¹ Michael T. Kaufman, “What Does the Pentagon See in ‘Battle of Algiers’?,” New York Times, 7 Sept. 2003, at www.nytimes.com/2003/09/07/weekinreview/the-world-film-studies-what-does-the-pentagon-see-in-battle-of-algiers.html.

² On the American military's search for lessons see Fitzgerald, David, Learning to Forget: US Army Counterinsurgency Doctrine and Practice from Vietnam to Iraq (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013)Google Scholar.

³ Horne, Alistair, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (New York: New York Review of Books Classics, 2006)Google Scholar.

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⁶ Daniel P. Bolger, “Two Armies,” Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College, Sept. 1989, at www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA528291; Andrew Exum, “This Quote, from a Character in Jean Lartéguy's Novel ‘The Centurions,’ about French Paratroopers in Vietnam and Algeria, Says Everything I Want to Say about Trump's Military Parade.Pic.Twitter.Com/8yQvr89PdJ,” tweet, @ExumAM (blog), 6 Feb. 2018, at https://twitter.com/ExumAM/status/961025010067525634; “2016-05-13 Revision of British Army Professional Reading List,” at https://militaryreadinglists.com/revisions/110-centre-for-historical-analysis-and-conflict-research-2016-05-13, accessed 27 May 2018; “February 2011 Revision of the United States Military Academy Reading List,” https://militaryreadinglists.com/revisions/61-united-states-military-academy-2011-02-01, accessed 27 May 2018.

⁷ Jane Mayer, “Whatever It Takes,” New Yorker, 12 Feb. 2007, at www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/02/19/whatever-it-takes; Robert D. Kaplan, “Rereading Vietnam,” The Atlantic, Aug. 2007, at www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/08/rereading-vietnam/306169/; DiMarco, Lou, “Losing the Moral Compass: Torture and Guerre Revolutionnaire in the Algerian War,” Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College, 36, 2 (Summer 2006), 63–76Google Scholar. The one exception to this trend is Laleh Khalili, who offers a brief treatment of Lartéguy's sexism in a review article. Khalili, Laleh, “Scholar, Pope, Soldier, Spy,” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, 5, 3 (3 Dec. 2014), 424–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2014.0023.

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²⁰ Both Aussaresses and Trinquier wrote accounts of the war that justify the widespread use of torture. Aussaresses, Paul, The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-terrorism in Algeria 1955–1957 (New York: Enigma Books, 2002); Trinquier; Roux, 193–94Google Scholar.

²¹ Lartéguy, The Centurions, 188.

²² Ibid., 294.

²³ Ibid., 306.

²⁴ Rejali, Darius, Torture and Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 546CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²⁸ Mark Robson, “Lost Command, Action, Drama, War, 1966,” at www.imdb.com/title/tt0060637.

²⁹ For references to Lartéguy in French literary criticism see Gerbod, Françoise, Introduction à la vie littéraire du XXe siècle (Paris: Bordas, 1986), 118Google Scholar; Moura, Jean-Marc, L'image du tiers-monde dans le roman français contemporain (Paris: Presses Universitaries de France, 1992), 149CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Copin, Henri, L'Indochine des romans (Paris: Ed. Kailash, 2000), 139Google Scholar; Boisdeffre, Pierre de, Le roman français depuis 1900 (Paris: Presses Universitaries de France, 1979), 90–93Google Scholar. For reflections on Lartéguy and paratrooper culture in English see Showalter, Dennis E., “Dien Bien Phu in Three Cultures,” War & Society, 16, 2 (1 Oct. 1998), 93–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dine, Philip, “French Culture and the Algerian War: Mobilizing Icons,” Journal of European Studies, 28, 1 (1 March 1998), 51–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Talbott, John E., “The Myth and Reality of the Paratrooper in the Algerian War,” Armed Forces & Society, 3, 1 (1 Oct. 1976), 69–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Just, Daniel, “The War of Writing: French Literary Politics and the Decolonization of Algeria,” Journal of European Studies, 43, 3 (1 Sept. 2013), 227–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³¹ Jérémy Rubenstein, “La doctrina militar francesa popularizada: La influencia de las novelas de Jean Lartéguy en Argentina,” Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos, 6 June 2017, at https://doi.org/10.4000/nuevomundo.70524; Stanley McChrystal, “Foreword,” in Lartéguy, The Praetorians, vii–viii; Berlin, Robert H., Historical Bibliography No. 8: Military Classics (Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College, Jan. 1988)Google Scholar, at www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA211684; Recommended Reading List for Faculty and Students, Military Qualification Standards (MQS) II Reading List (Fort Benning, GA: US Army Infantry School, Jan. 1983)Google Scholar, at www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA127190; Bolger, “Two Armies.”

³² McChrystal, viii.

³³ Broadwell, Paula, All In: The Education of General David Petraeus (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), 64Google Scholar.

³⁴ France 3 Lorraine, Interview du Général Petraeus, 2014, at www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2QxHgddvIY.

³⁵ Isabelle Lasserre, “Bigeard, l’éternel combattant,” Le Figaro, 4 Nov. 2009, at www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2009/11/04/01016-20091104ARTFIG00474-bigeard-l-eternel-combattant-.php.

³⁶ Thomas Powers, “Warrior Petraeus,” New York Review of Books, 7 March 2013, at www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/03/07/warrior-petraeus.

³⁷ William F. Furr and Ronald L. Zelms, eds., “Uncomfortable Wars: Towards a New Paradigm, Kermit Roosevelt Lecture, United Kingdom, 1986.” Army–Air Force Center for Low Intensity Conflict, 1989, 31, at www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA215365.

³⁸ Roux, Jean Lartéguy, 199, 301.

³⁹ “Jean Lartéguy, l'homme qui valait des milliers de dollars,” LExpress.fr, 3 Feb. 2011, at www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/jean-larteguy-l-homme-qui-valait-des-milliers-de-dollars_958250.html.

⁴⁰ Sophia Raday and Matthew Dessem, “David Petraeus Wants This French Novel Back in Print!”, Slate, 27 Jan. 2011, at www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2011/01/david_petraeus_wants_this_french_novel_back_in_print.html.

⁴¹ “2016-05-13 Revision of British Army Professional Reading List”; “February 2011 Revision of the United States Military Academy Reading List”; “2016 Revision of U.S. Army Deputy Chief of Staff G-2 Reading List.,” accessed 27 May 2018, at https://militaryreadinglists.com/revisions/107-u-s-army-g-2-2016-01-15; Grey, Jeffrey, ed., Chief of Army's Reading List, rev. and updated edn (Canberra: Land Warfare Studies Centre, 2012)Google Scholar.

⁴² Peter R. Mansoor, “The Classics Revisited: Review of The Centurions by Jean Lartéguy,” Military Review, Dec. 2006, 102–3.

⁴³ Crane, Conrad, “United States,” in Keaney, Thomas A. and Rid, Thomas, eds., Understanding Counterinsurgency Warfare: Doctrine, Operations, and Challenges (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), 59–72, 66Google Scholar; Kaplan, Fred, The Insurgents: David Petraeus and the Plot to Change the American Way of War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 160Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ DiMarco, “Losing the Moral Compass.”

⁴⁵ Geoff Demarest, “Let's Take the French Experience in Algeria Out of U.S. Counterinsurgency Doctrine,” Military Review, Aug. 2010, 19–24.

⁴⁶ Kaplan, “Rereading Vietnam”; Robert D. Kaplan, “Foreword,” in Lartéguy, The Centurions; Mayer, “Whatever It Takes.”

⁴⁷ There is an extensive and growing literature on the military, masculinity and bodies. See Belkin, Aaron, Bring Me Men: Military Masculinity and the Benign Facade of American Empire, 1898–2001 (London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers Ltd, 2012)Google Scholar; Jeffords, Susan, Hard Bodies: Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994)Google Scholar; McSorley, Kevin, ed., War and the Body: Militarisation, Practice and Experience (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sasson-Levy, Orna, “Individual Bodies, Collective State Interests: The Case of Israeli Combat Soldiers,” Men and Masculinities, 10, 3 (1 April 2008), 296–321CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X06287760; Wadham, Ben, “The Dark Side of Defence: Masculinities and Violence in the Military,” in McGarry, Ross and Walklate, Sandra, eds., The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and War (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 269–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43170-7_15; Higate, Paul, ed., Military Masculinities: Identity and the State (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003)Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Lartéguy, The Centurions, 311–12.

⁴⁹ Tim Ferriss, “General Stan McChrystal on Eating One Meal Per Day, Special Ops, and Mental Toughness,” Blog of Author Tim Ferriss (blog), 6 July 2015, at https://tim.blog/2015/07/05/stanley-mcchrystal; Spencer Ackerman, “The Petraeus Workout,” American Prospect, 4 Sept. 2007, at http://prospect.org/article/petraeus-workout; Christopher McDougall, “General Petraeus’ Workout Routine,” Daily Beast, 25 June 2010, at www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/06/25/general-petraeus-workout-routine; We Are the Mighty, “Why Star US Gen. Stanley McChrystal Eats Only One Meal per Day,” Business Insider, at www.businessinsider.com/why-star-us-general-stanley-mcchrystal-only-eats-one-meal-per-day-2015-7, accessed 29 May 2018; Peter Beaumont, “Stanley McChrystal: The President's Stealth Fighter,” The Guardian, 26 Sept. 2009, at www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2009/sep/27/stanley-mcchrystal-commander-us-forces.

⁵⁰ Peters, Ralph, “Learning to Lose: Social Science Doctorates Kill Warriors,” American Interest, 2, 6 (1 July 2007)Google Scholar, at www.the-american-interest.com/2007/07/01/learning-to-lose.

⁵¹ “Lasting Ties Mark Gen. Petraeus’ Career,” NPR.org, at www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7193883, accessed 29 Sept. 2018.

⁵² “New York Post Columnist Ralph Peters on Petraeus and Fallon,” Hugh Hewitt Show, 9 Jan. 2007, at www.hughhewitt.com/new-york-post-columnist-ralph-peters-on-petraeus-and-fallon.

⁵³ “Iraq Will Be Petraeus's Knot to Untie,” Washington Post, 7 Jan. 2007, at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/06/AR2007010601185.html.

⁵⁴ Lartéguy, The Centurions, 177.

⁵⁵ Ibid., 82.

⁵⁶ Ibid., 116.

⁵⁷ Ibid., 208.

⁵⁸ Gendered colonial hierarchies have received considerable scholarly attention. See, for instance, Boittin, Jennifer, Firpo, Christina, and Church, Emily, “Hierarchies of Race and Gender in the French Colonial Empire, 1914–1946,” Historical Reflections, 37, 1 (April 1, 2011), 60–90Google Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2011.370104; Bradford, Helen, “Women, Gender and Colonialism: Rethinking the History of the British Cape Colony and Its Frontier Zones, c.1806–70,” Journal of African History, 37, 3 (1996), 351–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sinha, Mrinalini, “Giving Masculinity a History: Some Contributions from the Historiography of Colonial India,” Gender & History, 11, 3 (1 Nov. 1999), 445–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed, at https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.00155; Ghosh, Durba, “Gender and Colonialism: Expansion or Marginalization?”, Historical Journal, 47, 3 (2004), 737–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁹ McAlister, Melani, Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East since 1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 12Google Scholar. McAlister argues that American views of the Middle East can best be understood via a “post-orientalist” framework that acknowledges the analytical value of orientalism but moves beyond its emphasis on East–West binaries and the feminization of colonial subjects to describe a more complex relationship. McAlister notes that “the meanings of the Middle East in the United States have been far more mobile, flexible, and rich than the Orientalist binary would allow. Appropriation, affiliation, and distinction were all evoked by an evolving set of uneven relationships” (ibid., 270).

⁶⁰ Similarly, Christopher Lloyd argues that Lartéguy's semi-fictional portrayal of the Katanga crisis betrays a scepticism about Western neocolonial interventions in Congo. Lloyd, Christopher, “Revisiting the Congo's Forgotten Wars: Jean Lartéguy's Les Chimères Noires and the Secession of Katanga,” in Bowen, Claire and Hoffmann, Catherine, eds., Representing Wars from 1860 to the Present: Fields of Action, Fields of Vision (Leiden: Brill, 2018), 154–66Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Lartéguy, The Centurions, 434.

⁶² Ibid., 431.

⁶³ Lartéguy, Jean, Lettre ouverte aux bonnes femmes (Paris: Paris Match, Editions Rombaldi, 1972)Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ Lartéguy, The Centurions, 500.

⁶⁵ Brownmiller, Susan, Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993), 283–308Google Scholar; Wolfthal, Diane, Images of Rape: The “Heroic” Tradition and Its Alternatives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; Carroll, Margaret D., “The Erotics of Absolutism: Rubens and the Mystification of Sexual Violence,” Representations, 25 (1989), 3–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.2307/2928464.

⁶⁶ Harriet Gray and Maria Stern have recently argued that categorizing sexual violence as torture could unwittingly open up the possibility that sexual violence could be reframed as a legitimate, rational act, as torture sometimes is. However, in this case the rape of Aicha occurs very much in the context of the torture chamber, so it makes sense to speak of it as torture. Harriet Gray and Maria Stern, “Risky Dis/Entanglements: Torture and Sexual Violence in Conflict,” European Journal of International Relations, 5 March 2019, 1354066119832074, at https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066119832074.

⁶⁷ Beaugé, Florence, Algérie, une guerre sans gloire: Histoire d'une enquête (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 2005)Google Scholar; Branche, Raphaëlle, “Des viols pendant la guerre d'Algérie,” Vingtième siècle: Revue d'histoire, 75, 3 (1 Jan. 2006), 123–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lazreg, Marnia, Torture and the Twilight of Empire: From Algiers to Baghdad (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁸ Natalya Vince has documented both the experiences of the women who fought for Algerian independence and the ways in which their image has been used to promote the Algerian Revolution. Vince, Natalya, “Colonial and Post-colonial Identities: Women Veterans of the ‘Battle of Algiers’,” French History and Civilization, 2 (2009), 153–68Google Scholar; , Vince, Our Fighting Sisters: Nation, Memory and Gender in Algeria, 1954–2012 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016)Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Jean Lartéguy, “J'ai interrogé dans leur prison les condamnées à mort,” Paris-Presse l'Intransigeant, 11 April 1958.

⁷⁰ Lartéguy, The Centurions, 513.

⁷¹ Ibid., 514.

⁷² Marindelle's tactics are a clear example of the practice of “white men saving brown women from brown men,” described in Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's influential essay “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in Williams, Patrick and Chrisman, Laura, eds., Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994), 66–111, 92Google Scholar.

⁷³ Lartéguy, The Praetorians, 213.

⁷⁴ Lazreg, Marnia, The Eloquence of Silence: Algerian Women in Question (New York: Routledge, 1994), 135–37Google Scholar; Perego, Elizabeth, “The Veil or a Brother's Life: French Manipulations of Muslim Women's Images during the Algerian War, 1954–62,” Journal of North African Studies, 20, 3 (27 May 2015), 349–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2015.1013942; Seferdjeli, Ryme, “French ‘Reforms’ and Muslim Women's Emancipation during the Algerian War,” Journal of North African Studies, 9, 4 (1 Jan. 2004), 19–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1080/1362938042000326272; McMaster, Neil, Burning the Veil: The Algerian War and the “Emancipation” of Muslim Women, 1954–62 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ The discourse of the veil and the connections between feminism and Islam are, of course, the subject of long-running debate. Leila Ahmed persuasively argues that in the contemporary debate over the veil “the very subject … of the ‘oppression of women in Islam’ … is above all a political construct conjured into being to serve particular political ends. As in British imperial days, the subject remains fraught and charged with the political agendas of war and domination.” Ahmed, Leila, A Quiet Revolution: The Veil's Resurgence, from the Middle East to America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 230–31Google Scholar. See also , Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993)Google Scholar; Moghadam, Valentine M., “Islamic Feminism and Its Discontents: Toward a Resolution of the Debate,” Signs, 27, 4 (2002), 1135–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1086/339639; Mahmood, Saba, “Feminist Theory, Agency, and the Liberatory Subject: Some Reflections on the Islamic Revival in Egypt,” Temenos: Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion, 42, 1 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://journal.fi/temenos/article/view/4633.

⁷⁶ David Stout, “A Nation Challenged: The First Lady; Mrs. Bush Cites Women's Plight Under Taliban,” New York Times, 18 Nov. 2001, at www.nytimes.com/2001/11/18/us/a-nation-challenged-the-first-lady-mrs-bush-cites-women-s-plight-under-taliban.html; NATO, “NATO-ISAF Supports Education in Afghanistan,” at www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_22095.htm, accessed 10 July 2019; “Afghanistan: ISAF to Help Rebuild Logar Girls’ School,” ReliefWeb, at https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-isaf-help-rebuild-logar-girls-school, accessed 10 July 2019.

⁷⁷ Dyvik, Synne Laastad, “Women as ‘Practitioners’ and ‘Targets’: Gender and Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan,” International Feminist Journal of Politics, 16, 3 (2014), 410–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁸ Rejali, Darius M., “Torture Makes the Man,” South Central Review, 24, 1 (27 March 2007), 153–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1353/scr.2007.0015; Jeremy Scahill, “U.S. Navy Reserve Doctor on Gina Haspel Torture Victim: ‘One of the Most Severely Traumatized Individuals I Have Ever Seen’,” The Intercept (blog), 17 May 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/05/17/gina-haspel-cia-director-torture; Amy Davidson Sorkin, “Gina Haspel and the Enduring Questions about Torture,” New Yorker, 10 May 2018, at www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/gina-haspel-and-the-enduring-questions-about-torture.

⁷⁹ Caldwell, Ryan Ashley and Mestrovic, Stjepan G., “The Role of Gender in ‘Expressive’ Abuse at Abu Ghraib,” Cultural Sociology, 2, 3 (Nov. 2008), 275–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Olson, Clarke D. and Shineman, Kirt A., “En/Gendering Dystopia: The Performance of Torture at Guantanamo Bay Prison,” Text and Performance Quarterly, 38, 1–2 (2018), 95–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar. It is worth noting that several scholars have argued that media depictions of the torture at Abu Ghraib focussed on the role of women in a way that both obscured the predominant role of men in these crimes and served to legitimate criticism of gender integration in the military. See Kaufman-Osborn, Timothy, “Gender Trouble at Abu Ghraib?”, Politics & Gender, 1, 4 (Dec. 2005), 597–619Google Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X05050178; Gronnvoll, Marita, “Gender (In)Visibility at Abu Ghraib,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 10, 3 (2007), 371–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Holland, Shannon L., “The Enigmatic Lynndie England: Gendered Explanations for the Crisis at Abu Ghraib,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 6, 3 (1 Sept. 2009), 246–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420903049744.

⁸⁰ McChrystal, “Foreword,” xi.

⁸¹ Eric Schmitt and Carolyn Marshall, “In Secret Unit's ‘Black Room,’ a Grim Portrait of U.S. Abuse,” New York Times, 19 March 2006, at www.nytimes.com/2006/03/19/world/middleeast/in-secret-units-black-room-a-grim-portrait-of-us-abuse.html; Human Rights Watch, “‘No Blood, No Foul’: Soldiers’ Accounts of Detainee Abuse in Iraq,” Human Rights Watch, 22 July 2006, at www.hrw.org/report/2006/07/22/no-blood-no-foul/soldiers-accounts-detainee-abuse-iraq.

⁸² Lartéguy, The Centurions, 285.

⁸³ MacKenzie, Megan, Beyond the Band of Brothers: The US Military and the Myth That Women Can't Fight (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 10–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Victoria Basham, Claire Duncanson, and Rachel Woodward have argued that feminist scholars need to do more to reckon with how the integration of women in the military destabilizes norms around heroism and war. Basham, Victoria, War, Identity and the Liberal State: Everyday Experiences of the Geopolitical in the Armed Forces (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Duncanson, Claire P. and Woodward, Rachel, “Regendering the Military: Theorizing Women's Military Participation,” Security Dialogue, 7, 1 (2016), 3–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁴ Alan Blinder and Richard A. Oppel Jr., “How a Military Sexual Assault Case Foundered,” New York Times, 12 March 2014, at www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/us/how-a-military-sexual-assault-case-foundered.html.

⁸⁵ Jeffrey Brooks, “Charges Tarnish High-Profile Career of Brig. Gen. Jeffrey Allen Sinclair,” Fayetesville Observer, 10 Oct. 2012, at www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://%3A%2F%2Fwww.fayobserver.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F10%2F09%2F1208154%3Fsac%3Dfo.local&date=2013-02-15.

⁸⁶ Craig Whitlock, “Disgraced Army General, Jeffrey A. Sinclair, Receives Fine, No Jail Time,” Washington Post, 20 March 2014, at www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/disgraced-army-general-jeffrey-a-sinclair-receives-fine-no-jail-time/2014/03/20/c555b650-b039-11e3-95e8-39bef8e9a48b_story.html.

⁸⁷ For an account of how casual and sexism and misogyny exist on the same continuum as sexual violence see de Volo, Lorraine Bayard and Hall, Lynn K., “‘I Wish All the Ladies Were Holes in the Road’: The US Air Force Academy and the Gendered Continuum of Violence,” Signs, 40, 4 (2015), 865–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1086/680328.

⁸⁸ Mark Thompson, “When the Skit Hits the Fan: The Army's Sexual-Assault Woes Persist,” Time, March 2014, at https://time.com/31890/military-sexual-assault-jeffrey-sinclair-trial; Spencer Ackerman, “Army Says This General Sexually Abused an Officer, Then Threatened Her Career,” Wired, 19 Dec. 2012, at www.wired.com/2012/12/sinclair.

⁸⁹ Allie Jones, “Men's Rights Activists Embrace the Complex Rape Case against Brigadier General Jeffrey Sinclair,” The Atlantic, 12 March 2014, at www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/mens-rights-activists-embrace-complex-rape-case-against-brigadier-general-jeffrey-sinclair/359087; Craig Whitlock, “Sordid Details Spill Out in Rare Court-Martial of a General,” Washington Post, 14 Aug. 2013, at www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/sordid-details-spill-out-in-rare-court-martial-of-a-general/2013/08/14/f6c89c68-008d-11e3-a661-06a2955a5531_story.html; Karen McVeigh, “Jeffrey Sinclair: US General Guilty of ‘Inappropriate Relationships’ Avoids Jail,” The Guardian, 20 March 2014, at www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/20/army-jeffrey-sinclair-no-jail-time-trial-sexual-assault.

⁹⁰ Arguments that the US military has a particular problem with sexual violence are long-standing. For one of the formative articles in this subfield see Morris, Madeline, “By Force of Arms: Rape, War, and Military Culture,” Duke Law Journal, 45, 4 (1996), 651–781CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.2307/1372997. For more recent commentary of the historical impunity of elite combat units when faced with accusations of sexual violence see Ruth Lawlor, “When Commemorating D-Day, Don't Forget the Dark Side of American War Efforts,” Washington Post, 6 June 2019, at www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/06/06/when-commemorating-d-day-dont-forget-dark-side-american-war-efforts.

⁹¹ Chuck Williams, “Retired Gen. McChrystal Says Doors Opening for Female Soldiers,” Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, 25 Aug. 2015, at www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/business/article32405400.html.

⁹² Michael Winerip, “Revisiting the Military's Tailhook Scandal,” New York Times, 19 Oct. 2018, at www.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/booming/revisiting-the-militarys-tailhook-scandal-video.html; Francis X. Clines, “Drill Sergeant Gets 6 Months for Sex Abuse at Army Post,” New York Times, 31 May 1997, at www.nytimes.com/1997/05/31/us/drill-sergeant-gets-6-months-for-sex-abuse-at-army-post.html; Shawn Snow, “Seven Marines Court-Martialed in Wake of Marines United Scandal,” Marine Corps Times, 1 March 2018, at www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2018/03/01/seven-marines-court-martialed-in-wake-of-marines-united-scandal; Turchik, Jessica A. and Wilson, Susan M., “Sexual Assault in the U.S. Military: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for the Future,” Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 4 (1 July 2010), 267–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2010.01.005.

⁹³ “OAF Nation – Home,” at www.facebook.com/oafnationactual, accessed 4 Dec. 2018; “OAF Nation – About,” OAF Nation (blog), 1 June 2016, at http://oafnation.com/about.

⁹⁴ For the links between military identity and masculinity see Arkin, William and Dobrofsky, Lynne R., “Military Socialization and Masculinity,” Journal of Social Issues, 34, 1 (Winter 1978), 151–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02546.x.