google Scholar
Brazinsky, Gregg. 2007. Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castillo, Greg. 2010. Cold War on the Home Front: The Soft Power of Midcentury Design. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Cheng, Irene, Davis, Charles L. II, and Wilson, Mabel O.. 2020. Race and Modern Architecture: A Critical History from the Enlightenment to the Present. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chin, Carol. 2010. Modernity and National Identity in the United States and East Asia, 1895–1919. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, Kuk. 2002. “The Crime of Adultery: Inadequate Means for Maintaining Morality and Protecting Women.” Journal of Korean Law 2 (1): 85.Google Scholar
Nam-il, Chŏn. 2010. Han'guk chugŏ ŭi konggansa [A spatial history of Korean housing]. Paju: Tolbegae.Google Scholar
Nam-il, Chŏn, Se-gwan, Son, Se-hwa, Yang, and Hyŏng-ok, Hong. 2008. Han'guk chugŏ ŭi sahoesa [A social history of Korean housing]. Paju: Tolbegae.Google Scholar
Nam-il, Chŏn, Se-hwan, Yang, and Hyŏng-ok, Hong. 2009. Han'guk chugŏ ŭi misisa [A microhistory of Korean housing]. Paju: Tolbegae.Google Scholar
Cohen-Cole, Jamie Nace. 2014. The Open Mind: Cold War Politics and the Sciences of Human Nature. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cowan, Benjamin A. 2016. Securing Sex: Morality and Repression in the Making of Cold War Brazil. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dongen, Luc van, Roulin, Stéphanie, and Scott-Smith, Gilles. 2014. Transnational Anti-Communism and the Cold War: Agents, Activities, and Networks. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenemore, Mark. 2009. Sex, Thugs and Rock ‘n’ Roll: Teenage Rebels in Cold-War East Germany. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Friedan, Betty. 1963. The Feminine Mystique. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Frühstück, Sabine. 2003. Colonizing Sex: Sexology and Social Control in Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gelezeau, Valerie. 2007. Ap'at’ŭ konghwaguk: P’ŭlangsŭ chirihakcha ka pon han'guk ŭi ap'at’ŭ [The republic of apartments: A French geographer's views on South Korean apartment complexes]. Seoul: Humanitas.Google Scholar
Ghodsee, Kristen. 2019. Second World, Second Sex: Socialist Women's Activism and Global Solidarity during the Cold War. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Dianne. 2013. Little White Houses: How the Postwar Home Constructed Race in America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Steven E. 2013. Communism on Tomorrow Street: Mass Housing and Everyday Life after Stalin. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Henry, Todd. 2014. Assimilating Seoul: Japanese Rule and the Politics of Public Space in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, Jane. 2002. How Young Ladies Became Girls: The Victorian Origins of American Girlhood. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ch'ang-bok, Im. 2011. Han'guk ŭi chut'aek: Kŭ yuhyŏng kwa pyŏnch’ŏnsa [Korean housing: (Housing) types and the history of (their) changes]. P'aju: Tolbegae.Google Scholar
Isenstadt, Sandy. 2000. “Richard Neutra and the Psychology of Architectural Consumption.” In Anxious Modernisms: Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture, edited by Goldhagen, Sarah Williams and Legault, Réjean, 97–118. Montréal: Canadian Centre for Architecture; Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
So-yŏn, Kang. 2006. “1950-nyŏndae yŏsŏng chapchi e p'yosang toen miguk munhwa wa yŏsŏng tamnon” [Representations of American culture and discourses on women in 1950s women's magazines]. Sanghŏ hakpo [Sanghur Hakbo: The Journal of Korean Modern Literature] 18: 107–36.Google Scholar
Kim, Eunjung. 2017. Curative Violence: Rehabilitating Disability, Gender, and Sexuality in Modern Korea. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Han Sang. 2018. “‘My’ Sweet Home in the Next Decade: The Popular Imagination of Private Homeownership during the Yusin Period.” In Cultures of Yusin: South Korea in the 1970s, edited by Ryu, Youngju, 119–40. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Sungjo. 2020. “Urbanizing the Countryside: The Developmentalist Designs of the New Village and Farmhouse in 1970s Rural Korea.” International Journal of Korean History 25 (1): 193–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Suzy. 2013. Everyday Life in the North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kwak, Nancy. 2015. A World of Homeowners: American Power and the Politics of Housing Aid. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lara, Fernando Luiz. 2008. The Rise of Popular Modernist Architecture in Brazil. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Chae-hong. 2006. “The National Security Law and Anticommunist Ideology in Korean Society.” Korea Journal 46 (3): 80–102.Google Scholar
Lim, Sungyun. 2019. Rules of the House: Family Law and Domestic Disputes in Colonial Korea. Oakland: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loftin, Craig M. 2012. Masked Voices: Gay Men and Lesbians in Cold War America. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
May, Elaine Tyler. 1988. Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Moon, Seungsook. 2005. Militarized Modernity and Gendered Citizenship in South Korea. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Neitzel, Laura. 2016. The Life We Longed for: Danchi Housing and the Middle Class Dream in Postwar Japan. Portland, Maine: MerwinAsia.Google Scholar
Nelson, Deborah. 2002. Pursuing Privacy in Cold War America. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ogata, Amy F. 2013. Designing the Creative Child: Playthings and Places in Midcentury America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parson, Don. 2007. “The Decline of Public Housing and the Politics of the Red Scare: The Significance of the Los Angeles Public Housing War.” Journal of Urban History 33 (3): 400–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwa-sŏn, Ri. 1989. Chosŏn kŏnch'uksa [History of Korean architecture]. P'yŏngyang: Kwahak Paekkwa Sajŏn Chonghap.Google Scholar
Rogaski, Ruth. 2004. Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Nicole. 2009. “‘Who Should Be the Author of a Dwelling?’ Architects versus Housewives in 1950s France.” Gender & History 21 (3): 541–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryu, Youngju. 2016. Writers of the Winter Republic: Literature and Resistance in Park Chung Hee's Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Schmid, Andre. 2018. “Historicizing North Korea: State Socialism, Population Mobility, and Cold War Historiography.” American Historical Review 123 (2): 439–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunsoo, Shin and Jung, Inha. 2016. “Appropriating the Socialist Way of Life: The Emergence of Mass Housing in Post-war North Korea.” Journal of Architecture 21 (2): 159–80.Google Scholar
Song, Jaesook. 2014. Living on Your Own: Single Women, Rental Housing, and Post-Revolutionary Affect in Contemporary South Korea. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
chut'aek kongsa, Taehan. 1992. Taehan chut'aek kongsa 30-nyŏnsa [Thirty-year history of the Korea Housing Corporation]. Seoul: Taehan chut'aek kongsa.Google Scholar
Taehan kŏnch'uk hakhoe. 2011. Han'guk kŏnch'uksa [History of Korean architecture]. Seoul: Kimundang.Google Scholar
Tillman, Margaret Mih. 2018. Raising China's Revolutionaries: Modernizing Childhood for Cosmopolitan Nationalists and Liberated Comrades, 1920s–1950s. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sand, Jordan. 2003. House and Home in Modern Japan: Architecture, Domestic Space and Bourgeois Culture, 1880–1930. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
United Nations Archives and Records Management. n.d. “About UNKRA.” https://archives.un.org/content/united-nations-korean-reconstruction-agency-unkra (accessed August 31, 2020).Google Scholar
Varga-Harris, Christine. 2015. Stories of House and Home: Soviet Apartment Life during the Khrushchev Years. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Peter. 1999. A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Woo, Jung-en. 1991. Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar