Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T05:45:24.209Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Suffragist Women, Corrupt Officials, and Waste Control in Prewar Japan: Two Plays by Kaneko Shigeri

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2009

Mariko Asano Tamanoi
Get access

Abstract

Through the reading of two plays written by Kaneko Shigeri, this article examines the way in which Japanese suffragist women, who actively participated in the local governance of Tokyo in prewar Japan, joined in the production of two mutually related sets of discourses on democracy and waste control. Relying on the idea of “purity” (jôka), these women gendered the discourse of democracy along the divide of “pure” women and “impure” men, and succeeded, to a certain extent, in eliminating corrupt officials from the Tokyo prefectural and city assemblies. Yet their efforts to control waste, which was dumped on the residents of Fukagawa Ward in lowland Tokyo, largely failed, for suffragist women hardly paid attention to the intricate relationships among gender, class, and space in Greater Tokyo. This article aims to reveal the limit of the ideas of democracy and environment shared among the suffragist women in prewar Japan.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 68 , Issue 3 , August 2009 , pp. 805 - 834
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

1.“Gomiyakiba kengaku” [The inspection tour of the waste disposal factory]. 1933. Fusen 7 (6): 30–33.Google Scholar
2.“Roku dai toshi kômin-ken mondai” [The problem of civil rights in the six major cities of Japan]. 1930. Fusen 4 (2): 13.Google Scholar
3.“Tokyo-shi no gigoku” [Political scandals in Tokyo city]. 1933. Fusen 7 (3): 44–45.Google Scholar
4. “Tokyo shikai senkyo ni taisuru kakutoku dômei no katsudô” [The activities of the Women's Suffrage League at the time of the election for Tokyo city assembly]. 1929. Fusen 3 (3): 2–3.Google Scholar
5. “Tokyo fujin shisei jôka ren'mei no katsudô” [The activities of the Women's League for Purifying Tokyo City Politics]. 1933. Fusen 7 (4): 15–19.Google Scholar
6. “Fusen zadan-kai” [The roundtable discussion of suffragists]. 1930. Fusen 4 (1): 21–30.Google Scholar
7. “Kasen jôka to kenkô shûkan” [The purification of rivers and the health week]. 1935. Fusen 9 (11): 28–29.Google Scholar
8. “Shôdoku-jô to densen byôin iki” [The visits to the sterilization area and the hospital wards for infectious diseases]. 1933. Fusen 7 (8): 36–39.Google Scholar
9. “Seisô-ka no seisô” [The cleaning of the sanitation department's office]. 1933. Fusen 7 (7): 44–45.Google Scholar
10.“Busshitsu katsuyô narabi ni shôhi setsuyaku no kihon hôsaku” [Fundamental policy on reducing consumption through the recycling of resources]. 1939. Fusen [renamed Josei Tenbô] 13 (6): 172.Google Scholar
Bacon, Alice Mabel. 1902. Japanese Girls and Women. London: Kegan Paul, 2001.Google Scholar
Ben-Ari, Eyal. 1990. “A Bureaucrat in Every Japanese Kitchen: On Cultural Assumptions and Co-Production.” Administration and Society 21 (4): 472–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, Gordon Mark. 1977. Parties Out of Power in Japan, 1931–1941. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Buckley, Sandra. 2000. “Sexing the Kitchen: Okoge and Other Tales of Contemporary Japan.” In Queer Diasporas, ed. Patton, Cindy and Sanchez-Eppler, Benigno, 215–44. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Danius, Sara, and Jonsson, Stefan. 1993. “An Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.” Boundary 2: An International Journal of Literature and Culture 20 (2): 24–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, Mary. 1991. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fuss, Diana. 1989. Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Garon, Sheldon. 1997. Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Garon, Sheldon. 2002. “Saving for ‘My Own Good and the Good of the Nation’: Economic Nationalism in Modern Japan.” In Nation and Nationalism in Japan, ed. Wilson, Sandra, 97–114. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
Gordon, Andrew. 1991. Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Haga, Noboru. 1992. Dai Tokyo no shisô [The idea of the greater Tokyo]. Tokyo: Yûzan-kaku Shuppan.Google Scholar
Haikibutsu Gakkai, . 2003. Gomi dokuhon [All about garbage]. Tokyo: Chûô hôki Shuppan.Google Scholar
Hane, Mikiso, ed. and trans. 1988. Reflections on the Way to the Gallows: Rebel Women in Prewar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hanson, Randel D. 2001. “Half Lives of Reagan's Indian Policy: Marketing Nuclear Waste to American Indians.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 25 (1): 21–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, David. 1996. Justice, Nature, and the Geography of Difference. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hastings, Sally A. 1995. Neighborhood and Nation in Tokyo, 1905–1937. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hein, Laura E. 2004. Reasonable Men, Powerful Words: Political Culture and Expertise in Twentieth-Century Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hiratsuka, Haru. 1933. “Shisei jôka to josei” [The purification of the city politics and women]. Fusen 7 (3): 43.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, Fusae. 1935a. “Tokyo shisei kansatu no kekka to fujin” [The results of my observation of the Tokyo city politics and women]. Fusen 9 (11): 4–5.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, Fusae. 1935b. “Shukusei senkyo to wa?” [What does the purification campaign entail?]. Fusen 9 (7): 29–32.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, Fusae. 1935c. “Shukusei senkyo no kekka” [The election results after the purification campaign]. Fusen 9 (10): 4–5.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, Fusae. 1974. Ichikawa Fusae jiden: senzen-hen [The autobiography of Ichikawa Fusae: The prewar era]. Tokyo: Shinjuku Shobô.Google Scholar
Kaneko, Shigeri. 1931. “Fusen wa kagi desu” [Women's suffrage is the key]. Fusen 5 (3): 52–56.Google Scholar
Kaneko, Shigeri. 1933. “Oharu-san no yume” [Miss Oharu's dream]. Fusen 7 (7): 15–19.Google Scholar
Kaneko, Shigeri. 1934a. “Seisô angya kikô” [A chronicle of my pilgrimage to promote cleaning]. Fusen 8 (7): 20–30.Google Scholar
Kaneko, Shigeri. 1934b. “Futatabi ‘gomi’ to tomoni” [Travel again with “garbage”]. Fusen 8 (11): 33–35.Google Scholar
Kida, Jun'ichirô. 2000. Tokyo no kasô shakai [The lower class in Tokyo]. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobô.Google Scholar
Kodama, Kôta, and Sugiyama, Hiroshi. 1978. Tokyo no rekishi [The history of Tokyo]. Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan.Google Scholar
Kondo, Dorinne K. 1990. Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kôdansha, . 1983a. “Local Government.” Kôdansha Encyclopedia of Japan, vol. 5. Tokyo: Kôdansha.Google Scholar
Kôdansha, .1983b. “Yamataka Shigeri.” Kôdansha Encyclopedia of Japan, vol. 8. Tokyo: Kôdansha.Google Scholar
Kôtô-ku, , ed. 1997. Kôtô-ku shi [The history of the Kôtô ward]. Tokyo: Gyôsei.Google Scholar
Large, Stephen S. 1981. Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, Robin M. 1999. Bicycle Citizens: The Political World of the Japanese Housewife. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Kevin. 1991. Wasting Away: An Exploration of Waste. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.Google Scholar
Mackie, Vera. 1997. Creating Socialist Women in Japan: Gender, Labour, and Activism, 1900–1937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackie, Vera. 2002. “Picturing Political Space in 1920s and 1930s Japan.” In Nation and Nationalism in Japan, ed. Wilson, Sandra, 38–54. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mackie, Vera. 2003. Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment, and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maruoka, Hideko. 1985. Fujin shisô keisei-shi nôto [Note on the formation of the thought about women]. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Domesu Shuppan.Google Scholar
Massey, Doreen. 1993. “Politics and Space/Time.” In Place and the Politics of Identity, ed. Keith, Michael and Pile, Steve, 141–61. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Massey, Doreen. 1994. Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Mizoiri, Shigeru. 1988. Gomi no hyakunen-shi: shori gijutsu no utsuri kawari [One hundred year history of trash: Transformations of the technologies of waste disposal]. Tokyo: Gakugei Shorin.Google Scholar
Molony, Barbara, and Uno, Kathleen, eds. 2005. Gendering Modern Japanese History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Muta, Kazue. 2002. “Josei to ‘kenryoku’” [Women and “power”]. In Kindai nihon no bunka-shi, vol. 8, ed. Yoichi, Komori et al. , 127–59. Tokyo: Iwanami.Google Scholar
Narita, Ryûichi. 1990. “Eisei kankyô no henka no naka no josei to joseikan [Women and the views of women and the changing conditions of hygiene.” In Nihon josei seikatsushi, vol. 4, ed. kai, Joseishi Sôgô Kenkyû, 89–124. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Narita, Ryûichi. “Eisei ishiki no teichaku to ‘bi no kusari’” [The formation of hygienic consciousness and “those chained to the old notion of beauty”]. Nihonshi Kenkyû 366:64–89.Google Scholar
Nishikawa, Yûko. 1995. “The Changing Form of Dwellings and the Establishment of Katei (Home) in Modern Japan.” U.S.–Japan Women's Journal 8:3–36.Google Scholar
Nolte, Sharon H. 1983. Women, the State, and Repression in Imperial Japan. Working Papers on Women in International Development no. 33, Office of Women in International Development, Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Philip, Mark. 1985. “Michel Foucault.” In The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sciences, ed. Skinner, Quentin, 65–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pflugfelder, Gregory M. 2002. “Fujin sansei-ken saikô” [The gendering of political culture in prewar Japan: A reconsideration of “women's suffrage”]. In Kindai nihon no bunka-shi, 6, ed. Yôichi, Komori et al. , 63–114. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Sand, Jordan. 2003. House and Home in Modern Japan: Architecture, Domestic Space, and Bourgeois Culture, 1880–1930. Harvard East Asian Monograph no. 223. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Seidensticker, Edward. 1991. Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shimizu, Michiko. 2000. “Jochû imeeji no hensen” [The transformation of the images of household servants]. In Gendai nihon bunka-ron 8: on'na no bunka, ed. Tamotsu, Aoki et al. , 159–75. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Sievers, Sharon L. 1983. Flowers in Salt: The Beginnings of Feminist Consciousness in Modern Japan. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smethurst, Richard J. 1974. A Social Basis for Prewar Japanese Militarism: The Army And the Rural Community. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Neal. 1992. Geography, Difference and the Politics of Scale. In Postmodernism and Social Sciences, ed. Doherty, Joe, Graham, Elspeth and Malik, Mo, 57–79. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soja, Edward. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Spivak, Gayatri Chabravorty. 1990. “Criticism, Feminism, and the Institution.” In The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, ed. Harasym, Sarah, 1–16. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Suginami-ku Kyôdo Hakubutsu-kan, , ed. 1997. Edo no gomi, Tokyo no gomi [The garbage in Edo and the garbage in Tokyo]. Tokyo: Kyôdo Hakubutsu-kan.Google Scholar
Tokyo Asahi. 1930. “Gomi to chakasu” [Is this a joke? Garbage and tea leaves]. May 13.Google Scholar
Tokyo Asahi.. 1933a. “Sanagara no kemuri jigoku, Fukagawa ittai ni himei” [This is the hell of smoke: The Fukagawa residents scream]. May 4.Google Scholar
Tokyo Asahi.. 1933b. “Kyô Fukagawa no kaoyaku fu shi e chinjô demo” [Today, the representatives of Fukagawa will bring protest message to the Tokyo city and prefectural governments]. May 23.Google Scholar
Tokyo Hyakunen-shi Henshû Iinkai, ed. 1972. Tokyo hyakunen-shi [One hundred year history of Tokyo]. Vol. 5. Tokyo: Hyakunen-shi Henshû Iinkai.Google Scholar
Tokyo-to Seisô-kyoku [Tokyo Metropolitan Department, Sanitation Department]. 1977. Seisô jigyô no ayumi [The history of sanitation works]. Tokyo: Tokyo-to Seisô-kyoku.Google Scholar
Tokyo-to Seisô-kyoku [Tokyo Metropolitan Department, Sanitation Department]. 2000. Tokyo-to: seisô jigyô hyakunen-shi [Metropolitan Tokyo: One hundred year history of trash control]. Tokyo: Kankyô Seibi Kôsha.Google Scholar
Tokyo Shiyaku-sho [Tokyo City Government]. 1933. Seisô wa bunka no shakudo [Cleaning is the barometer of culture]. Tokyo: Tokyo City Government.Google Scholar
Totten, George O. 1966. The Social Democratic Movement in Prewar Japan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Yada, Sôun. 1975. Edo kara Tokyo e [From Edo to Tokyo: The transformation of the city]. Tokyo: Chûô Kôron-sha.Google Scholar
1.“Gomiyakiba kengaku” [The inspection tour of the waste disposal factory]. 1933. Fusen 7 (6): 30–33.Google Scholar
2.“Roku dai toshi kômin-ken mondai” [The problem of civil rights in the six major cities of Japan]. 1930. Fusen 4 (2): 13.Google Scholar
3.“Tokyo-shi no gigoku” [Political scandals in Tokyo city]. 1933. Fusen 7 (3): 44–45.Google Scholar
4. “Tokyo shikai senkyo ni taisuru kakutoku dômei no katsudô” [The activities of the Women's Suffrage League at the time of the election for Tokyo city assembly]. 1929. Fusen 3 (3): 2–3.Google Scholar
5. “Tokyo fujin shisei jôka ren'mei no katsudô” [The activities of the Women's League for Purifying Tokyo City Politics]. 1933. Fusen 7 (4): 15–19.Google Scholar
6. “Fusen zadan-kai” [The roundtable discussion of suffragists]. 1930. Fusen 4 (1): 21–30.Google Scholar
7. “Kasen jôka to kenkô shûkan” [The purification of rivers and the health week]. 1935. Fusen 9 (11): 28–29.Google Scholar
8. “Shôdoku-jô to densen byôin iki” [The visits to the sterilization area and the hospital wards for infectious diseases]. 1933. Fusen 7 (8): 36–39.Google Scholar
9. “Seisô-ka no seisô” [The cleaning of the sanitation department's office]. 1933. Fusen 7 (7): 44–45.Google Scholar
10.“Busshitsu katsuyô narabi ni shôhi setsuyaku no kihon hôsaku” [Fundamental policy on reducing consumption through the recycling of resources]. 1939. Fusen [renamed Josei Tenbô] 13 (6): 172.Google Scholar
Bacon, Alice Mabel. 1902. Japanese Girls and Women. London: Kegan Paul, 2001.Google Scholar
Ben-Ari, Eyal. 1990. “A Bureaucrat in Every Japanese Kitchen: On Cultural Assumptions and Co-Production.” Administration and Society 21 (4): 472–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, Gordon Mark. 1977. Parties Out of Power in Japan, 1931–1941. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Buckley, Sandra. 2000. “Sexing the Kitchen: Okoge and Other Tales of Contemporary Japan.” In Queer Diasporas, ed. Patton, Cindy and Sanchez-Eppler, Benigno, 215–44. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Danius, Sara, and Jonsson, Stefan. 1993. “An Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.” Boundary 2: An International Journal of Literature and Culture 20 (2): 24–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, Mary. 1991. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fuss, Diana. 1989. Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Garon, Sheldon. 1997. Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Garon, Sheldon. 2002. “Saving for ‘My Own Good and the Good of the Nation’: Economic Nationalism in Modern Japan.” In Nation and Nationalism in Japan, ed. Wilson, Sandra, 97–114. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
Gordon, Andrew. 1991. Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Haga, Noboru. 1992. Dai Tokyo no shisô [The idea of the greater Tokyo]. Tokyo: Yûzan-kaku Shuppan.Google Scholar
Haikibutsu Gakkai, . 2003. Gomi dokuhon [All about garbage]. Tokyo: Chûô hôki Shuppan.Google Scholar
Hane, Mikiso, ed. and trans. 1988. Reflections on the Way to the Gallows: Rebel Women in Prewar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hanson, Randel D. 2001. “Half Lives of Reagan's Indian Policy: Marketing Nuclear Waste to American Indians.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 25 (1): 21–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, David. 1996. Justice, Nature, and the Geography of Difference. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hastings, Sally A. 1995. Neighborhood and Nation in Tokyo, 1905–1937. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hein, Laura E. 2004. Reasonable Men, Powerful Words: Political Culture and Expertise in Twentieth-Century Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hiratsuka, Haru. 1933. “Shisei jôka to josei” [The purification of the city politics and women]. Fusen 7 (3): 43.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, Fusae. 1935a. “Tokyo shisei kansatu no kekka to fujin” [The results of my observation of the Tokyo city politics and women]. Fusen 9 (11): 4–5.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, Fusae. 1935b. “Shukusei senkyo to wa?” [What does the purification campaign entail?]. Fusen 9 (7): 29–32.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, Fusae. 1935c. “Shukusei senkyo no kekka” [The election results after the purification campaign]. Fusen 9 (10): 4–5.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, Fusae. 1974. Ichikawa Fusae jiden: senzen-hen [The autobiography of Ichikawa Fusae: The prewar era]. Tokyo: Shinjuku Shobô.Google Scholar
Kaneko, Shigeri. 1931. “Fusen wa kagi desu” [Women's suffrage is the key]. Fusen 5 (3): 52–56.Google Scholar
Kaneko, Shigeri. 1933. “Oharu-san no yume” [Miss Oharu's dream]. Fusen 7 (7): 15–19.Google Scholar
Kaneko, Shigeri. 1934a. “Seisô angya kikô” [A chronicle of my pilgrimage to promote cleaning]. Fusen 8 (7): 20–30.Google Scholar
Kaneko, Shigeri. 1934b. “Futatabi ‘gomi’ to tomoni” [Travel again with “garbage”]. Fusen 8 (11): 33–35.Google Scholar
Kida, Jun'ichirô. 2000. Tokyo no kasô shakai [The lower class in Tokyo]. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobô.Google Scholar
Kodama, Kôta, and Sugiyama, Hiroshi. 1978. Tokyo no rekishi [The history of Tokyo]. Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan.Google Scholar
Kondo, Dorinne K. 1990. Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kôdansha, . 1983a. “Local Government.” Kôdansha Encyclopedia of Japan, vol. 5. Tokyo: Kôdansha.Google Scholar
Kôdansha, .1983b. “Yamataka Shigeri.” Kôdansha Encyclopedia of Japan, vol. 8. Tokyo: Kôdansha.Google Scholar
Kôtô-ku, , ed. 1997. Kôtô-ku shi [The history of the Kôtô ward]. Tokyo: Gyôsei.Google Scholar
Large, Stephen S. 1981. Organized Workers and Socialist Politics in Interwar Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, Robin M. 1999. Bicycle Citizens: The Political World of the Japanese Housewife. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Kevin. 1991. Wasting Away: An Exploration of Waste. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.Google Scholar
Mackie, Vera. 1997. Creating Socialist Women in Japan: Gender, Labour, and Activism, 1900–1937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackie, Vera. 2002. “Picturing Political Space in 1920s and 1930s Japan.” In Nation and Nationalism in Japan, ed. Wilson, Sandra, 38–54. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mackie, Vera. 2003. Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment, and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maruoka, Hideko. 1985. Fujin shisô keisei-shi nôto [Note on the formation of the thought about women]. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Domesu Shuppan.Google Scholar
Massey, Doreen. 1993. “Politics and Space/Time.” In Place and the Politics of Identity, ed. Keith, Michael and Pile, Steve, 141–61. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Massey, Doreen. 1994. Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Mizoiri, Shigeru. 1988. Gomi no hyakunen-shi: shori gijutsu no utsuri kawari [One hundred year history of trash: Transformations of the technologies of waste disposal]. Tokyo: Gakugei Shorin.Google Scholar
Molony, Barbara, and Uno, Kathleen, eds. 2005. Gendering Modern Japanese History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Muta, Kazue. 2002. “Josei to ‘kenryoku’” [Women and “power”]. In Kindai nihon no bunka-shi, vol. 8, ed. Yoichi, Komori et al. , 127–59. Tokyo: Iwanami.Google Scholar
Narita, Ryûichi. 1990. “Eisei kankyô no henka no naka no josei to joseikan [Women and the views of women and the changing conditions of hygiene.” In Nihon josei seikatsushi, vol. 4, ed. kai, Joseishi Sôgô Kenkyû, 89–124. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Narita, Ryûichi. “Eisei ishiki no teichaku to ‘bi no kusari’” [The formation of hygienic consciousness and “those chained to the old notion of beauty”]. Nihonshi Kenkyû 366:64–89.Google Scholar
Nishikawa, Yûko. 1995. “The Changing Form of Dwellings and the Establishment of Katei (Home) in Modern Japan.” U.S.–Japan Women's Journal 8:3–36.Google Scholar
Nolte, Sharon H. 1983. Women, the State, and Repression in Imperial Japan. Working Papers on Women in International Development no. 33, Office of Women in International Development, Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Philip, Mark. 1985. “Michel Foucault.” In The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sciences, ed. Skinner, Quentin, 65–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pflugfelder, Gregory M. 2002. “Fujin sansei-ken saikô” [The gendering of political culture in prewar Japan: A reconsideration of “women's suffrage”]. In Kindai nihon no bunka-shi, 6, ed. Yôichi, Komori et al. , 63–114. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Sand, Jordan. 2003. House and Home in Modern Japan: Architecture, Domestic Space, and Bourgeois Culture, 1880–1930. Harvard East Asian Monograph no. 223. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Seidensticker, Edward. 1991. Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shimizu, Michiko. 2000. “Jochû imeeji no hensen” [The transformation of the images of household servants]. In Gendai nihon bunka-ron 8: on'na no bunka, ed. Tamotsu, Aoki et al. , 159–75. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Sievers, Sharon L. 1983. Flowers in Salt: The Beginnings of Feminist Consciousness in Modern Japan. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smethurst, Richard J. 1974. A Social Basis for Prewar Japanese Militarism: The Army And the Rural Community. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Neal. 1992. Geography, Difference and the Politics of Scale. In Postmodernism and Social Sciences, ed. Doherty, Joe, Graham, Elspeth and Malik, Mo, 57–79. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soja, Edward. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Spivak, Gayatri Chabravorty. 1990. “Criticism, Feminism, and the Institution.” In The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, ed. Harasym, Sarah, 1–16. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Suginami-ku Kyôdo Hakubutsu-kan, , ed. 1997. Edo no gomi, Tokyo no gomi [The garbage in Edo and the garbage in Tokyo]. Tokyo: Kyôdo Hakubutsu-kan.Google Scholar
Tokyo Asahi. 1930. “Gomi to chakasu” [Is this a joke? Garbage and tea leaves]. May 13.Google Scholar
Tokyo Asahi.. 1933a. “Sanagara no kemuri jigoku, Fukagawa ittai ni himei” [This is the hell of smoke: The Fukagawa residents scream]. May 4.Google Scholar
Tokyo Asahi.. 1933b. “Kyô Fukagawa no kaoyaku fu shi e chinjô demo” [Today, the representatives of Fukagawa will bring protest message to the Tokyo city and prefectural governments]. May 23.Google Scholar
Tokyo Hyakunen-shi Henshû Iinkai, ed. 1972. Tokyo hyakunen-shi [One hundred year history of Tokyo]. Vol. 5. Tokyo: Hyakunen-shi Henshû Iinkai.Google Scholar
Tokyo-to Seisô-kyoku [Tokyo Metropolitan Department, Sanitation Department]. 1977. Seisô jigyô no ayumi [The history of sanitation works]. Tokyo: Tokyo-to Seisô-kyoku.Google Scholar
Tokyo-to Seisô-kyoku [Tokyo Metropolitan Department, Sanitation Department]. 2000. Tokyo-to: seisô jigyô hyakunen-shi [Metropolitan Tokyo: One hundred year history of trash control]. Tokyo: Kankyô Seibi Kôsha.Google Scholar
Tokyo Shiyaku-sho [Tokyo City Government]. 1933. Seisô wa bunka no shakudo [Cleaning is the barometer of culture]. Tokyo: Tokyo City Government.Google Scholar
Totten, George O. 1966. The Social Democratic Movement in Prewar Japan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Yada, Sôun. 1975. Edo kara Tokyo e [From Edo to Tokyo: The transformation of the city]. Tokyo: Chûô Kôron-sha.Google Scholar