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² Ibid., pp. 1–2. A translation of the provisions of the law and commentary on the seven new aims is printed in this article.

³ Ibid., p. 6. See also Wang, Feng-gang, Japanese Influence on Educational Reform in China, from 1895 to 1911 (Peiping: Chu-che shu-tien, 1933), pp. 149–151.Google Scholar

⁴ Sec Luh, p. 7. The flexibility of secondary education was a key issue distinguishing progressive opinion from more conservative views among educators.

⁵ Peake, Cyrus, Nationalism and Education in Modern China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932), pp. 73–79.Google Scholar

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⁷ See HCY, I (February, 1919) 2–3. See also Peake, p. 79.

⁸ Chih-p'in, Ting, ed. Chung-kuo ch'i-shih-nien lai chiao-yü chi-shih [Events in Chinese Education during the Last Seventy Years] (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1935), p. 81.Google Scholar Sec also Hsin-ch'eng, Shu, ed. Chin-tai Chung-kuO chiao-yü shih liao [A Collection of Documents on the History of Chinese Education in Modern Times] (Shanghai: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1928), II, p. 114.Google Scholar

⁹ Chiang Meng-Hn (1886–1964) used the name Monlin Chiang in his English autobiography, Tides from the West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947). He studied in Japan from 1907–1908, and in the United States from 1908–1917. His doctoral dissertation was completed at Teachers College, Columbia University in 1917.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Huang Yen-p'ei was an officer in the Kiangsu Educational Association and a founder of the vocational education movement in Shanghai. See Shih-hsien, Jen, Chung-ku0 chiao-yü ssu-hsiang shih [The History of Chinese Educational Thought] (Taipei: Commercial Press, 1964). PP. 339–354.Google ScholarCh'i-t'ien, Ch'en, Tsui-chin san-shih nien Chung-kuo chiao-yü [The History of Chinese Education in the Last Thirty Years] (Taipei: Wen hsing shu-licn, 1962), pp. 176–184. This is a reprint of the 1930 edition. The five groups are listed on the frontpiecc of HCY, I (February, 1919).Google Scholar

¹¹ Hwa, Tai Chen, “A Critical Study of the Reso-lulions of the Chinese Federation of Educational Associations. 1915–1926,” (Unpublished Ed.D. Dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1954),Google Scholarpassim.

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¹⁶ Ibid., p. 28.

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ Shih, Hu and Meng-lin, Chiang, “Wo-men tui-yü hsüeh-sheng ti hsi-wang,” [Our Hopes forthe Students] HCY, II (January, 1920), 592.Google Scholar The dating of issues had become erratic and does not indicate the date of actual publication. See also Dewey, Jane (ed.), “Biography of John Dewey,” The Philosophy of John Dewey, ed. Schilpp, Paul (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1939), p. 40.Google Scholar

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²³ Meng-lin, Chiang, Tides from the West (Taipei: Shih-chieh shu-chu, 1963), p. 114.Google Scholar

²⁴ A cultural reform movement centering around the magazine Hsin ch'ing-nien [New Youth] whose predecessor was founded by Ch'en Tu-hsiu in 1915. See Chow, p. 44–45.

²⁵ See Schneider, Laurence, Ku Chieh-kang and China's New History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 5–6, 111.Google Scholar

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²⁷ Meng-lin, Chiang, “She-hui yiin-tung ti chiao-yu” [Social Action Education] HCY, II (December, 1919), 404.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibid.

²⁹ Ibid.

³⁰ Ibid.

³¹ Ibid.

³² Ibid., p. 401.

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³⁵ Chiang specifically praised Shansi province for its combination of compulsory education and progress in local self-government. Chiang Meng-lin, “Chiao yü yü ti-fang tzu-chih” [Education and Local Self-Government] HCY, II (March, 1919), 26–27.

³⁶ Meng-lin, Chiang, “Chiao-yü yu cheng-chih,” HCY, I (February, 1919), 2.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Ibid. In July, 1919 Chiang became acting chancellor and professor of education at National Peking University. The arrangement was worked out with Ts‘ai Yüan-p’ei, his old teacher from childhood schools in the Shao-hsing area of Chek-iang who resigned. Chiang became a dean when Ts‘ai returned in September, 1919. Chiang was acting chancellor from 1923–1926 after Ts‘ai had again resigned in protest over the “Good Man” government scandal. See Chiang, Tides from the West, p. 117.

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⁴⁰ Chiang Meng-lin, “Kai-pien jen-sheng ti t‘ai-tu,” p. 450.

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⁴³ Ibid., 592.

⁴⁴ Ibid.

⁴⁵ Ibid., 594.

⁴⁶ Chiang Meng-lin, “Hsüeh-feng yü t‘i-kao hsüeh-shu” [Academic Winds and Advancing Learning] Ch‘cn pao fu-k‘an [Supplement to the Morning Post], Fourth Anniversary Issue, December 2, 1922, reprinted in KTST, p. 97.

⁴⁷ Chiang Meng-lin, “Chih-shih chich-chi ti tsc-jen wen-t‘i” [The Question of the Responsibility of the Intellectual Class] Ch‘cn pao [Morning Post], Sixth Anniversary Issue, November, 1924, reprinted in KTST, p. 48. On Hu‘s disillusionment sec Grieder, pp. 176–177, especially the Oral History source.Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ Chow, May Fourth Movement, p. 247.

⁵¹ Ibid.., pp. 226–227.

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⁵³ Dewey, John, “New Culture in China,” Asia, XXI (July, 1972), 584.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ Chiang, Tides from the West, pp. 134–135.

⁵⁶ “Chiao-yü tu-li yün-tung” [The Educational Autonomy Movement] CYTC, XIV, (March, 1922) “news,” 4.Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ Ibid.., p. 97.

⁶⁰ Ibid.., p. 99.

⁶¹ Chiang Meng-lin left China at the end of 1921 to be a representative at the Washington Naval Conference. T‘ao moved the editorial office to National Southeastern University with Volume IV, no. 2 (January, 1922). Paul Monroe's visit lasted from September, 1921 to January, 1922.Mou-tsu, See Wang, “Chung-hua chiao-y‘kai-chin she yüan-chüi,” p. 343. See also Wu-ssu shih-ch‘i ch‘i-k‘kan chieh-shao[An Introduction to Periodicals of the May Fourth Period] 3 Vols. (Peking: Jen-min ch‘u-pan she, 1958–59). III, P. 314.Google Scholar

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⁶⁵ Ibid..

⁶⁶ Ibid..

⁶⁷ Ibid.., p. 47. This is a traditional Chinese puzzle as well as a Western puzzle.

⁶⁸ Ibid.., p. 46.

⁶⁹ Ibid.., p. 47.

⁷⁰ Ibid..

⁷¹ Sec Peake, p. 90, citing, CYTC, XVII (December, 1925), Section on Educational Affairs, 4 ff. For the Association for the Advancement of Education see HCY, XI (September, 1925), 147–48. For the April, 1919 rejection of military education, sec Peakc, p. 80.

⁷² HCY. XI (September, 1925). 209.

⁷³ Chiao-yü ta tz‘u shu [The Encyclopedia of Education], p. 356.

⁷⁴ Ch‘en Ch‘i-t‘ien, Tsui-chin san-shih nicn…, pp. 195–198.

⁷⁵ He condemned intellectuals who capitulated to political activism during May Fourth by referring to the addiige: “When you come to an overhanging chff, rein in your horse,” as a piece of common sense everyone should know. Sec Chiang, “Chih-shih chich-chi ti tse-jen wen-t‘i,” p. 48.

⁷⁶ Doorman, Howard, ed. Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968–1971), I, p. 124, 348.Google Scholar