Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T15:47:12.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Translation in the Zone of the Dubash: Colonial Mediations of Anuvāda

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2017

Brian A. Hatcher
Brian A. Hatcher*
Affiliation:
Brian A. Hatcher ([email protected]) is Professor and Packard Chair of Theology in the Department of Religion at Tufts University.
Get access

Abstract

Responding to recent critical reflection on the concept of anuvāda within the fields of translation studies and South Asian literary cultures, this article explores the complex colonial mediations shaping modern Bengali understandings of the term. The goal is to situate the production of new meanings of anuvāda within the zone of the Dubash, a phrase used here to conjure the highly mediated space of vernacular translation as practiced by Bengali intellectuals under colonial rule. This article argues that if we wish to employ anuvāda as a tool for rethinking the meaning and practice of translation, we must first attend to the processes that transformed the norms and goals of textual transmission in the colonial era. In the end we can hope not only to enrich our understanding of South Asian translational practices but also to appreciate the role played by translation in the story of literary modernity in Bengal.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 76 , Issue 1 , February 2017 , pp. 107 - 134
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Bopadeva. 1818. Mugdhabodha [Instruction for the ignorant]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Kavirāja, Rāmakṛṣṇa. 1846. Dharmapustaka pāṭhopakāraka [Companion to the Bible]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Munśī, Caṇḍīcaraṇa. 1805. Totā itihāsa [Tales of the parrot]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Nyāyālaṅkāra, Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa. 1830. Hitopadeśa [Beneficial instruction]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Nyāyapañcānana, Jadunātha. 1859. Vālmikīya Rāmāyaṇa [The Ramayana of Valmiki]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Rāya, Haraprasāda. 1815. Puruṣa-parīkṣā [The test of a man]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Rāya, Rāmamohana. 1815. Vedāntagrantha [The book of Vedanta]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Rāya, Rāmamohana. 1845. Vājasaneya-saṃhitopaniṣader bhāṣā vivaraṇa [Commentary on the Upaniṣad of the Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Śarmā, Golokanātha. 1801. Hitopadeśa [Beneficial instruction]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Sena, Rāmakamala. 1820. Hitopadeśa [Beneficial instruction]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkālaṅkāra, Jaganamohana. 1878. Parāśara saṃhitā [The law treatise of Parāśara]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkālaṅkāra, Jayagopāla. 1817. Bilvamaṅgala [Poems by Bilvamaṅgala]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkālaṅkāra, Madanamohana. 1834. Rasataraṅgiṇī [Waves of poetic delight]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkālaṅkāra, Madanamohana. 1836. Vasavadattā [A love tale by Subandhu]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkavāgīśa, Gaurīśaṅkara. 1835. Bhagavadgītā [Song of the Lord]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkavāgīśa, Rāmataraṇa. 1879. Mitākṣara [Hindu law of inheritance]. Burdwan.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkāra, Mṛtyuñjaya. 1802. Batriś Siṃhāsana [Thirty-two tales of King Vikramāditya]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkāra, Mṛtyuñjaya. 1808a. Hitopadeśa [Beneficial instruction]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkāra, Mṛtyuñjaya. 1808b. Rājāvalī [History of India]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkāra, Mṛtyuñjaya. 1818. Batriś Siṃhāsana [Thirty-two tales of King Vikramāditya]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkara, Rāmacandra. 1824. Ānandalaharī [Songs of bliss]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkara, Rāmacandra. 1862. Ānandalaharī [Songs of bliss]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1846. Betāla pañcaviṃśati [Twenty-five tales of the vampire]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Apter, Emily. 2006. The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bandyopādhyāya, Haricaraṇa, ed. 1978. Baṅgīya śabdakośa [Dictionary of Bengali]. 2 vols. New Delhi: Sahitya akademi.Google Scholar
Bassnett, Susan, and Trivedi, Harish. 1999. “Introduction.” In Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice, eds. Bassnett, Susan and Trivedi, Harish, 1–18. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bhaṭṭācārya, Āśutoṣa. 1964. Bāṅglā maṅgalakāvyer itihāsa [History of Bengali maṅgalakāvya]. 4th ed. Calcutta: A. Mukherjee and Co.Google Scholar
Blumhardt, J. F., ed. 1905. Catalogue of the Library of the India Office, Vol. II, Part IV: Bengali, Oriya and Assamese Books. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.Google Scholar
Bronner, Yigal. 2010. Extreme Poetry: The South Asian Movement of Simultaneous Narration. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Callewaert, W., and Hemraj, S.. 1983. Bhagavadgītānuvāda: A Study in Transcultural Translation. New Delhi: Biblia Impex.Google Scholar
Caṭṭopādhyāya, Baṅkimcandra. 1985. Baṅkim-racanāvalī [The collected works of Bankim]. Edited by Bāgal, J. C.. 2 vols. Calcutta: Sāhitya saṃsad.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, Rosinka. 2009. “Reading Bharatchandra: Literary Language and the Figuration of Modernity in Bengal (1822–1858).” Interventions 11(3):316–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S. 1996. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Copeland, Rita. 1991. Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dāsa, Sajanīkānta. 1940. “Bāṅglār gadyer prathama yuga (part 11)” [The first age of Bengali prose (part 11)]. Sāhitya-pariṣad patrikā 47(3):133–41.Google Scholar
De, S. K. 1962. Bengali Literature in the Nineteenth Century (1757–1857). 2nd ed. Calcutta: Firma KLM.Google Scholar
Devy, Ganesh. 1999. “Translation and Literary History: An Indian View.” In Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice, eds. Bassnett, Susan and Trivedi, Harish, 182–88. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dodson, Michael S. 2007. Orientalism, Empire, and National Culture: India, 1770–1880. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dutt, Romesh Chunder. 1895. The Literature of Bengal: A Biographical and Critical History from the Earliest Times, Closing with a Review of Intellectual Progress under British Rule in India. London: A. Constable & Co.Google Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. 2005. “What's Become of the Pandit? Rethinking the History of Sanskrit Scholars in Colonial Bengal.” Modern Asian Studies 39(3):683–723.Google Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. 2007. “Sanskrit and the Morning After: The Metaphorics and Theory of Intellectual Change.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 44(3):333–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. 2010. “Sastric Modernity: Mediating Sastric Knowledge in Colonial Bengal.” In Modernities in Asian Perspective: Polity, Society, Culture, Economy, ed. Bandyopadhyay, Kausik, 117–51. Kolkata: Setu prakashani.Google Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. 2012. “Pandits at Work: The Modern Sastric Imaginary in Early Colonial Bengal.” In Trans-Colonial Modernities in South Asia, eds. Dodson, Michael S. and Hatcher, Brian A., 45–67. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. Forthcoming. “Imitation, Then and Now: On the Emergence of Philanthropy in Early Colonial Calcutta.” Modern Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Kane, P. V. 1930. History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law). 4 vols. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.Google Scholar
Kaviraj, Sudipto. 2005. “The Sudden Death of Sanskrit Knowledge.” Journal of Indian Philosophy 33:119–42.Google Scholar
Kavirāja, Kṛṣṇadāsa. 1985. Kṛṣṇadāsa Viracita Śrī Śrī Caitanyacaritāmrita [The Caitanyacaritāmrita Kṛṣṇadāsa] . Edited by Sena, Sukumāra and Mukhopādhyāya, Tārāpada. Calcutta: Ānanda Publishing.Google Scholar
Kavirāja, Kṛṣṇadāsa. 1999. Caitanya-Caritamrita of Krishnadasa Kaviraja. Translated by Dimock, Edward C.. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kopf, David. 1969. British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773–1835. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Liu, Lydia. 1995. Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity—China, 1900–1937. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
McCrea, Lawrence. 2004. “Mahimabhaṭṭa's Analysis of Poetic Flaws.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 124(1):77–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrill, Christi. 2009a. “The After-lives of Panditry: Rethinking Fidelity in Sacred Texts with Multiple Origins.” In Decentering Translation Studies: India and Beyond, eds. Wakabayashi, Judy and Kothari, Rita, 75–94. Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing.Google Scholar
Merrill, Christi. 2009b. Riddles of Belonging: India in Translation and Other Tales of Possession. New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Lisa. 2005. “Parallel Languages, Parallel Cultures: Language as a New Foundation for the Reorganisation of Knowledge and Practice in Southern India.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 42(4):445–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Lisa. 2006. “Making the Local Foreign: Shared Language and History in Southern India.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 16(2):229–48.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Lisa. 2009. Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Moretti, Franco. 1998. Atlas of the European Novel: 1800–1900. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Niranjana, Tejaswini. 1992. Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism and the Colonial Context. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Nyāyaratna, Rāmagati. [1872] 1991. Bāṅgālā Bhāṣā o Bāṅgālā Sāhityaviṣayaka prastāva [Remarks on Bengali language and literature], ed. Bandyopadhyay, Asit Kumar. Calcutta: Supreme Book Distributors.Google Scholar
Pāl, Nimāicandra, ed. 2005. Madanmohan Tarkālaṅkāra granthāvalī [The collected works of Madanmohan Tarkālaṅkāra]. Kolkata: Śrībalarāma prakāśanī.Google Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon. 2001. “The Death of Sanskrit.” Comparative Studies of Society and History 43(2):392–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon, ed. 2003. Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon 2006. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pratt, Mary Louise. 2008. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transformation. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Raman, Bhavani. 2012. Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Renou, Louis. 1942. Terminologie grammaticale du Sanskrit [Grammatical terminology of Sanskrit] . Part 1. Paris: Édouard Champion.Google Scholar
Ricci, Ronit. 2011. Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, Bruce C. 1995. Raja Rammohun Roy: The Father of Modern India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rocher, Ludo, trans. 2002. Jīmutavāhana's Dāyabhāga: The Hindu Law of Inheritance in Bengal. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rocher, Rosane. 2007. “Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the Marginalization of Indian Pandits.” In Pramāṇakīrtiḥ: Papers Dedicated to Ernst Steinkellner on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, eds. Kellner, Birgit et al. , 237–56. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien.Google Scholar
Roy, Rammohun. 1973. Rāmamohana racanāvalī [Collected works of Rammohun]. Edited by A. K. Ghoṣa. Kolkata: Haraph Prakāśanī. Google Scholar
Roy, Rammohun. 1906. The English Works of Raja Rammohun Roy with an English Translation of “Tufatul muwahhiddin.” Allahabad: Panini Office.Google Scholar
Schulte, Rainer, and Biguenet, John, eds. 1992. Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sen, Dīnabandhu. 1891. Sacitra śambhu ratnākara vā Śiva Vālmīkir kathopakathan [Conversation between Siva and Vālmīki, with illustrations]. Calcutta: J. M. Seth.Google Scholar
Sen, Dīneśacandra. [1896] 2002. Baṅgabhāṣā o sāhitya [ Bengali language and literature ] . Vol. 2. Edited by Bandyopādhyāya, Asitkumāra. Calcutta: West Bengal School Book Board.Google Scholar
Stewart, Tony K. 1994. “One Text from Many: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta as ‘Classic’ and ‘Commentary.’” In According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India, eds. Callewaert, Winand M. and Snell, Rupert, 229–56. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasowitz.Google Scholar
Stewart, Tony K. 2010. The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta and the Grammar of Religious Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tagore, Rabindranath. 2003. The Lover of God: Rabindranath Tagore. Translated by Stewart, Tony K. and Twitchell, Chase. Port Townsend, Wash.: Copper Canyon Press.Google Scholar
Trautmann, Thomas. 2006. Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Trivedi, Harish. 2003. “The Progress of Hindi, Part 2: Hindi and the Nation.” In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, ed. Pollock, Sheldon, 958–1022. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Venuti, Lawrence. 1993. “Translation as Cultural Politics: Regimes of Domestication in English.” Textual Practice 7(2):208–23.Google Scholar
Venuti, Lawrence. 1998. The Scandals of Translation: Toward an Ethics of Difference. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. “Translation, Community, Utopia.” In The Translation Studies Reader, ed. Venuti, Lawrence, 468–88. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1855. Vidhavā-vivāha pracalita haoyā ucita ki nā etadviṣayaka prastāva [A proposal concerning whether or not widow marriage should be promoted]. Calcutta. Reprinted in Vidyāsāgara (1939).Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1856. The Marriage of Hindu Widows. Calcutta: Sanskrit Press.Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1939. Vidyāsāgara-granthāvalī [The collected works of Vidyāsāgara]. Edited by Caṭṭopādhyaya, Sunītikumāra et al. Calcutta: Ranjan Publishing.Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1972. Vidyāsāgara racana-saṃgraha [The collected works of Vidyāsāgara]. Edited by Hāldāra, Gopāla. 3 vols. Calcutta: Paścim Baṅga nirakṣaratā durīkaraṇa samiti.Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 2012. Hindu Widow Marriage: An Epochal Work on Social Reform from Colonial India. Translated by Hatcher, Brian A.. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Waghorne, Joanne P. 2005. Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle Class World. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, H. H. 1850. A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms and of Useful Words Occurring in Official Documents. London: W. H. Allen and Co.Google Scholar
Yule, Henry, and Burnell, A. C.. 1903. Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian and Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. New ed. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Bopadeva. 1818. Mugdhabodha [Instruction for the ignorant]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Kavirāja, Rāmakṛṣṇa. 1846. Dharmapustaka pāṭhopakāraka [Companion to the Bible]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Munśī, Caṇḍīcaraṇa. 1805. Totā itihāsa [Tales of the parrot]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Nyāyālaṅkāra, Lakṣmīnārāyaṇa. 1830. Hitopadeśa [Beneficial instruction]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Nyāyapañcānana, Jadunātha. 1859. Vālmikīya Rāmāyaṇa [The Ramayana of Valmiki]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Rāya, Haraprasāda. 1815. Puruṣa-parīkṣā [The test of a man]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Rāya, Rāmamohana. 1815. Vedāntagrantha [The book of Vedanta]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Rāya, Rāmamohana. 1845. Vājasaneya-saṃhitopaniṣader bhāṣā vivaraṇa [Commentary on the Upaniṣad of the Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Śarmā, Golokanātha. 1801. Hitopadeśa [Beneficial instruction]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Sena, Rāmakamala. 1820. Hitopadeśa [Beneficial instruction]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkālaṅkāra, Jaganamohana. 1878. Parāśara saṃhitā [The law treatise of Parāśara]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkālaṅkāra, Jayagopāla. 1817. Bilvamaṅgala [Poems by Bilvamaṅgala]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkālaṅkāra, Madanamohana. 1834. Rasataraṅgiṇī [Waves of poetic delight]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkālaṅkāra, Madanamohana. 1836. Vasavadattā [A love tale by Subandhu]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkavāgīśa, Gaurīśaṅkara. 1835. Bhagavadgītā [Song of the Lord]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Tarkavāgīśa, Rāmataraṇa. 1879. Mitākṣara [Hindu law of inheritance]. Burdwan.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkāra, Mṛtyuñjaya. 1802. Batriś Siṃhāsana [Thirty-two tales of King Vikramāditya]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkāra, Mṛtyuñjaya. 1808a. Hitopadeśa [Beneficial instruction]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkāra, Mṛtyuñjaya. 1808b. Rājāvalī [History of India]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkāra, Mṛtyuñjaya. 1818. Batriś Siṃhāsana [Thirty-two tales of King Vikramāditya]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkara, Rāmacandra. 1824. Ānandalaharī [Songs of bliss]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyālaṅkara, Rāmacandra. 1862. Ānandalaharī [Songs of bliss]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1846. Betāla pañcaviṃśati [Twenty-five tales of the vampire]. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Apter, Emily. 2006. The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bandyopādhyāya, Haricaraṇa, ed. 1978. Baṅgīya śabdakośa [Dictionary of Bengali]. 2 vols. New Delhi: Sahitya akademi.Google Scholar
Bassnett, Susan, and Trivedi, Harish. 1999. “Introduction.” In Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice, eds. Bassnett, Susan and Trivedi, Harish, 1–18. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bhaṭṭācārya, Āśutoṣa. 1964. Bāṅglā maṅgalakāvyer itihāsa [History of Bengali maṅgalakāvya]. 4th ed. Calcutta: A. Mukherjee and Co.Google Scholar
Blumhardt, J. F., ed. 1905. Catalogue of the Library of the India Office, Vol. II, Part IV: Bengali, Oriya and Assamese Books. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.Google Scholar
Bronner, Yigal. 2010. Extreme Poetry: The South Asian Movement of Simultaneous Narration. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Callewaert, W., and Hemraj, S.. 1983. Bhagavadgītānuvāda: A Study in Transcultural Translation. New Delhi: Biblia Impex.Google Scholar
Caṭṭopādhyāya, Baṅkimcandra. 1985. Baṅkim-racanāvalī [The collected works of Bankim]. Edited by Bāgal, J. C.. 2 vols. Calcutta: Sāhitya saṃsad.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, Rosinka. 2009. “Reading Bharatchandra: Literary Language and the Figuration of Modernity in Bengal (1822–1858).” Interventions 11(3):316–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S. 1996. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Copeland, Rita. 1991. Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dāsa, Sajanīkānta. 1940. “Bāṅglār gadyer prathama yuga (part 11)” [The first age of Bengali prose (part 11)]. Sāhitya-pariṣad patrikā 47(3):133–41.Google Scholar
De, S. K. 1962. Bengali Literature in the Nineteenth Century (1757–1857). 2nd ed. Calcutta: Firma KLM.Google Scholar
Devy, Ganesh. 1999. “Translation and Literary History: An Indian View.” In Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice, eds. Bassnett, Susan and Trivedi, Harish, 182–88. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dodson, Michael S. 2007. Orientalism, Empire, and National Culture: India, 1770–1880. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dutt, Romesh Chunder. 1895. The Literature of Bengal: A Biographical and Critical History from the Earliest Times, Closing with a Review of Intellectual Progress under British Rule in India. London: A. Constable & Co.Google Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. 2005. “What's Become of the Pandit? Rethinking the History of Sanskrit Scholars in Colonial Bengal.” Modern Asian Studies 39(3):683–723.Google Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. 2007. “Sanskrit and the Morning After: The Metaphorics and Theory of Intellectual Change.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 44(3):333–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. 2010. “Sastric Modernity: Mediating Sastric Knowledge in Colonial Bengal.” In Modernities in Asian Perspective: Polity, Society, Culture, Economy, ed. Bandyopadhyay, Kausik, 117–51. Kolkata: Setu prakashani.Google Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. 2012. “Pandits at Work: The Modern Sastric Imaginary in Early Colonial Bengal.” In Trans-Colonial Modernities in South Asia, eds. Dodson, Michael S. and Hatcher, Brian A., 45–67. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hatcher, Brian A. Forthcoming. “Imitation, Then and Now: On the Emergence of Philanthropy in Early Colonial Calcutta.” Modern Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Kane, P. V. 1930. History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law). 4 vols. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.Google Scholar
Kaviraj, Sudipto. 2005. “The Sudden Death of Sanskrit Knowledge.” Journal of Indian Philosophy 33:119–42.Google Scholar
Kavirāja, Kṛṣṇadāsa. 1985. Kṛṣṇadāsa Viracita Śrī Śrī Caitanyacaritāmrita [The Caitanyacaritāmrita Kṛṣṇadāsa] . Edited by Sena, Sukumāra and Mukhopādhyāya, Tārāpada. Calcutta: Ānanda Publishing.Google Scholar
Kavirāja, Kṛṣṇadāsa. 1999. Caitanya-Caritamrita of Krishnadasa Kaviraja. Translated by Dimock, Edward C.. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kopf, David. 1969. British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773–1835. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Liu, Lydia. 1995. Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity—China, 1900–1937. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
McCrea, Lawrence. 2004. “Mahimabhaṭṭa's Analysis of Poetic Flaws.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 124(1):77–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrill, Christi. 2009a. “The After-lives of Panditry: Rethinking Fidelity in Sacred Texts with Multiple Origins.” In Decentering Translation Studies: India and Beyond, eds. Wakabayashi, Judy and Kothari, Rita, 75–94. Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing.Google Scholar
Merrill, Christi. 2009b. Riddles of Belonging: India in Translation and Other Tales of Possession. New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Lisa. 2005. “Parallel Languages, Parallel Cultures: Language as a New Foundation for the Reorganisation of Knowledge and Practice in Southern India.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 42(4):445–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Lisa. 2006. “Making the Local Foreign: Shared Language and History in Southern India.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 16(2):229–48.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Lisa. 2009. Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Moretti, Franco. 1998. Atlas of the European Novel: 1800–1900. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Niranjana, Tejaswini. 1992. Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism and the Colonial Context. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Nyāyaratna, Rāmagati. [1872] 1991. Bāṅgālā Bhāṣā o Bāṅgālā Sāhityaviṣayaka prastāva [Remarks on Bengali language and literature], ed. Bandyopadhyay, Asit Kumar. Calcutta: Supreme Book Distributors.Google Scholar
Pāl, Nimāicandra, ed. 2005. Madanmohan Tarkālaṅkāra granthāvalī [The collected works of Madanmohan Tarkālaṅkāra]. Kolkata: Śrībalarāma prakāśanī.Google Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon. 2001. “The Death of Sanskrit.” Comparative Studies of Society and History 43(2):392–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon, ed. 2003. Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon 2006. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pratt, Mary Louise. 2008. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transformation. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Raman, Bhavani. 2012. Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Renou, Louis. 1942. Terminologie grammaticale du Sanskrit [Grammatical terminology of Sanskrit] . Part 1. Paris: Édouard Champion.Google Scholar
Ricci, Ronit. 2011. Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, Bruce C. 1995. Raja Rammohun Roy: The Father of Modern India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rocher, Ludo, trans. 2002. Jīmutavāhana's Dāyabhāga: The Hindu Law of Inheritance in Bengal. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rocher, Rosane. 2007. “Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the Marginalization of Indian Pandits.” In Pramāṇakīrtiḥ: Papers Dedicated to Ernst Steinkellner on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, eds. Kellner, Birgit et al. , 237–56. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien.Google Scholar
Roy, Rammohun. 1973. Rāmamohana racanāvalī [Collected works of Rammohun]. Edited by A. K. Ghoṣa. Kolkata: Haraph Prakāśanī. Google Scholar
Roy, Rammohun. 1906. The English Works of Raja Rammohun Roy with an English Translation of “Tufatul muwahhiddin.” Allahabad: Panini Office.Google Scholar
Schulte, Rainer, and Biguenet, John, eds. 1992. Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sen, Dīnabandhu. 1891. Sacitra śambhu ratnākara vā Śiva Vālmīkir kathopakathan [Conversation between Siva and Vālmīki, with illustrations]. Calcutta: J. M. Seth.Google Scholar
Sen, Dīneśacandra. [1896] 2002. Baṅgabhāṣā o sāhitya [ Bengali language and literature ] . Vol. 2. Edited by Bandyopādhyāya, Asitkumāra. Calcutta: West Bengal School Book Board.Google Scholar
Stewart, Tony K. 1994. “One Text from Many: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta as ‘Classic’ and ‘Commentary.’” In According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India, eds. Callewaert, Winand M. and Snell, Rupert, 229–56. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasowitz.Google Scholar
Stewart, Tony K. 2010. The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta and the Grammar of Religious Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tagore, Rabindranath. 2003. The Lover of God: Rabindranath Tagore. Translated by Stewart, Tony K. and Twitchell, Chase. Port Townsend, Wash.: Copper Canyon Press.Google Scholar
Trautmann, Thomas. 2006. Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Trivedi, Harish. 2003. “The Progress of Hindi, Part 2: Hindi and the Nation.” In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, ed. Pollock, Sheldon, 958–1022. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Venuti, Lawrence. 1993. “Translation as Cultural Politics: Regimes of Domestication in English.” Textual Practice 7(2):208–23.Google Scholar
Venuti, Lawrence. 1998. The Scandals of Translation: Toward an Ethics of Difference. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. “Translation, Community, Utopia.” In The Translation Studies Reader, ed. Venuti, Lawrence, 468–88. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1855. Vidhavā-vivāha pracalita haoyā ucita ki nā etadviṣayaka prastāva [A proposal concerning whether or not widow marriage should be promoted]. Calcutta. Reprinted in Vidyāsāgara (1939).Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1856. The Marriage of Hindu Widows. Calcutta: Sanskrit Press.Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1939. Vidyāsāgara-granthāvalī [The collected works of Vidyāsāgara]. Edited by Caṭṭopādhyaya, Sunītikumāra et al. Calcutta: Ranjan Publishing.Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 1972. Vidyāsāgara racana-saṃgraha [The collected works of Vidyāsāgara]. Edited by Hāldāra, Gopāla. 3 vols. Calcutta: Paścim Baṅga nirakṣaratā durīkaraṇa samiti.Google Scholar
Vidyāsāgara, Īśvaracandra. 2012. Hindu Widow Marriage: An Epochal Work on Social Reform from Colonial India. Translated by Hatcher, Brian A.. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Waghorne, Joanne P. 2005. Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle Class World. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, H. H. 1850. A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms and of Useful Words Occurring in Official Documents. London: W. H. Allen and Co.Google Scholar
Yule, Henry, and Burnell, A. C.. 1903. Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian and Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. New ed. London: John Murray.Google Scholar