Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T15:03:36.921Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Charles Gore, Kenosis and the Crisis of Power*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2009

Abstract

This article discusses the theology of one of the major figures of theology in Edwardian England, Charles Gore (1853–1932), particularly his understanding of kenosis and vulnerability in relation to Christ and the Christian. Beginning with an analysis of the loss of invulnerability by the Church of England, the article uses the theology of Donald Mackinnon as a backdrop for understanding the notion of ‘rough discipleship’ outlined by Gore which strips away the trappings of power. Through a detailed discussion of Gore's works on the incarnation and the Sermon on the Mount, a picture is drawn of the requirements of the Christian character as well as what he regarded as the authentic church freed from the state. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of kenoticism in relation to the crisis of authority in contemporary Anglicanism. Assertions of power and authority are shown to be a denial of the complexity and vulnerability implied by the powerlessness and tragedy of Christ.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © SAGE Publications (Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore) and The Journal of Anglican Studies Trust 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Gill, Robin, The Myth of the Empty Church (London: SPCK, 1993).Google Scholar

2. Brown, Callum, The Death of Christian Britain (London: Routledge, 2001), esp. pp. 1829.Google Scholar

3. Shils, Edward and Young, Michael, ‘The Meaning of the Coronation’, Sociological Review NS 1 (1953), pp. 6381, esp. 64–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4. Davie, Grace, Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without Belonging? (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).Google Scholar

5. Grimley, Matthew, Citizenship, Community, and the Church of England: Liberal Anglican Theories of the State between the Wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), p. 210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. Grimley, , Citizenship, pp. 221, 225.Google Scholar See also Taylor, Charles, Varieties of Religion Today: William James Revisited (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), ch. 3.Google Scholar

7. Brown, , The Death of Christian Britain, p. 197.Google Scholar

8. Brown, , The Death of Christian Britain, p. 197.Google Scholar

9. MacKinnon, Donald, ‘Kenosis and Establishment’Google Scholar, in idem.The Stripping of the Altars (London: Fontana, 1969), p. 34.Google Scholar

10. MacKinnon, , ‘Kenosis and Establishment’, p. 33.Google Scholar

11. MacKinnon, , ‘Kenosis and Establishment’, p. 29Google Scholar; cf. ‘Authority and Freedom in the Church’, in MacKinnon, , The Stripping of the Altars, pp. 5161 (53).Google Scholar

12. MacKinnon, , ‘Kenosis and Establishment’, p. 33.Google Scholar

13. MacKinnon, , ‘Kenosis and Establishment’, p. 34.Google Scholar

14. Cf. MacKinnon, Donald, Borderlands of Theology (London: Lutterworth, 1968), p. 50.Google Scholar See also Williams, Rowan, ‘Incarnation and the Renewal of Community’, in On Christian Theology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 225–38Google Scholar, esp. p. 234.

15. On Gore see Carpenter, James, Gore: A Study in Liberal Catholic Thought (London: Faith Press, 1960)Google Scholar, which contains a fairly complete bibliography; Prestige, G.L., The Life of Charles Gore (London: Heinemann, 1935)Google Scholar; Avis, Paul, Gore: Construction and Conflict (Worthing: Churchman, 1988)Google Scholar; Ekström, Ragnar, The Theology of Charles Gore: A Study in Modern Anglican Theology (Lund: Gleerup, 1944).Google Scholar More generally, see Reardon, Bernard, Religious Thought in the Victorian Age: A Survey from Coleridge to Gore (London: Longmans, 2nd edn, 1995), esp. pp. 318–50Google Scholar; Ramsey, A. Michael, From Gore to Temple: The Development of Anglican Theology between Lux Mundi and the Second World War, 1889–1939 (London: Longmans, 1960)Google Scholar; Mozley, J.K., Some Tendencies in British Theology (London: SPCK, 1951), esp. pp. 1723.Google Scholar

16. MacKinnon, , ‘Kenosis and Establishment’, p. 38Google Scholar. See also p. 20.

17. I have critically examined his understanding of ministry in By What Authority? Authority, Ministry and the Catholic Church (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1997), esp. pp. 1524.Google Scholar

18. MacKinnon, , ‘Kenosis and Establishment’, p. 39.Google Scholar

19. Gore, Charles, The Social Doctrine of the Sermon on the Mount (London: Percival, 1893), pp. 1516.Google Scholar

20. On the early history of the Community of the Resurrection, see Wilkinson, Alan, The Community of the Resurrection: A Centenary History (London: SCM Press, 1992)Google Scholar, esp. pp. 36–37.

21. See esp. Wilkinson, , The Community, ch. 12.Google Scholar

22. Prestige, G.L., The Life of Charles Gore (London: Heinemann, 1935), p. 36.Google Scholar

23. On this dispute see Hinchliff, Peter, God and History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 104106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24. Gore, Charles, Lux Mundi: A Series of Studies in the Religion of the Incarnation (London: John Murray, 1889).Google Scholar References to the 15th edition, 1909. See also the centenary volume, Morgan, Robert (ed.), The Religion of the Incarnation: Anglican Essays in Commemoration of Lux Mundi (Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1989).Google Scholar

25. ‘The Holy Spirit and Inspiration’, in Gore, , Lux Mundi, pp. 230–66 (264–65).Google Scholar

26. Gore, Charles, The Incarnation of the Son of God (London: John Murray, 1891), pp. 161–62.Google Scholar

27. Gore, Charles, Dissertations on Subjects Connected with the Incarnation (London: John Murray, 1895), p. 87.Google Scholar

28. Gore, , Dissertations., p. 93.Google Scholar

29. Gore, , Dissertations., p. 224.Google Scholar

30. Gore maintains this theory consistently through his life. See, for instance, Can We Then Believe? (London: John Murray, 1926), p. 194.Google Scholar

31. On English Christology of the period, see Lawton, J.S., Conflict in Christology: A Study of British and American Christology from 1889–1914 (London: SPCK, 1947)Google Scholar; Mascall, E.L., Christ, the Christian and the Church (London: Longmans, 1946)Google Scholar; Langford, T.A., In Search of Foundations (Nashville: Abingdon, 1969), ch. 8Google Scholar; Dawe, Donald G., The Form of a Servant: A Historical Analysis of the Kenotic Motif (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1963).Google Scholar

32. See Gore, , The Social Doctrine, p. 1.Google Scholar

33. Cited in Paget, Stephen (ed.), Henry Scott Holland: Memoir and Letters (London: John Murray, 1921), p. 170.Google Scholar On the CSU see Jones, P. D'Arcy, The Christian Socialist Revival (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968)Google Scholar; Wilkinson, Alan, Christian Socialism (London: SCM Press, 1998).Google Scholar

34. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 5.Google Scholar

35. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 10.Google Scholar Cf. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount: A Practical Exposition (London: John Murray, 1897), pp. 64, 119, 134, 135.Google Scholar

36. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 13.Google Scholar

37. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 13.Google Scholar

38. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 2.Google Scholar

39. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 1.Google Scholar

40. Gore, Charles, Report of the Church Congress (London: Bemrose, 1896), pp. 566–67.Google Scholar

41. Gore, , Christ and Society (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1928), p. 18.Google Scholar

42. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount, p. 1.Google Scholar

43. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 3.Google Scholar

44. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 15.Google Scholar

45. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 5.Google Scholar

46. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount, pp. 103104.Google Scholar

47. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount, pp. 2526.Google Scholar

48. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 26Google Scholar. See also Gore's sermon to the 1906 Church Congress, ‘The Church and the Poor’, in The New Theology and the Old Religion (London: John Murray, 1908), pp. 274–94.Google Scholar

49. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 27.Google Scholar

50. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 33.Google Scholar

51. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 41Google Scholar. Cf. p. 142.

52. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount, pp. 35, 37.Google Scholar

53. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 39.Google Scholar

54. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 43.Google Scholar

55. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 11.Google Scholar Gore also lists Hastings Rashdall as a proponent of this theory.

56. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 171.Google Scholar

57. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 188.Google Scholar

58. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount, pp. 45, 46.Google Scholar

59. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 45.Google Scholar

60. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 144.Google Scholar

61. Gore, , Christianity Applied to the Life of Men and Nations (London: John Murray, reissued 1940), p. 73.Google Scholar

62. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 101.Google Scholar

63. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 49.Google Scholar

64. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 69.Google Scholar

65. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 4Google Scholar. See also p. 13.

66. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount, pp. 176–77.Google Scholar

67. See Carpenter, , Gore, pp. 258, 265.Google Scholar

68. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount, p. 182.Google Scholar

69. Gore, , St Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians: A Practical Exposition (London: John Murray, 1898), p. 190.Google Scholar

70. Gore, , Dominant Ideas and Corrective Principles (London: Mowbray, 1918), p. 111.Google Scholar

71. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount., p. 178.Google Scholar

72. Gore, , The Social Doctrine., p. 8.Google Scholar

73. Gore, , ‘The Kingdom of God’, in Three Addresses Delivered at the Christian Social Union Meeting at Colston Hall, Bristol, December 1, 1896 (Bristol: Hemmons, 1897), p. 28.Google Scholar

74. Gore, , ‘The Kingdom of God’, p. 28.Google Scholar

75. Gore, , ‘The Kingdom of God’, p. 36.Google Scholar

76. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount, p. 163Google Scholar; see also Gore, , The Social Doctrine, p. 13.Google Scholar

77. Gore, , The Social Doctrine, p. 15.Google Scholar

78. Gore, , The Social Doctrine, p. 16.Google Scholar

79. Gore, , The Sermon on the Mount, p. 184.Google Scholar

80. After Gore's lecture on The Social Doctrine of the Sermon on the Mount there was a discussion where it was asked why Gore had not used the word ‘leaven’. He replied in a footnote: ‘There is a sense in which the Church is to merge itself in the society around it. To this I should only reply that it is the teaching of the former metaphor [salt] that we in England today most imperatively need. The latter we are not in so much danger of ignoring’ (p. 16).

81. Gore, , The Incarnation, p. 216Google Scholar; The Sermon on the Mount, p. 48.Google Scholar

82. See my essay, ‘Concepts of the Voluntary Church in England and Germany, 1890–1920: A Study of J.N. Figgis and Ernst Troeltsch’, Zeitschrift für neuere Theologiegeschichte 2.1 (1995), pp. 3759.Google Scholar

83. Gore, , ‘The Kingdom of God’, p. 28.Google Scholar

84. Gore, , Roman Catholic Claims (London: Rivingtons, 1889), pp. 5152.Google Scholar

85. Gore, , The Social Doctrine, p. 9.Google Scholar

86. Cited in Carpenter, , Gore, p. 259.Google Scholar

87. Gore, , ‘The Kingdom of God’, p. 34.Google Scholar

88. In The Social Doctrine, Gore had written: ‘If it is a socialism that is being established, it is a socialism of free choice, not State compulsion’ (p. 8).

89. Gore, , The Incarnation, pp. 210–11.Google Scholar

90. Gore, , Roman Catholic Claims, p. 51.Google Scholar

91. Huddleston, Trevor CR, Naught for your Comfort (London: Fontana, 1957), p. 176.Google Scholar

92. Prestige, , The Life of Charles Gore, p. 326.Google Scholar

93. A good survey of Gore's interventions in the doctrinal questions of his day can be found in Clements, Keith, Lovers of Discord (London: SPCK, 1988), esp. ch. 3.Google Scholar

94. See, e.g., the famous closing sections of MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue (London: Duckworth, 1981), p. 245.Google Scholar

95. See, e.g., Hauerwas, Stanley, After Christendom? How the Church Is to Behave if Freedom, Justice, and a Christian Nation Are Bad Ideas (Nashville: Abingdon, 1991).Google Scholar

96. MacKinnon, , ‘Authority and Freedom in the Church’, p. 60Google Scholar. See also the recent polemic by Hobson, Theo, ‘Ecclesiological Fundamentalism’, Modern Believing 45 (2004), pp. 4859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

97. MacKinnon, , ‘Authority and Freedom’, p. 56.Google Scholar

98. MacKinnon, , ‘Authority and Freedom’, p. 56Google Scholar; MacKinnon, , ‘Some Reflections on a Dark Theme’Google Scholar, in idem.Explorations in Theology 5 (London: SCM Press, 1979), pp. 129–37 (136).Google Scholar

99. For MacKinnon's discussion of the tragic, see ‘Theology and Tragedy’ in MacKinnon, , The Stripping of the Altars, pp. 4151Google Scholar; ‘Ethics and Tragedy’ in MacKinnon, , Explorations in Theology, pp. 182–95Google Scholar; ‘Atonement and Tragedy’, in MacKinnon, , Borderlands of Theology, pp. 97104Google Scholar. For some useful reflections on this, see MacKinnon, , ‘Kenosis and Establishment’, p. 27Google Scholar. For useful recent discussions see Williams, Rowan, ‘Trinity and Ontology’, in On Christian Theology, pp. 148–66Google Scholar, esp. pp. 162–66; McDowell, John C., ‘“Mend your Speech a Little”: Reading Karl Barth's das Nichtige through Donald MacKinnon's Tragic Vision’, in McDowell, John C. and Higton, Mike (eds.), Conversing with Barth (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), pp. 142–72.Google Scholar

100. MacKinnon, , ‘Is Ecumenism a Power Game?’Google Scholar, in MacKinnon, , The Stripping of the Altars, pp. 7282 (81–82).Google Scholar

101. See Lambeth Commission on Communion, The Windsor Report (London: The Anglican Communion Office, 2004), esp. §§111–20.Google Scholar

102. MacKinnon, , ‘Authority and Freedom’, p. 56.Google Scholar

103. MacKinnon, , ‘Authority and Freedom’, p. 61.Google Scholar

104. The Windsor Report, §157.

105. MacKinnon, , Themes in Theology: The Threefold Cord (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1987), p. 235.Google Scholar

106. MacKinnon, , ‘Philosophy and Christology’Google Scholar, in MacKinnon, , Borderlands of Theology, pp. 5581 (81).Google Scholar

107. MacKinnon, , ‘Kenosis and Establishment’, p. 38Google Scholar. See also Williams, , On Christian Theology, p. 162.Google Scholar