Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T15:39:03.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Myth of the “Three Shan Brothers” and the Ava Period in Burmese History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Michael Aung-Thwin
Get access

Extract

Change, or impending change, can often inspire the creation of myths, for it both threatens and promises. It threatens the security of the established, while providing hope to the disestablished. Change thus produces anxiety and discomfort on the one hand, euphoria and optimism on the other. Those in a position to be harmed by the change often create “negative” myths about the potential implications of that change; those not, glorify it. To misquote Claude Levi-Strauss, myths are created to control the present, hence, by implication, also the future (Levi-Strauss 1979).

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 55 , Issue 4 , November 1996 , pp. 881 - 901
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Allott, Anna. 1994. The End of the First Anglo-Burmese War: The Burmese Chronicle Account of How the 1826 Treaty of Yandabo was Negotiated. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, John. 1871. A Report on the Expedition to Western Yunan via Bhamo. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing.Google Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1979. “The Role of Sasana Reform in Burmese History: Economic Dimensions of a Religious Purification.” Journal of Asian Studies 38(4):671–88.Google Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1980. “Prophecies, Omens, and Dialogue: Tools of the Trade in Burmese Historiography.” In Historical Essays in Honor of Kenneth R. Rossman, edited by Newmyer, Kent. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1980. “A Reply to Lieberman.” Journal of Asian Studies 40(1):87–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1984. “Hierarchy and Order in Pre-Colonial Burma.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 15(2):224–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1985. Pagan: The Origins of Modern Burma. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1988. “Burma Before Pagan: The Status of Archaeology Today.” Asian Perspectives 25: 1–21.Google Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1990. Irrigation in the Heartland of Burma: Foundations of the Pre-Colonial Burmese State. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Center for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1991. “The Spiral in Early Burmese and Southeast Asian History.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21(4): 572–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1992. “Political Correctness and Revisionism in Burmese History.” manuscript.Google Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1994. “Principles and Patterns of the Precolonial Burmese State.” In Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar: Proceedings of an International Conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993, edited by Gartner, Uta, and Lorenz., JensBerlin: Humboldt-Universitat Fakultatsinstitut fur Asien-und Afrikawissenschaften.Google Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. 1995. “The ‘Classical’ in Southeast Asia: The Present in the Past.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26(1):75–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aung-Thwin, Michael. forthcoming. “Burmese Historiography—chronicles (yazawiri).” In Making History: A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, edited by D. R. Woolf. New York: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar
Bennett, Paul J. 1971. “The ‘Fall of Pagan’: Continuity and Change in 14th Century Burma.” In Conference Under the Tamarind Tree: Three Essays in Burmese History. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Series.Google Scholar
, Burma. 1972–87. She Haung Myanma Kyauksa Mya {Ancient Burmese Inscriptions}. 5 vols. Rangoon: Department of Archaeology.Google Scholar
The Chiang Mai Chronicle. 1995. Translated By Wyatt, David K. and Wichienkeeo, Aroonrut. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
Cohn, Bernard. 1990. An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays. Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
The Glass Palace Chronicle. 1960. Translated by Tin, Pe Maung and Luce, G. H.. Rangoon: Rangoon University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, D. G. E. 1960. Burma. London: Hutchinson University ibrary.Google Scholar
Harvey, G. E. 1925. History of Burma. London: Frank Cass, and Company.Google Scholar
Hmannan Mahayazawindawgyi {The Great Royal Chronicle of the Glass Palace}. 1967. Edited by Khin, Daw Pwa and Maung, U Hla. Vol. 1. Rangoon: Pyi Kyi Mandaing Pitakat Press.Google Scholar
Huber, Edouard. 1909. “La fin de la dynastie de Pagan.” Bulletin de I’Ecole française d’Extreme–Orient 9: 633–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huxley, Andrew. “Thai, Mon & Burmese Dhammathats—Who Influenced Whom?” Paper presented at the 5th International Thai Studies Conference, London, 1993.Google Scholar
Huxley, Andrew. forthcoming. “The Burmese Legal Profession 1250–1885.” In Receuils de la Société Jean Bodin.Google Scholar
Inscriptions of Burma. 1933–1956. Edited by Luce, G. H., and Tin., Pe Maung 5 vols. Rangoon: Rangoon University Press.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund. 1970. Political Systems of Highland Burma. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Lehman, F. K. 1967. “Ethnic Categories in Burma and the Theory of Social Systems.” In Southeast Asia Tribes, Minorities, and Nations, edited by Kunstadter, Peter. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1979. Myth and Meaning. New York: Schocken Books.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Victor B. 1978. “Ethnic Politics in Eighteenth-Century Burma.” Modern Asian Studies 12(3):455–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, Victor B. 1984. Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, Victor B. 1986. “How Reliable is U Kala’s Burmese Chronicle? Some New Comparisons.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 17(2):236–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luce, G. H. 1958. “The Early Syam in Burma’s History.” Journal of the Siam Society 46(2):123–214.Google Scholar
Luce, G. H. 1969–70. Old Burma-Early Pagan. 3 vols. Locust Valley, New York: J. J. Augustin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maha, Shi N Thilawuntha. 1965. Yazawinkyaw {Celebrated Royal Chronicle}, edited by Tin, Pe Maung. Rangoon: Hanthawaddy Press.Google Scholar
Mangrai, Sao Simong. 1965. The Shan States and the British Annexation. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.Google Scholar
Mangrai, Sao Simong. 1981. The Padaeng Chronicle and the Jengtung State Chronicle Translated. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
The Nan Chronicle. 1994. Translated and edited by Wyatt, David K.. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, Edward Harper. 1893. Burma with special reference to her relations with China. Rangoon: Rangoon Gazette Press.Google Scholar
Pe Maung Tin. 1977. Myanma Sape Thamaing {History of Burmese Literature}. Rangoon: Khettaya Pon Nheik Taik.Google Scholar
Pemberton, R. B. 1835. Report on the Eastern Frontier of Bengal. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing.Google Scholar
Phayre, Sir Arthur. 1967. History of Burma. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.Google Scholar
PPA. See entry under Inscriptions of Pagan, Pinya, and Ava.Google Scholar
Sangermano, Vincentius (Father). 1969. A Description of the Burmese Empire. Translated By Tandy, William. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.Google Scholar
Tun., Saw 1996. Pugam Khet Mranma Ca {Burmese Literature of the Pagan Period}. Yangon: Cape Bhiman Press.Google Scholar
Sandalinka., Shin 1981. The Maniyadanabon of Shin Sandalinka. Translated By Bagshawe, L. E.. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.Google Scholar
Smail, , John, R. W. 1961. “On the Possibility of An Autonomous History of Modern Southeast Asia.” Journal of Southeast Asian History 2(2):72–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Martin. 1991. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
SMK. See entry under Burma.Google Scholar
Stargardt, Janice. 1990. The Ancient Pyu of Burma. Vol. 1, Early Pyu Cities in a Man-Made Landscape. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Taylor, H. Robert. 1982. “Perceptions of Ethnicity in the Politics of Burma.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 10(1):7–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tun., Than 1959. “History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400.” Journal of the Burma Research Society 42: 119–34.Google Scholar
Tun., Than 1976. “Historiography of Burma.” Shiroku 9: 1–22.Google Scholar
Kyi., Thin 1966. “The Old City of Pagan.” In Essays Offered to G. H. Luce, edited by Shin, Ba, Boisselier, Jean, and Griswold, A. B.. Vol. 2. Ascona, Switzerland: Artibus Asiae.Google Scholar
Tin, Hla Thaw. 1959. “History of Burma: A.D. 1400–1500.” Journal of the Burma Research Society 42(2): 135–51.Google Scholar
Inscriptions of Pagan, Pinya, and Ava. 1899. Translated By Nycin, Tun. Rangoon: Superintendent of Government Printing.Google Scholar
Mahasithu., Twinthintaikwun 1968. Myanma Yazawinthit {New History of Myanma}. Rangoon: Mingala Pon Nheik Taik.Google Scholar
Kala., U 1960–61. Mahayazawingyi {Great Royal Chronicle}. Edited by Tin, Pe Maung, Pwa, Saya, and Soe, Saya U Khin. 3 vols. Rangoon: Hanthawaddy Press.Google Scholar
Zatatawbon Yazawin [Chronicle of Royal Horoscopes]. 1969. Edited by Tin, U Hla. Rangoon: Ministry of Union Culture.Google Scholar