Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T16:41:32.379Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conflicting Nostalgia: Performing The Tale of Ch'unhyang (春香傳) in the Japanese Empire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2014

Nayoung Aimee Kwon
Get access

Abstract

In the Japanese empire in 1938, an imperial-language theatrical adaptation of a folktale from colonial Korea, The Tale of Spring Fragrance (Ch'unhyang chŏn) opened to rave reviews in major metropolitan cities throughout Japan. The performance's popularity ignited an encore run later the same year throughout colonial Korea. The play was commissioned by Murayama Tomoyoshi and his Shinkyō Theater Troupe in Japan. The script was penned in Japanese by Chang Hyǒkchu, a bilingual writer from the colony. This article examines a forgotten moment of colonial “collaboration” between Korea and Japan when the two countries’ literary histories converged in a widely publicized performance across the empire. By reading the tensions between parallel yet unbridgeable nostalgic desires between Japan and Korea, and measuring the gap between the consumption of the tale as trendy “colonial kitsch” and timeless “national tradition,” the performance can be read not as the embodiment of harmonious imperial assimilation as touted at the time, but as performing its anxieties and breakdown. This article further considers the significance of the failed collaboration and translation across colonial divides for postcolonial relations.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 73 , Issue 1 , February 2014 , pp. 113 - 141
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Ujaku, Akita. 1938. “Kokyō e kaeru Shunkōden: yūgō shita futatsu no bunka no kōryū” [Ch'unhyang chŏn's homecoming: The exchange of two unified cultures]. Keijō nippō. October 9.Google Scholar
Hyŏkchu, Chang. 1938a. “Shunkōden.” Shinchō 35(3) (August).Google Scholar
Hyŏkchu, Chang. 1938b, 1941. Shunkōden. Tokyo: Shinchōsha.Google Scholar
Hyŏkchu, Chang. 1939. “Chōsen no chishikijin ni uttau” [An appeal to Korean intellectuals]. Bungei (February):225–39.Google Scholar
“Chōsen no inshō: Kangsŏ, Kyŏngju, Namwŏn, nado.” 1938. Chōsen oyobi manshū 368 (July).Google Scholar
Maeil sinbo. 1938. October 22.Google Scholar
Tomoyoshi, Murayama. 1938a. “Chōsen to no Kōryū” [Exchanges with colonial Korea]. Asahi shinbun. September 15.Google Scholar
Tomoyoshi, Murayama. 1938b. “Shunkōden no Chikuji jōen ni tsuite” [About the Chikuji theater performance of Shunkōden]. Chōsen oyobi manshū 364 (March).Google Scholar
Tomoyoshi, Murayama. 1938c. “Shunkōden yodan: Keijō demo jōen shitai” [Musings on Shunkōden: I want to show it in Keijō too]. Keijō nippō. May 31.Google Scholar
Murayama Tomoyoshi, et al. 1938. “Eigaka sareru Shunkōden zadankai” [The making of the movie Shunkōden, roundtable discussion]. Keijō nippō. June 9.Google Scholar
Yi Wŏnjo, et al. 1938. “Shinhyŏp Ch'unhyang chŏn chwadamhoe” [Roundtable on Shinkyō’s Ch'unhyang chŏn]. Pip'an 52 (December).Google Scholar
Ch'ijin, Yu. 1938a. “Ch'unhyang chŏn ŭi Tonggyŏng sangyŏng kwa kŭ pŏnan kakpon ŭi pip'yŏng 1,2,3” [The Tokyo performance of Ch'unhyang chŏn and the critique of its adaptation 1, 2, 3]. Chosǒn ilbo. February 24–26.Google Scholar
Ch'ijin, Yu. 1938b. “Shunkōden o miru—Shinkyō gekidan torai no igi” [Viewing Ch'unhyang chŏn—the significance of the cross-over of the Shinkyō Troupe]. Keijō nippō. October 27.Google Scholar
Atkins, E. Taylor. 2010. Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Baek, Moonim. 2001. Ch'unhyang ŭi ttaldul: Hanguk yŏsŏng ŭi pantchoktchari kyebohak [Daughters of Ch'unhyang: A stunted genealogy of Korean women]. Seoul: Ch'aek sesang.Google Scholar
Baskett, Michael. 2000. “The Attractive Empire: Colonial Asia in Japanese Imperial Film Culture, 1931–1953.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Baskett, Michael. 2008. Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi K. 1994. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Boym, Svetlana. 2001. The Future of Nostalgia. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Brandt, Kim. 2000. “Objects of Desire: Japanese Collectors and Colonial Korea.” Positions 8(3):711–40.Google Scholar
Brandt, Kim. 2007. Kingdom of Beauty: Mingei and the Politics of Folk Art in Imperial Japan. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Caprio, Mark. 2009. Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Sŭnggi, Cha. 2003. “1930 nyŏndae huban chŏnt'ong non yŏngu: sigan-konggan ŭisik ŭl chungsim ŭro” [Study on late-1930s discourses on tradition focusing on time-space consciousness]. PhD diss., Seoul: Yŏnse taehakkyo.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 1998. “Revisiting the Tradition/Modernity Binary.” In Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan, ed. Vlastos, Stephen, 286–97. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cho, Kwanja. 2003. “Nitchū sensōki no ‘Chōsengaku’ to ‘koten fukkō’—shokuminchi no ‘chi’ o tou” [Sino-Japanese wartime “Koreanology” and “classics revival”—questioning colonial “knowledge”]. Shisō (March):59–81.Google Scholar
Chŏng, Chonghyŏn. 2005. “Singminji hubangi (1937–1945) Hanguk munhak e nat'anan tongyang non yŏngu” [Study on the representations of the Orient in late-colonial Korean literature]. PhD diss., Seoul: Tongguk taehakkyo.Google Scholar
Chow, Rey. 1991. Woman and Chinese Modernity: The Politics of Reading Between West and East. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Christy, Alan. 1997. “Making Imperial Subjects in Okinawa.” In Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia. ed. Barlow, Tani E., 141–70. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dower, John W. 1986. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Duara, Prasenjit. 1995. Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Duus, Peter. 1995. Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Duus, Peter, Myers, Ramon Hawley, Peattie, Mark R., and Zhou, Wanyao. 1996. The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fujitani, Takashi. 2011. Race for Empire: Koreans as Japanese and Japanese as Americans During World War II. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hanawa, Yukiko, and Sakai, Naoki. 2001. Traces 1: Specters of the West and the Politics of Translation. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Harootunian, Harry D. 2000. Overcome by Modernity: History, Culture, and Community in Interwar Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric, and Ranger, Terence. 1992. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hwang, Jong-yon [Hwang, chong-yŏn]. 1988. “1930 nyŏndae kojŏn puhŭng undong ŭi munhaksajŏk ŭiŭi” [Significance in literary history of the classics revival movements of the 1930s]. Hanguk munhak yŏngu 11:217–60.Google Scholar
Chongguk, Im. 1966. Ch'inil Munhak non [On pro-Japanese literature]. Seoul: P'yŏnghwa ch'ulp'ansa.Google Scholar
Chŏnhye, Im. 1994. Nihon ni okeru Chōsenjin no bungaku no rekishi: Senkyūhyakushijūgonen made [The history of literature by Koreans in Japan—until 1945]. Tokyo: Hōsei Daigaku Shuppankyoku.Google Scholar
Minato, Kawamura. 1997. Manshū hōkai: Daitōa bungaku to sakkatachi [The collapse of Manchuria: Greater East Asia and its writers]. Tokyo: Bungei shunjū.Google Scholar
Kim, Elaine H., and Choi, Chung-moo, eds. 1998. Dangerous Women: Gender and Korean Nationalism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Takeshi, Komagome. 1996. Shokuminchi Teikoku Nihon no Bunka Tōgō [The integration of the cultures of the colony and imperial Japan]. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Krishnaswamy, Revathi. 2011. Effeminism: The Economy of Colonial Desire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Hyangjin. 2001. Contemporary Korean Cinema: Identity, Culture, and Politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Peter. 2010. “The Road to Ch'unhyang: A Reading of the Song of the Chaste Wife Ch'unhyang.” Azalea 3:257–376.Google Scholar
Liu, Lydia He. 1999. Tokens of Exchange: The Problem of Translation in Global Circulations. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Nakane, Takayuki. 2004. “Chōsen” hyōshono bunkashi: Kindai Nihon to tasha o meguru chi no shokuminchika” [Cultural anthropology of the image of Korea: The colonization of knowledge of the other]. Tokyo: Shinyōsha.Google Scholar
Norindr, Panivong. 1996. Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oguma, Eiji. 1995. Tan'itsu minzoku shinwa no kigen: “Nihonjin” no jigazō no keifu [The myth of the homogeneous nation: Genealogy of the Japanese self-image]. Tokyo: Shin'yōsha.Google Scholar
Oguma, Eiji. 1998. “Nihonjin” no kyōkai: Okinawa, Ainu, Taiwan, Chōsen, shokuminchi shihai kara fukki undō made [Boundaries of the Japanese: From colonial rule in Okinawa, Taiwan, and Korea until decolonization]. Tokyo: Shinʾyōsha.Google Scholar
Paek, Hyŏnmi. 2004. “Minjokchŏk chŏnt'ong kwa tongyangjŏk chŏnt'ong—1930nyŏndae huban Kyŏngsŏng kwa Tonggyŏng esŏ ŭi “Ch'unhyang chŏn” kongyŏn ŭl chungsim ŭro” [National tradition and East Asian tradition—on the performance of “Ch'unhyang chŏn” in late-1930s Kyŏngsŏng and Tokyo]. Hyŏndae Munhak Iron Yŏngu 23:213–45.Google Scholar
Pak, Yuha. 2013. Cheguk ŭi wianbu: Singminji chibae wa kiŏk ŭi t'ujaeng [The empire's comfort women: Imperial rule and the contestation of memory]. Seoul: Ppuri wa Ip'ari.Google Scholar
Robertson, Jennifer. 1998. Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato. 1989. “Imperialist Nostalgia.” Representation 26:107–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutt, Richard, and Kim, Chong-Un. 1979. Virtuous Women: Three Classic Korean Novels. Seoul: The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch.Google Scholar
Said, Edward. 1994. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Saaler, Sven, and Koschmann, J. Victor. 2007. Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History: Colonialism, Regionalism, and Borders. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schmid, Andre. 2002. Korea Between Empires, 1895–1919. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Shirakawa, Yutaka. 1995. Shokuminchiki Chōsen no sakka to Nihon [Colonial Korean writers and Japan]. Okayama: Daigaku kyōiku shuppan.Google Scholar
Soh, Chunghee Sarah. 2008. The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sŏl, Sŏnggyŏng. 2001. Ch'unhyang chŏn ŭi pimil [The mystery of Ch'unhyang chŏn]. Seoul: Seoul Taekkakyo Ch'ulp'anbu.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Stefan. 1993. Japan's Orient: Rendering Pasts into History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Vlastos, Stephen, ed. 1998. Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Yi, Sangt'aek, ed. 1997. Hanguk munhak ch'ongsŏ 2: Kojŏn sosŏl [Series on Korean literature 2: Classical fiction]. Seoul: Haenam.Google Scholar
Young, Louise. 1999. Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Young, Robert. 1995. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ujaku, Akita. 1938. “Kokyō e kaeru Shunkōden: yūgō shita futatsu no bunka no kōryū” [Ch'unhyang chŏn's homecoming: The exchange of two unified cultures]. Keijō nippō. October 9.Google Scholar
Hyŏkchu, Chang. 1938a. “Shunkōden.” Shinchō 35(3) (August).Google Scholar
Hyŏkchu, Chang. 1938b, 1941. Shunkōden. Tokyo: Shinchōsha.Google Scholar
Hyŏkchu, Chang. 1939. “Chōsen no chishikijin ni uttau” [An appeal to Korean intellectuals]. Bungei (February):225–39.Google Scholar
“Chōsen no inshō: Kangsŏ, Kyŏngju, Namwŏn, nado.” 1938. Chōsen oyobi manshū 368 (July).Google Scholar
Maeil sinbo. 1938. October 22.Google Scholar
Tomoyoshi, Murayama. 1938a. “Chōsen to no Kōryū” [Exchanges with colonial Korea]. Asahi shinbun. September 15.Google Scholar
Tomoyoshi, Murayama. 1938b. “Shunkōden no Chikuji jōen ni tsuite” [About the Chikuji theater performance of Shunkōden]. Chōsen oyobi manshū 364 (March).Google Scholar
Tomoyoshi, Murayama. 1938c. “Shunkōden yodan: Keijō demo jōen shitai” [Musings on Shunkōden: I want to show it in Keijō too]. Keijō nippō. May 31.Google Scholar
Murayama Tomoyoshi, et al. 1938. “Eigaka sareru Shunkōden zadankai” [The making of the movie Shunkōden, roundtable discussion]. Keijō nippō. June 9.Google Scholar
Yi Wŏnjo, et al. 1938. “Shinhyŏp Ch'unhyang chŏn chwadamhoe” [Roundtable on Shinkyō’s Ch'unhyang chŏn]. Pip'an 52 (December).Google Scholar
Ch'ijin, Yu. 1938a. “Ch'unhyang chŏn ŭi Tonggyŏng sangyŏng kwa kŭ pŏnan kakpon ŭi pip'yŏng 1,2,3” [The Tokyo performance of Ch'unhyang chŏn and the critique of its adaptation 1, 2, 3]. Chosǒn ilbo. February 24–26.Google Scholar
Ch'ijin, Yu. 1938b. “Shunkōden o miru—Shinkyō gekidan torai no igi” [Viewing Ch'unhyang chŏn—the significance of the cross-over of the Shinkyō Troupe]. Keijō nippō. October 27.Google Scholar
Atkins, E. Taylor. 2010. Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Baek, Moonim. 2001. Ch'unhyang ŭi ttaldul: Hanguk yŏsŏng ŭi pantchoktchari kyebohak [Daughters of Ch'unhyang: A stunted genealogy of Korean women]. Seoul: Ch'aek sesang.Google Scholar
Baskett, Michael. 2000. “The Attractive Empire: Colonial Asia in Japanese Imperial Film Culture, 1931–1953.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Baskett, Michael. 2008. Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi K. 1994. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Boym, Svetlana. 2001. The Future of Nostalgia. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Brandt, Kim. 2000. “Objects of Desire: Japanese Collectors and Colonial Korea.” Positions 8(3):711–40.Google Scholar
Brandt, Kim. 2007. Kingdom of Beauty: Mingei and the Politics of Folk Art in Imperial Japan. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Caprio, Mark. 2009. Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Sŭnggi, Cha. 2003. “1930 nyŏndae huban chŏnt'ong non yŏngu: sigan-konggan ŭisik ŭl chungsim ŭro” [Study on late-1930s discourses on tradition focusing on time-space consciousness]. PhD diss., Seoul: Yŏnse taehakkyo.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 1998. “Revisiting the Tradition/Modernity Binary.” In Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan, ed. Vlastos, Stephen, 286–97. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cho, Kwanja. 2003. “Nitchū sensōki no ‘Chōsengaku’ to ‘koten fukkō’—shokuminchi no ‘chi’ o tou” [Sino-Japanese wartime “Koreanology” and “classics revival”—questioning colonial “knowledge”]. Shisō (March):59–81.Google Scholar
Chŏng, Chonghyŏn. 2005. “Singminji hubangi (1937–1945) Hanguk munhak e nat'anan tongyang non yŏngu” [Study on the representations of the Orient in late-colonial Korean literature]. PhD diss., Seoul: Tongguk taehakkyo.Google Scholar
Chow, Rey. 1991. Woman and Chinese Modernity: The Politics of Reading Between West and East. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Christy, Alan. 1997. “Making Imperial Subjects in Okinawa.” In Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia. ed. Barlow, Tani E., 141–70. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dower, John W. 1986. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Duara, Prasenjit. 1995. Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Duus, Peter. 1995. Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Duus, Peter, Myers, Ramon Hawley, Peattie, Mark R., and Zhou, Wanyao. 1996. The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fujitani, Takashi. 2011. Race for Empire: Koreans as Japanese and Japanese as Americans During World War II. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hanawa, Yukiko, and Sakai, Naoki. 2001. Traces 1: Specters of the West and the Politics of Translation. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Harootunian, Harry D. 2000. Overcome by Modernity: History, Culture, and Community in Interwar Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric, and Ranger, Terence. 1992. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hwang, Jong-yon [Hwang, chong-yŏn]. 1988. “1930 nyŏndae kojŏn puhŭng undong ŭi munhaksajŏk ŭiŭi” [Significance in literary history of the classics revival movements of the 1930s]. Hanguk munhak yŏngu 11:217–60.Google Scholar
Chongguk, Im. 1966. Ch'inil Munhak non [On pro-Japanese literature]. Seoul: P'yŏnghwa ch'ulp'ansa.Google Scholar
Chŏnhye, Im. 1994. Nihon ni okeru Chōsenjin no bungaku no rekishi: Senkyūhyakushijūgonen made [The history of literature by Koreans in Japan—until 1945]. Tokyo: Hōsei Daigaku Shuppankyoku.Google Scholar
Minato, Kawamura. 1997. Manshū hōkai: Daitōa bungaku to sakkatachi [The collapse of Manchuria: Greater East Asia and its writers]. Tokyo: Bungei shunjū.Google Scholar
Kim, Elaine H., and Choi, Chung-moo, eds. 1998. Dangerous Women: Gender and Korean Nationalism. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Takeshi, Komagome. 1996. Shokuminchi Teikoku Nihon no Bunka Tōgō [The integration of the cultures of the colony and imperial Japan]. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Krishnaswamy, Revathi. 2011. Effeminism: The Economy of Colonial Desire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Hyangjin. 2001. Contemporary Korean Cinema: Identity, Culture, and Politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Peter. 2010. “The Road to Ch'unhyang: A Reading of the Song of the Chaste Wife Ch'unhyang.” Azalea 3:257–376.Google Scholar
Liu, Lydia He. 1999. Tokens of Exchange: The Problem of Translation in Global Circulations. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Nakane, Takayuki. 2004. “Chōsen” hyōshono bunkashi: Kindai Nihon to tasha o meguru chi no shokuminchika” [Cultural anthropology of the image of Korea: The colonization of knowledge of the other]. Tokyo: Shinyōsha.Google Scholar
Norindr, Panivong. 1996. Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oguma, Eiji. 1995. Tan'itsu minzoku shinwa no kigen: “Nihonjin” no jigazō no keifu [The myth of the homogeneous nation: Genealogy of the Japanese self-image]. Tokyo: Shin'yōsha.Google Scholar
Oguma, Eiji. 1998. “Nihonjin” no kyōkai: Okinawa, Ainu, Taiwan, Chōsen, shokuminchi shihai kara fukki undō made [Boundaries of the Japanese: From colonial rule in Okinawa, Taiwan, and Korea until decolonization]. Tokyo: Shinʾyōsha.Google Scholar
Paek, Hyŏnmi. 2004. “Minjokchŏk chŏnt'ong kwa tongyangjŏk chŏnt'ong—1930nyŏndae huban Kyŏngsŏng kwa Tonggyŏng esŏ ŭi “Ch'unhyang chŏn” kongyŏn ŭl chungsim ŭro” [National tradition and East Asian tradition—on the performance of “Ch'unhyang chŏn” in late-1930s Kyŏngsŏng and Tokyo]. Hyŏndae Munhak Iron Yŏngu 23:213–45.Google Scholar
Pak, Yuha. 2013. Cheguk ŭi wianbu: Singminji chibae wa kiŏk ŭi t'ujaeng [The empire's comfort women: Imperial rule and the contestation of memory]. Seoul: Ppuri wa Ip'ari.Google Scholar
Robertson, Jennifer. 1998. Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato. 1989. “Imperialist Nostalgia.” Representation 26:107–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutt, Richard, and Kim, Chong-Un. 1979. Virtuous Women: Three Classic Korean Novels. Seoul: The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch.Google Scholar
Said, Edward. 1994. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Saaler, Sven, and Koschmann, J. Victor. 2007. Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History: Colonialism, Regionalism, and Borders. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schmid, Andre. 2002. Korea Between Empires, 1895–1919. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Shirakawa, Yutaka. 1995. Shokuminchiki Chōsen no sakka to Nihon [Colonial Korean writers and Japan]. Okayama: Daigaku kyōiku shuppan.Google Scholar
Soh, Chunghee Sarah. 2008. The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sŏl, Sŏnggyŏng. 2001. Ch'unhyang chŏn ŭi pimil [The mystery of Ch'unhyang chŏn]. Seoul: Seoul Taekkakyo Ch'ulp'anbu.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Stefan. 1993. Japan's Orient: Rendering Pasts into History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Vlastos, Stephen, ed. 1998. Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Yi, Sangt'aek, ed. 1997. Hanguk munhak ch'ongsŏ 2: Kojŏn sosŏl [Series on Korean literature 2: Classical fiction]. Seoul: Haenam.Google Scholar
Young, Louise. 1999. Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Young, Robert. 1995. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race. London: Routledge.Google Scholar