Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T03:01:17.420Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Managing the Truth of Sex in Imperial Japan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Sabine Frühstück
Get access

Extract

My lecture is a lecture on biology. Therefore we will not be dealing with venereal diseases or perversions but with perfectly normal sexual phenomena. From my experience during the past two semesters I know that most of my students, or about sixty percent, still live chaste lives. We will become familiar with many technical terms and foreign (European) words. On the one hand, using technical scientific terminology is unavoidable, and on the other, we use it to avoid making obscene associations … I expect you to be familiar with the textbooks in physics and naturalhistory and urge you to also take a look at the textbooks from girls' schools … I consider knowledge a product, lecturers like myself both the creators of knowledge and at the same time original researchers and brokers of knowledge.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 59 , Issue 2 , May 2000 , pp. 332 - 358
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Bayertz, Kurt. 1985. “Spreading the Spirit of Science: Social Determinants of the Popularization of Science in Nineteenth-century Germany.” In Expository Science: Forms and Functions of Popularisation (Sociology of the Sciences 9), edited by Terry Shinn and Richard Whitley. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pièrre. 1980. Questions de sociologie. Paris: Minuit.Google Scholar
Burns, Susan. 1998. “Bodies and Borders: Syphilis, Prostitution, and the Nation in Japan, 1860–1890.” U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal (English Supplement 15): 3–30.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1990 [1976]. The History of Sexuality 1: An Introduction (Originally published as La volonté de savoir. Paris: Edition Gallimard). Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Frühstück, Sabine. 1997. Die Politik der Sexualwissenschaft: Zur Produktion und Popularisierung sexologischen Wissens in Japan 1908–1941 (Beiträge zur Japanologie 34). Vienna: Institute for Japanese Studies.Google Scholar
Frühstück, Sabine. 1998. “Then Science Took Over: Sex, Leisure, and Medicine at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.” In The Culture of Japan as Seen through Its Leisure, edited by Linhart, Sepp, Frühstück., and SabineNew York: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Hideo (ed.). 1982. Fujikawa Yū chosakushū (Collected works of Fujikawa Yū). Kyōto: Shibunkyaku shuppan.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1905. “Honshi no shui” (The aim of our paper). Jinset 1(1): 1.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1908a. “Seiyoku kyōiku mondai” (The question of sex education). Chūō kōron 23(10): 26–37.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1908b. “Seiyoku kyōiku mondai” (The question of sex education). Yomiuri shinbun 30 October: 5.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1911. Geschichte der Medizin in Japan. Kurzgefaßte Darstellung der Entwicklung der Japanischen Medizin mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Einführung der europäischen Heilkunde in Japan. Tokyo: Kaiserlich Japanisches Unterrichtsministerium.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1912. “Baidoku no rekishi” (History of syphilis). Chiūō kōron 27(7): 91–102.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1915. “Shakai eiseiron” (Theories on social hygiene). Chūō kōron 30(8): 145—52.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1916. “Seiyō igaku to tōyō igaku” (Western and eastern medicine). Chūō kōron 31(8): 61–70.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1919a. “Saikin no gakusetsu” (Recent scientific theories). Hentai shinri 4(7): 74–81.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1919b. “Furyōshōnen mondai” (The problem of juvenile delinquency). Kakusei 9(6): 12–14.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū.. 1919c. “Shinakereba naranu hinin to shite wa naranu hinin” (Contraception that should be done and contraception that may not be done). Fujin kōron 5(8): 44–49.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1919d. “Nihon fujin no biten toshite teisō no kontei” (The base of faithfulness as a virtue of Japanese women). Fujin kōron 5(9): 36—39.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1923. “Seiyoku no seishinka” (The psychology of sexual desire). Hentai shinri 12(1): 157–58.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1924. “Seiyoku no mondai” (The sexual question). Chūō kōron 38(8): 51—62.Google Scholar
Fujikawa, Yū. 1928. “Fujin zasshi to seiyoku mondai” (Women’s magazines and the sexual question). Chūō kōron 38(8): 51–62.Google Scholar
Yuki., Fujlme 1997. Sei no rekishigaku (A historiography of sex/sexuality). Tōkyō: Fuji shuppan.Google Scholar
Fujitani, Takeshi. 1998 [1996].Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Furukawa, Makoto. 1993. “Ren’ai to seiyoku no daisan teikoku” (The third empire of love and sex). Gendai shisō 21(7): 110–45.Google Scholar
Furukawa, Makoto. 1994. “The Changing Nature of Sexuality: The Three Codes Framing Homosexuality in Modern Japan.” U.S.—Japan Women’sJournal 7:98—127.Google Scholar
Garon, Sheldon. 1993. “The World’s Oldest Debate? Prostitution and the State in Imperial Japan, 1900—1945.” American Historical Review 3:710—32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluck, Carol. 1985. Japan’s Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shinpei., Gotō 1978 [1889]. Kokka eisei genri (Principles of national hygiene). Tokyo: Sozo shuppan.Google Scholar
Hacking, Ian. 1990. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauser, Renate. 1994. “Krafft-Ebing’s psychological understanding of sexual behaviour.” In Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History ofAttitudes to Sexuality, edited by Porter, Roy, and Teich., MikulasCambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Magnus. 1926. Geschlechtskunde auf Grund dreißigjdäriger Forschung und Erfahrung. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Julius Püttmann Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Magnus, and Linsert, Richard. 1928. Empfängnisverhütung. Mittel und Methoden. Berlin: Neuer deutscher Verlag (Wissenschaftliche Elementarbücher 415).Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Magnus. 1933. Die Weltreise eines Sexualforschers. Zürich: Bözberg Verlag.Google Scholar
Wakizō., Hosoi 1974 [1925]. Jokō aishi (The sad story of factory girls). Tōkyō: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Sakichi., Ieda 1936. “Seichishiki to seidōtoku” (Sexual knowledge and sexual morals). Kakusei 26(3): 30–31.Google Scholar
Suematsu., Inagaki 1908. “Seiyoku mondai to kongō kyōiku” (The sexual question and coeducation). Yomiuri shinbun 10 September: 5.Google Scholar
Mariko., Inoue 1998. “The Gaze of the Cafe Waitress: From Selling Eroticism to Constructing Autonomy.” U.S.—Japan Women’sJournal (English Supplement 15): 78–106.Google Scholar
Shinji., Iwanaga 1994. “Taishō-ki no eisei chōsa” (Hygiene surveys of the Taishō period). In Kindai Nihon shakai chōsashi III, edited by Takao, Kawai. Tōkyō: Keiō tsūshin.Google Scholar
Jannetta, Ann Bowman. 1997. “From Physician to Bureaucrat: The Case of Nagayo Sensai.” In New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan, edited by Hardacre, Helen, with Adam, L.. Kern. Leiden, New York, and Koln: Brill.Google Scholar
Johnston, William Donald. 1995. The Modern Epidemic. A History of Tuberculosis in Japan. Cambridge, Mass.: Council of East Asian Studies, Harvard University. Kantorowicz, Ernst H. 1957. The King’s Two Bodies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Takao., Kawai 1989. “Kindai Nihon shakai chōsa kinkyū josetsu” (Introduction to sociological survey research in modern Japan). In Kindai Nihon shakai chōsashi I, edited by Takao, Kawai. Tōkyō: Keiō tsūshin.Google Scholar
Leuschner, Oskar. 1906. “Japan.” In Enzyklopädisches Handbuch für Erziehungskunde, edited by Loos, Joseph. Wien and Leipzig: Pichler, A., Witwe, Pichlers and Sohn.Google Scholar
Linhart, Sepp. 1974. “Das Entstehen eines modernen Lebensstils in Japan während der Taishō-Periode (1912–1926).” Saeculum 15(1): 115–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ai., Maeda 1993 [1973]. Kindai dokusha no seiritsu (The emergence of the modern reader). Tōkyō: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Marshall, Byron K. 1992. Academic Freedom and theJapanese Imperial University, 1868–1939. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Eiji., Marui 1980. “Public Health and ‘koshu-eisei’. Speciality and Universality of the Modern Japanese Public Health.” In Public Health. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Comparative History of Medicine—East and West, edited by Ogawa, Teizō. Ōsaka: The Taniguchi Foundation.Google Scholar
Yōko., Matsubara 1993. “Meiji matsuki ni okeru seikyōiku ronsō. Fujikawa Yū o chūshin ni” (The dispute on sex education at the end of the Meiji period with emphasis on Fujikawa Yū). Ningen bunka kinkyū nenpō 17:231—39.Google Scholar
Ushitarō, Matsuura 1912. “Eiseijō yori shōgi o hitsuyō to suru ya” (Are prostitutes necessary from a hygienic point of view?). Kakusei 2(4): 10—19.Google Scholar
Ushitarō., Matsuura 1927. “Sei no eisei” (Sexual hygiene). Kakusei 17(1): 4—5.Google Scholar
Ryō., Minami 1908a. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni oshifuru no rigai (2)” (Advantages and disadvantages of sex education for children 2). Yomiuri shinbun 19 September: 5.Google Scholar
Ryō., Minami 1908b. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni oshifuru no rigai (3)” (Advantages and disadvantages of sex education for children 3). Yomiuri shinbun 22 September: 5.Google Scholar
Ryō., Minami 1908c. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni oshifuru no rigai (4)” (Advantages and disadvantages of sex education for children 4). Yomiuri shinbun 23 September: 5.Google Scholar
Tsūryō., Mishima 1906. “Gakkō seitō no shikijō mondai” (The sexual question of pupils). Jika zasshi 70: 95–104.Google Scholar
Motomichi., Miwata 1923. “Sei to shakai” (Sex and society). Kakusei 13(6):26—28.Google Scholar
Gunji., Mukö 1908a. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni oshifuru no rigai” (Advantages and disadvantages of sex education for children). Yomiuri shinbun 1 September: 5.Google Scholar
Gunji., Mukö 1908b. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni oshifuru no rigai (2)” (Advantages and disadvantages of sex education for children 2). Yomiuri shinbun 3 September: 5.Google Scholar
Gunji., Mukö 1908c. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni oshifuru no rigai (3)” (Advantages and disadvantages of sex education for children 3). Yomiuri shinbun 3 September: 5.Google Scholar
Osaku., Murakami 1926. “Seibyō yobō hōan o hyōsu” (A critique of the bill for the prevention of venereal diseases). Kakusei 16(7): 6–7.Google Scholar
Kazue., Muta 1992. “Senryaku toshite no onna. Meiji Taishō no ‘onna no gensetsu’ o megutte” (Women as strategy. Toward a ‘discourse on women’ during the Meiji and Taishō periods). Shisō 812: 211–30.Google Scholar
Muzik, Michael. 1996. Presse und Journalismus in Japan: Yomiuri shinbun—die auflagenstärkste Zeitung der Welt. Koln, Weimar, Wien: Böhlau Verlag.Google Scholar
Eiseikyoku., Naimushō 1893/1894. The Annual Report of the Central Sanitary Bureau. Tōkyō: Naimushō eiseikyoku.Google Scholar
Keihokyoku., Naimushō 1976. Hakkinbon kankei shiryō shūsei dai ni: Kinshi tankōbon mokuroku Shōwa 10—16. (Collection of material concerning prohibited books. II: Index of prohibited books 1935—1941). Tōkyō: Kohokusha.Google Scholar
Najita, Tetsuo. 1983. “Introduction: A Synchronous Approach to the study of conflict in modern Japanese History.” In Conflict of Modern Japanese History, edited by Najita, Tetsuo, Koschmann., and Victor. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Yoji., Nakatani 1995. “Relationship of Mental Health Legislation to the Perception of Insanity at the Turn of the 20th Century in Japan.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Ryuichi., Narita 1995. “Women and Views of Women within the Changing Hygiene Conditions of Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century Japan.” U.S.—Japan Women’sJournal (English Supplement 8): 64—86.Google Scholar
Neubert, R. 1911. Geissel des Lebens. Führer durch die Aufklärungsschau ldquo;Geschlechtskrankheiten.” Dresden: Verlag der Hygiene-Ausstellung Dresden.Google Scholar
Nihon, Tōkei Kenkyūjo. 1960. Nihon tōkei hattatsushi (A History of the Development of Statistics in Japan). Tōkyō: Tokyo daigaku shuppankai.Google Scholar
Nowotny, Helga. 1993. “Socially Distributed Knowledge: Five Spaces for Science to Meet the Public.” Public Understanding of Science 2:307—19.Google Scholar
Nye, Robert A. 1991. “The History of Sexuality in Context: National Sexological raditions.” Science in Context 4(2): 387–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akinori., Odagiri 1979. “Kaisetsu” (Commentary). In Yamamoto Senji zenshū. Dainikan: seikyōiku (Collected works of Yamamoto Senji. Volume 2: Sex education), edited by Toshiji, Sasaki and Akinori, Odagiri. Tōkyō: Sekibunsha.Google Scholar
Kazuhiko., Okamoto 1982. “Seiyō bunmei no ryūnyū to dentōteki kyōdōtai no hōkai” (The import of western civilization and the destruction of traditional communities). Gendai seikyōiku kinkyū 6:118—26.Google Scholar
Atsushi., Oshikane 1977. Ishi no seikagaku (Sexual science of physicians). Tōkyō: Gakken shoin.Google Scholar
Otsubo, Sumiko. 1998. Eugenics in ImperialJapan: Some Ironies of Modernity, 1883–1945. Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, UMI number 9900914. Pflugfelder, Gregory M. 1999. Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse 1600–1950. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Otsubo, Sumiko. Forthcoming. “‘S’ is for Sister: Constructions of Schoolgirl Intimacy in Early Twentieth-century Japan.” In Gendering ModernJapanese History, edited by Molony, Barbara, and Uno, Kathleen. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rikugunshō. 1927. Rikugun ni okeru karyūbyō (Venereal diseases in the army). Tōkyō: Rikugunshō.Google Scholar
Robertson, Jennifer. 1995. “Recovering, Uncovering, and Discovering Genders and Sexualities in Japan: Anthropological Perspectives.” Paper presented at the Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting, 6–9 April, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Robertson, Jennifer. 1998. Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, Jennifer. 1999. “Dying to Tell: Sexuality and Suicide in Imperial Japan.” Signs:Journal of Women in Culture and Society 25(1): 1—35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roden, Donald. 1990. “Taishō culture and the problem of gender ambivalence.” In Culture and Identity, edited by Rimer, J. Thomas. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rubin, Jay. 1984. Injurious to Public Morals. Writers and the Meiji State. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Hikaru., Saito 1993. “Nijū nendai Nihon yūseigaku no ikkyokumen” (One side of Japan’s eugenics during the 1920s). Gendai shisō 21(7): 128—58.Google Scholar
Jirō., Shimoda 1908a. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni shirashimuru rigai (1)” (Advantages and disadvantages of sex education for children 1). Yomiuri shinbun 11 September: 5.Google Scholar
Jirō., Shimoda 1908b. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni oshifuru no rigai (2)” (Advantages and disadvantages of sex education for children 2). Yomiuri shinbun 12 September: 5.Google Scholar
Silverberg, Miriam. 1991. “The Modern Girl as Militant.” In RecreatingJapanese Women, 1600–1945, edited by Lee Bernstein, Gail. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Silverberg, Miriam. 1992. “Constructing the Japanese Ethnography of Modernity.” Journal of Asian Studies 51(1): 30–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverberg, Miriam. 1993. “Constructing a New Cultural History of Prewar Japan. In Japan in the World, edited by Miyoshi, Masao, H., and. D. Harootunian. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Silverberg, Miriam. 1998. “The Cafe Waitress Serving Modern Japan.” In Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan, edited by Vlastos, Stephen. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Naohiko., Takeuchi 1989. “Meiji-ki kankō chōsa ni miru ‘kanko’ to ‘kindai’” (The habitual criminal’ and ‘modernity’ viewed in surveys on habitual criminals during the Meiji period). In Kindai Nihon shakai chōsashi I, edited by Takao, Kawai. Tōkyō: Keiō tsūshin.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Stefan. 1993. Japan’s Orient: Rendering Pasts into History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Yoshiaki., Tatsuyama 1908. “Seiyoku kyoiku mondai ni tsuite” (On the problem of sex education). Kyōiku gakujutsukai 18:266—72.Google Scholar
Chizuko., Ueno 1990. “Nihongata kindai kazoku no tanjō” (The birth of the Japanese family). In Nihon kindai shisō taikei 23. Fūzoku sei, edited by Shinzō, Ogi, and Ueno Chizuko., Kumakura Isao. Tōkyō: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Yayoi., Washiyama 1908a. “Seiyoku no daiheigai (1)” (The great evil of the sexual instinct 1). Yomiuri shinbun 30 September: 5.Google Scholar
Yayoi., Washiyama 1908b. “Seiyoku no daiheigai (2)” (The great evil of the sexual instinct 2). Yomiuri shinbun 1 October: 5.Google Scholar
Senji., Yamamoto 1921a. “Okoriyasuki gokai to sono keikai, oyobi sono ta no chūi” (Common misunderstandings and how to avoid them, as well as other cautions). In Yamamoto Senji zenshü. Daiikkan: jinsei seibutsugaku—seikagaku (Collected works of Yamamoto Senji. Volume 1: Human biology—sexual science), edited by Sasaki Toshiji and Odagiri Akinori (1979). Tōkyō: Sekibunsha.Google Scholar
Senji., Yamamoto 1921b. “Sumiyaka ni seikyōiku o hodokose” (Urgently conduct sex education). In Yamamoto Senji zenshū. Dainikan: seikyōiku (Collected works of Yamamoto Senji. Volume 2: Sex education), edited by Toshiji, Sasaki and Akinori, Odagiri. Tōkyō: Sekibunsha.Google Scholar
Senji., Yamamoto 1924. “Onna ni taishite seikyōiku (2)” (Sex education for women). Tsūzoku igaku 2 (11): 39–41.Google Scholar
Tokutarō., Yasuda 1935. “Dōseiai no rekishikan” (A historical view of homosexuality). Chūō kōron 3:146—52.Google Scholar
Ichirō., Yasuda 1955. “Nihon ni okeru seikagaku no hattatsu” (The development of sexual science in Japan). Chūō kōron 70(12):280—85.Google Scholar
Kumaji., Yoshida 1908. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni oshifuru no rigai (1)” (Advantages and disadvantages of sex education for children 1). Yomiuri shinbun 1 October: 5.Google Scholar
Kumaji., Yoshida 1916. “Kyōiku aru fujin no teisSkan” (The view of chastity among educated women). Kakusei 6(11): 8–10.Google Scholar
Motoichi., Yubara 1908. “Seiyoku mondai o shitei ni oshiyuru rigai” (Advantages and disadvantages of children’s sex education). Yomiuri shinbun 26 September: 5.Google Scholar