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Time, Communications and Society: The English Atlantic, 1702
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 January 2009
Extract
After the firm establishment of the English Atlantic colonies, and before the emergence of ‘the American identity’, these provinces participated with the metropolis in a political and economic ‘empire’. If ‘empire’ might be challenged as conveying too much political or economic meaning, it might also be challenged as conveying too little social meaning. Was the English Atlantic at the opening of the eighteenth century a civilization, a culture, a society, or a community? Though these terms are maddeningly ill-defined and somewhat interchangeable, they are suggested here as a scale of increasing social cohesiveness, from a relationship that is primarily inherited and parallel (civilization, culture) to a connexion that is primarily based upon the sharing of current ideas, institutions and interests (society, community). One essential pre-requisite for such sharing is a network of communications judged adequate by the people using it.
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References
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35 Beckford to Board of Trade, 26 May 1702, CSPC 1702, no. 523.
36 Cannons in forts of the three major centres were fired once at sunset on 23 June in remembrance of William, and three rounds accompanied the proclaiming of Anne the following day. Jamaica Council minutes for 29 May, 9 June, CO 137/5, fos. 296/7.
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57 Ibid., p. 127.
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77 Larkin had a commission to establish special colonial courts to try pirates. Bennett's predecessor, Samuel Day, had brought on his own dismissal by imprisoning that indomitable Surveyor General, Edward Randolph. Hall, op. cit., pp. 193–8; Steele, op. cit., p. 50.
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86 The rigidly clockwise pattern of travel in the Caribbean was indicated by Beckford when he received packets for the Leewards and Barbados that had been forwarded from New England. Beckford sent them back to the continent noting that there was not a single vessel in seven years bound from Jamaica to Barbados. To Board of Trade, 26 August 1702, CSPC 1702, no. 919.
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98 Ibid., no. 679.
99 New Hampshire Council minutes, CO 5/789, p. 93.
100 The date is not clear, but see Winthrop to Board of Trade, 29 July 1702, CSPC 1702, no.792.
101 New York's date of declaration is nor clear. Cornbury told the Iroquois that he had not heard certain news by 21 July. NYCD, vol. 4, pp. 983, 993Google Scholar. He did not produce Notting ham's letter of 7 May until the Council meeting of 8 September. New York State Library, New York Council minutes, vol. 9, p. 70.Google Scholar
102 See Nicholson to Board of Trade, 29 July 1702, ibid., no. 793. Pennsylvania proclaimed the war on 24 July, CSPC 1702–3, no. 18 (i), though the informal news was discussed in Council on the 5th. Pennsylvania Council Minutes, vol. 2, pp. 69–70.Google Scholar
103 Virginia Council minutes for 2 April 1702, CO 5/1409, p. 208; same for 18 May 1702, CSPC 1702, no. 501.
104 Nicholson to Board of Trade, 29 July 1702, CSPC 1702, no. 793.
105 Virginia Council and Council-in-Assembly minutes of 14 August 1702, CSPC 1702, nos. 846, 847.
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107 Beckford to Board of Trade, 28 July 1702, ibid., no. 790.
108 Bermuda Council minutes, 28 September 1702, ibid., no. 1002.
109 New France had not heard of the formal declaration of war until after the middle of July. Public Archives of Canada, C11A, 20, p. 68; Lanctot, Gustave, A History of Canada, 3 vols. (Toronto, 1963–5), vol. 2, p. 150Google Scholar. The minister of marine dated his orders for Martinique to go on full alert jusr four days after Nottingham dated his colonial letters on the declaration of war. See Desalles, op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 248–9. There was no meaning in America to the fact that France did not officially reciprocate with its declaration of war until July. See Thompson, M. A., ‘Louis XIV and the Origins of the War of the Spanish Succession’, in William III and Louis XIV, eds. Harton, R. and Bromley, J. S. (Toronto, 1968), p. 159n.Google Scholar; De Lamberty, G., Memoires pour servir à I'histoire du xviiie siècle, 2nd ed., 14 vols. (The Hague, 1724–1740), vol. 2, pp. 107 ff., 200–1.Google Scholar
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111 These figures are derived from CSPC 1696–7 ff.