Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T04:16:05.371Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Cultural Cold War in Korea, 1945–1950

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Charles K. Armstrong
Get access

Extract

By definition, the cold war was understood on both sides of the conflict to be a global struggle that stopped short of direct military engagement between the superpowers (the U.S. and the USSR). In Europe, the putative center ofthat struggle, the geopolitical battle lines were fixed after the early 1950s, or they at least could not be altered by normal military means without provoking World War III—which would result in mutual annihilation. Therefore, each side hoped to make gains over the other by using more subtle, political, and often clandestine methods, winning the “hearts and minds” of people in the other bloc (as well as maintaining potentially wayward support in one's own bloc), hoping to subvert the other side from within. The cold war was an enormous campaign of propaganda and psychological warfare on both sides. A vast range of cultural resources, from propaganda posters and radio broadcasts to sophisticated literary magazines, jazz bands, ballet troupes, and symphony orchestras, were weapons in what has recently come to be called the “Cultural Cold War” (Saunders 1999). Studies of the cultural cold war have proliferated since the late 1990s, most of which focus on U.S. cultural policy and are concerned with the European “theater” of this conflict (Hixson 1997; Fehrenbach and Poiger 2000; Poiger 2000; Berghahn 2001).

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , February 2003 , pp. 71 - 99
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Archival and Private Papers

Bowman, . 1950. Alfred Connor Bowman Papers, Box 1. Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Haimowitz, . 1946–1947. Daily and Weekly Reports of Ely Haimowitz, Music Director. Department of Education, United States Army Military Government in Korea. Private collection of Ely Haimowitz, Reno, Nevada.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 242a. National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized, 1941–, Records Seized by U.S. Military Forces in Korea. Shipping Advice 2005, item 1/18. Cho-Sso ch'inso˘n (Korean-Soviet friendship) 2. July 1946. College Park, Md.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 242b. National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized, 1941–, Records Seized by U.S. Military Forces in Korea. Shipping Advice 2008, item 9/2. Yo˘nghwa yesul (Special issue on Nae Kohyang). 1949.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 319a. Records of the Army Staff. Records of the Office of the Chief of Civil Affairs, box 18. File: KOREA-CI&E Programs and Policies. CINCUNC, Reorientation Plan for Korea.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 319b. Records of the Army Staff. U.S. Eighth Army to CINCFE. Plan developed by Information and Education Bureau, Department of National Defense, Republic of Korea, for the Conversion of Communists North of the Thirty-eighth Parallel to the Democratic Form of Government. 28 October 1950.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 319c Records of the Army Staff. General Headquarters, United Nations Command. Operations Order No. 2, Reorientation and Reeducation Program. November 1950.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 319d. Records of the Army Staff. Motion Picture Section, Civil Affairs Division, USAMGIK, memo.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 319e. Records of the Army Staff. Letter from Francis S. Harmon to General Royall. 1 October 1948.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 319f Records of the Army Staff. Charles M. Tanner, Semiannual Report on Activities of Motion Picture Section, Office of Civil Information. September 1948.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 332. United States Army Forces in Korea, Assistant Chief of Staff, G2. Box 57, North Korea Today. 1947.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 338. Records of the United States Army Command, Classified Organizational History Files. United States Forces, Korea: History of the United States Army Forces in Korea, 1945–1948.Google Scholar
National Archives and Records Administration. Rg 497. Box 464. Headquarters, 181st Counter-intelligence Corps Detachment, First Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force. Communist Indoctrination of North Korean Civilian Populace. 30 November 1950.Google Scholar
National Security Archives. 1954. Summary Report of Official Minutes of the Twelfth Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Books Abroad, 16 August. Truman Papers, Box 1. CIA Book Publishing. National Security Archive, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Yo˘ng-Jin, O.. 1949. Report on North Korean Film. Asia Foundation. Private papers of Theodore C. Conant, Hanover, N.H.Google Scholar
Occupation. United States Army Center of Military History, File 8–5.1 BA. Education in South Korea under United States Occupation, 1945–1948. Pt. 3, chap. 9, History of the Occupation of Korea. Office of the Chief of Military History, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Skig, . 1947. United States Army Military Government in Korea, South Korean Interim Government Activities 24. September 1947. Private Collection of Ely Haimowitz, Reno, Nevada.Google Scholar

Other Sources

Aldrich, Richard J., Rawnsley, Gary D., and Rawnsley, Ming-Yeh T., eds. 2000. The Clandestine Cold War in Asia, 1945–65: Western Intelligence, Propaganda, and Special Operations. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Anderson, Joseph L., and Richie, Donald. 1959. The Japanese Film: Art and Industry. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Charles K. 2002. “The Origins of North Korean Cinema: Art and Propaganda in the Democratic People's Republic.” Acta Koreana 5(1):1–19.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Charles K. 2003. The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bahro, Rudolf. 1981. The Alternative in Eastern Europe. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Berghahn, Volker. 2001. America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe: Shepard Stone between Philanthropy, Academy, and Diplomacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Jian. 2001. Mao's China and the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Hae-Wo˘l, Ch'oe. 1988. “The Character of the Anti-National University Movement during the US Military Government.” Yo˘ksa pip'yo˘ng 1:6–30.Google Scholar
Cumings, Bruce. 1981. Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947. Vol. 1 of The Origins of the Korean War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dower, John W. 1999. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Heide, Fehrenbach, and Poiger, Uta G., eds. 2000. Transactions, Transgressions, Transformations: American Culture in Western Europe and Japan. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Foglesong, David S. 1999. “Roots of ‘Liberation’: American Images of the Future of Russia in the Early Cold War, 1948–1953.” International History Review 21(1):57–79.Google Scholar
Gleason, Abbott. 1995. Totalitarianism: The Inner History of the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sung, Han Jai. 1957. “The State Dance School.” New Korea 6:18.Google Scholar
Hester, Edward. 1951. Brainwashing in Red China. New York: Vanguard.Google Scholar
Hixson, Walter L. 1997. Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Kyung Hyun. 1996. “The Fractured Cinema of North Korea: The Discourse of the Nation in Sea of Blood.” In Pursuit of Contemporary East Asian Culture, edited by Tang, Xiaobing and Snyder, Stephen. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kwon, Youngmin. 1991. “Literature and Art in North Korea: Theory and Policy.” Korea Journal 31(6): 56–70.Google Scholar
Lankov, Andrei. 1995. Soryo˘n ŭi charyoro pon Pukhan hyo˘ndae cho˘ngch'isa (North Korean contemporary political history in Soviet sources). Translated by Kwangnyo˘n, Kim. Seoul: Oro˘rn.Google Scholar
Lee, Young-Il, and Young-Chol, Choe. 1998. The History of Korean Cinema. Translated by Greever, Richard Lynn. Seoul: Jimoondang.Google Scholar
Lucas, Scott. 1996. “Campaigns of Truth: The Psychological Strategy Board and American Ideology, 1951–53.” International History Review 27:279–302.Google Scholar
Myers, Brian. 1994. Han So˘rya and North Korean Literature: The Failure of Socialist Realism in the DPRK. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Noe Kohyang (My hometown). 1949. Directed by Kim So˘ng-gu and produced by Kang Hong-sik. Videocassette.Google Scholar
Naimark, Norman M. 1995. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nam-Un, Paek. 1950. Ssoryo˘n insang (Impressions of the Soviet Union). Pyongyang: Choso˘n yo˘ksa p'yo˘nch'an wiwo˘nhoe.Google Scholar
Poiger, Uta. 2000. Jazz, Rock, and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Sandler, Mark Howard. 1997. The Confusion Era: Art and Culture of Japan during the Allied Occupation, 1945–1952. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Saunders, Frances S. 1999. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 1998. In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin, 1945–1948. Translated by Barry, Kelly. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wilbur, Schramm, and Riley, John W. Jr, 1951a. “Communication in the Sovietized State, as Demonstrated in Korea.” American Sociological Review 16(6):761–62.Google Scholar
Wilbur, Schramm, and Riley, John W. Jr, 1951b. The Reds Take a City. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Shin, Gi-Wook. 1995. “Marxism, Anti-Americanism, and Democracy in South Korea: An Examination of Nationalist Intellectual Discourse.” positions: east asia cultures critique 3(2):508–34.Google Scholar
Stueck, William. 1995. The Korean War: An International History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Richard. 1998. Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia andNazi Germany. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
U.S. Department Of State. [1951] 1961. North Korea: A Case Study in the Techniques of Takeover. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Yang, Key P., and Chee, Chong-Boh. 1963. “North Korean Education System: 1945 to Present.” China Quarterly 14:125–40.Google Scholar
Zhai, Qiang. 2000. China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shu Guang. 1995. Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shu Guang. 2001. Economic Cold War: America's Embargo against China and the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949–1963. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar