Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T04:36:18.686Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Establishment of the French Protectorate over Cambodia1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

R. Stanley Thomson
R. Stanley Thomson
Affiliation:
Russell Sage College
Get access

Extract

When the empire of Annam, by the treaty of June 5, 1862, ceded to France the three eastern provinces of Cochinchina, France acquired several new neighbors in the Far East. From 1862 on, she was constantly occupied by her political and economic relations with these neighbors. She was led inexorably by her will to protect her conquest to further and further territorial expansion. The first result of her policy was the establishment of a protectorate over Cambodia in 1863. The next consequence was the annexation of the three remaining provinces of Cochinchina in 1867.The third logical step in her Far Eastern progress was an arrangement with Siam in 1867 by which the latter recognized her protectorate over Cambodia at the price of territorial concessions. A further advance was registered in 1874 by the establishment of a French protectorate over Annam.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 4 , Issue 4 , August 1945 , pp. 313 - 340
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1945

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 In the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris, Annam, including the six provinces of Cochinchina, is frequently referred to as Cochinchina. The writer limits the use of the word Cochinchina to the six southern provinces, Bienhoa, Mytho, etc.

3 “Quelques traits relatif à l'histoire du Cambodge,” Revue d'histoire des missions, VIII (1931), 537.

4 Meyniard, Charles, Le second Empire en Indo-Chine (Paris, 1891), p. 359:Google Scholar also, Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Siam I, 1855–1857, Mission de de Montigny, M. à Siam et en Cochinchine, Montigny to Walewski, May 8, 1857, p. 409.Google Scholar

5 Siam I, Montigny to Walewski, October 18, 1856, p. 212; Montigny to Walewski, May 8, 1857, p. 403.

6 Siam I, Montigny to King of Siam, March 26, 1857, p. 425–26 “Your Majesty will be good enough to recall that from the moment of my arrival at your court, I recognized your right of suzerainty over Cambodia in the most explicit manner; that the formula of all ray letters includes the title of suzerain over this realm. This right once accorded in Siam could no longer be denied in Cambodia.” See also Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Asie XXVIII, Indo-Chine II, 1862–1863, Drouyn de Lhuys to Chasseloup-Laubat, August 15, 1863, p. 468.

7 Siam I, Montigny to Walewski, May 8, 1857, p. 403.

8 Ibid., Montigny to Walewski, October 18, 1856, p. 212.

9 Ibid., Montigny to Walewski, May 8, 1857, pp. 403–23.

10 Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Asie XXIX, Indo-Chine III, 1864–1866, De la Grandière to Drouyn de Lhuys, March 30, 1864, p. 63.

11 Siam I, Montigny to Drouyn de Lhuys, October 18, 1856, p. 213.

12 Siam I, Montigny to Drouyn de Lhuys, May 8, 1857, pp. 415–18. The English version of this part of Montigny's negotiations is otherwise: “When M. de Montigny was here in 1856 to negotiate the commercial treaty between France and Siam I have been assured that he made the proposition for a cession of Pulo Condore to France an especial object. It was declined not only by the Kings of Siam but likewise by the King of Cambodia under the plea that they thought they could not dispose of Pulo Condore as the Cochin Chinese disputed their claim to it.” Public Record Office, London, Foreign Office MSS, hereafter cited as F. O. 69/24 etc. Consul Schomburgk to Earl Russell, May 31, 1858, F. O. 69/24.

13 Siam I, Montigny to King of Siam, March 26, 1857, pp. 425–26.

14 Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Siam II, 1857–1863. Castelnau to Walewski, November 2, 1858, p. 34.

15 Société des Missions Etrangères, Cambodge, Mgr. Miche to M. Libois, April 15, 1860; also, Abbé Hestrest to Abbé Albrand, April 16, 1860.

16 Société des Missions Etrangères, M. Miche to Directors of Seminary, December 12, 1859; also, Miche to Libois, December 15, 1859.

17 Siam II, Prince Khrom Luang Wongsa to Thouvenel, July 20, 1860, pp. 86–87.

18 Idem.

19 Ibid., Thouvenel to Prince Khrom Luang Wongsa, October 9, 1860, p. 104.

20 Ibid., Thouvenel to Castelnau, November 24, 1860, p. 113.

21 Ibid., Castelnau to Thouvenel, January 2, 1861, p. 118.

22 Ibid., Castelnau to Thouvenel, January 24, 1861, pp. 122–26.

23 Ibid., Miche to Castelnau, February 13, 1861, p. 146.

24 Ibid., Castelnau to Thouvenel, January 2, 1861, p. 115.

25 Ibid., Castelnau to Thouvenel, January 24, 1861, pp. 122–23.

26 Ibid., Thouvenel to Castelnau, April 9, 1861, pp. 166–67.

27 Ibid., Charner to Castelnau, June 28, 1861, p. 218.

28 Ibid., Castelnau to Thouvenel, September 30, 1861, pp. 261–62.

29 Ibid., Castelnau to Phra Klang, November 8, 1861, p. 279. See Public Record Office, London, F. O. 69/39 for a slightly different rendering in English.

30 Siam II, Miche to Castelnau, August 15, 1861, p. 265.

31 Siam II, Castelnau to Thouvenel, December 9, 1861, p. 274. Also F. O. 69/39, Phra Klang to Castelnau, November 22, 1861.

31A F. 0. 69/39, Castelnau to first King of Siam, November 22, 1861.

32 These “exceptional conditions” were contained in Article IV of the draft treaty. In exchange for Castclnau's acceptance of the title “His Highness” for the ruler of Cambodia, Article I, France was to have two territories of a square league each on the Cambodian side of the Meikong “for the reparation of the streamers and the destruction of piracy on the river.” The Kralahome refused to sanction this territorial cession. See F. O. 69/39 Castelnau to Kralahome, November 25, 1861, and Castelnau to First King, November 30, 1861, December 6, and December 7, 1861.

32A Ibid., Castelnau to First King, December 7, 1861.

32B Ibid., No. 41. Schomburgk to Russell, December 11, 1861.

33 Siam II, Bonard to Chasseloup-Laubat, December 26, 1861, pp. 312–13.

34 Ibid., p. 313.

35 Ibid.; Thouvenel to Chasseloup-Laubat, February 25, 1862, p. 316; also Thouvenel to Chas-scloup-Laubat, May 7, 1862, pp. 322–23.

36 Asie XXVIII, Phra Klang to Bonard, May 21, 1862, p. 78.

37 Ibid., Phra Klang to Bonard, July 28, 1862, p. 76.

38 Ibid., Bonard to Chasseloup-Laubat, September 30, 1862, p. 130.

39 Ibid., Bonard to Chasseloup-Laubat, October 18, 1862, p. 133.

40 Ibid., Bonard to Phra Klang, October 18, 1862, p. 134.

41 Ibid., Bonard to Phra Klang, December 10, 1862, p. 209. The italics represent underlining in the original document.

42 Ibid., report of Hydrographical Engineer Manen. Extract, pp. 240–43.

43 Ibid., Bonard to Drouyn de Lhuys, Jan. 7, 1863, pp. 280–283.

44 Ibid., Note on question of Cochinchina, March, 1863, pp. 371–72. Also Asie XXVIII, Drouyn de Lhuys to Chasseloup-Laubat, December 3, 1863, p. 531.

45 Ibid., Chasseloup-Laubat to Bonard, Copy, January 15, 1863, pp. 298–315.

46 Ibid., p. 301.

47 Article IV, forbade Annam to alienate any part of her territory without the consent of France.

48 Chasseloup-Laubat to Bonard, January 15, 1863, p. 306.

49 Ibid., p. 308.

50 Ibid., p. 309.

51 Ibid., note sur la question de Cochinchine, March, 1863, pp. 345–400; also Drouyn de Lhuys to Chasseloup-Laubat, August 15, 1863, pp. 465–78.

52 Ibid., note sur la question de Cochinchine, March, 1863, p. 389.

53 Ibid., p. 389–90.

54 Ibid., Phra Klang to Bonard, January 24, 1863, pp. 343–44.

55 Ibid., Chasseloup-Laubat to Drouyn de Lhuys, September 6, 1863, pp. 479–88.

56 Ibid., p. 482.

57 Ibid., p. 483.

58 Ibid., Grandière to Chasseloup-Laubat, June 8, 1863, p. 489.

59 Ibid., p. 489–92. The italics represent underlining in the original document.

59A Ibid., Grandière to Chasseloup-Laubat, August 26, 1863, p. 578.

60 The foregoing account by Grandière is found in Asie XXVIII, Grandière to Chasseloup-Laubat, August 26, 1863, pp. 575–95.

61 Norodom's letter is found in Siam II, 1857–1863, Norodom to the Kralahome, August 15, 1863, pp. 380–84.

62 Asie XXVIII, Grandière to Chasseloup-Laubat, August 26, 1863, p. 583; also Chasseloup-Laubat to Drouyn de Lhuys, December 10, 1863, p. 546.

63 Siam II, Grandière to Consul at Bangkok, August 26, 1863, p. 390.

64 Ibid., Phra Klang to Grandière, September 22,1863, pp. 392–93. (Also in English, pp. 378–79).

65 Ibid., Phra Klang to Drouyn de Lhuys, September 22, 1863, p. 393 also in F. O. 69/35.

66 Siam II, Siamese Consul at Paris to Drouyn de Lhuys and Annex, December 16, 1863, pp. 401–406.

67 Asie XXIX, Drouyn de Lhuys to Chasseloup-Laubat, January 5, 1864. p. 37.

67A Asie XXVIII, observations concerning treaty of protectorate over Cambodia, p. 500.

68 Ibid., pp. 499–506.

69 Ibid., Chasseloup-Laubat to Drouyn de Lhuys, December 10, 1863, pp. 539–51.

70 Ibid., pp. 542–43. The italics represent underlining in the original document.

71 Ibid., p. 548. The italics represent underlining in the original document.

72 Ibid., p. 550. The italics represent underlining in the original document.

73 Ibid. The italics represent underlining in the original document.

74 Asie XXIX, Drouyn de Lhuys to Chasseloup-Laubat, January 5, 1864, p. 36. See also Asie XXVIII, Chasseloup-Laubat to Grandière, November 26, 1863, p. 605. “Vous serez complètement approuvé. Les pouvoirs nécessaires qui n'existaient peut-être pas assez régulièrement vous seront reconnus.”

75 Asie XXIX, Drouyn de Lhuys to Chasseloup-Laubat, January 5, 1864, pp. 37–38.

76 Siam III, 1864–1866, 1867 (January-March) Drouyn de Lhuys to Aubaret, January 9, 1864, p. 1.

77 Asie XXIX, Drouyn de Lhuys to Grandière, January 9, 1864, pp. 44–48.

78 Siam III, Drouyn de Lhuys to Phra Klang, January 9, 1864, p. 17.

79 Asie XXVIII, Grandière to Chasseloup-Laubat, August 26, 1863, p. 594.

80 A. B., Villemereuilde, Explorations et Missions de Doudart de Lagrée, Paris,. 1883, Lagrée to Grandière, December 12, 1863, p. 103.Google Scholar

81 Ibid., Norodom to Lagrée, January 11,1864, p. 104.

82 Ibid., Lagrée to Norodom, no date, p. 106.

83 Asie XXIX, Grandière to Marine, March, 1864, p. 88. Chasseloup-Laubat believed that the best way to show Norodom that France intended to maintain the treaty would be to have Grandière bestow a crown upon him with a certain amount of éclat. Asie XXIX, Chasseloup-Laubat to Drouyn de Lhuys, May 7, 1864, p. 79.

84 Asie XXIX, Grandière to Chasseloup-Laubat, January 27, 1864, pp. 80, 81.

85 Villemereuil, op. cit., Minister of Marine of Cambodia to Lagrée, February 29, 1864, p. 362.

86 Ibid., Lagrée to Norodom, March 1, 1864, p. 108.

87 Ibid., Lagrée to Norodom, no date, pp. 360–61. Grandière refers to these soldiers in the following language: “L'officier français qui commande dans le Haut-Cambodge n'ayant pu faire écouter à ce prince tremblant ses justes représentations, j'ai du renforcer la division du Cambodge pour rassurer (sic) S.M.” Asie XXIX, Grandière to Chasseloup-Laubat, March 30, 1864, p. 62.

88 Villemereuil, op. cit., Norodom to Lagrée, March 11, 1864, pp. 363–64.

89 See Revue d'histoire des Missions, loc. cit., pp. 537–40.

90 Asie XXIX, Grandière to Drouyn de Lhuys, March 30, 1864, p. 61.

91 Ibid., Grandière to Drouyn de Lhuys, April 25, 1864, p. 97.

92 Siam III, Aubaret to Drouyn de Lhuys, April 22, 1864, p. 39, 40.

93 Ibid., Aubaret to Kralahome, April 22, 1864, p. 45; also same to same, F. O. 69/39.

94 Kralahome to Aubaret, April 25, 1864, F. O. 69/39.

95 For the report of Désmoulins, see Asie XXIX, Grandière to Chasseloup-Laubat, June 8, 1864, pp. 247–50.

96 Ibid., p. 248.

97 Ibid.