¹ “Cut This Out,” Topeka Daily Capital, 4 Sept. 1897, 5; “K.K.,” Topeka State Journal, 7 Sept. 1897, 1.

² Hall, Stuart, “Notes on Deconstructing the ‘Popular’,” in Samuel, Raphael, ed., People's History and Socialist Theory (Boston: Routledge, 1981), 227–39Google Scholar, 228.

³ For example, see Perry, Imani, May We Forever Stand: A History of the Black National Anthem (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ Redmond, Shana L., Anthem! Social Movements and the Sound of Solidarity in the African Diaspora (New York: New York University Press, 2014), 7, 16Google Scholar.

⁵ Sullivan, Steve, Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Vol I (Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2013), 513Google Scholar; Spaeth, Sigmund, A History of Popular Music (New York: Random House, 1948), 287Google Scholar.

⁶ Meacham, Jon and McGraw, Tim, Songs of America: Patriotism, Protest, and the Music that Made a Nation (New York: Random House, 2019)Google Scholar.

⁷ Morgan, Edmund S., American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Ltd, 1975)Google Scholar; Jamieson, D., “An American Paradox,” Climatic Change, 77, (2006), 97–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Heini, A. F. and Weinsier, R. L., “Divergent Trends in Obesity and Fat Intake Patterns: The American Paradox,” American Journal of Medicine, 102 (1997), 259–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Wilber Caldwell, American Narcissism: The Myth of National Superiority (New York: Algora Publishing, 2006); Enobong Hannah Branch and Christina Renee Jackson, Black in America: The Paradox of the Color Line (Medford, MA: Polity, 2020).

⁸ Theodore Metz and Joe Hayden, Hot Time in the Old Town, Tonight (New York: Willis Woodward & Co., 1896), at https://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/hasm_b0570, added emphasis.

⁹ Donald Johns, “Funnel Tonality in American Popular Music, 1900–70,” American Music, 11, 4 (1993), 458–72.

¹⁰ Ronald Radano, “Hot Fantasies: American Modernism and the Idea of Black Rhythm,” in Ronald Radano and Philip V. Bohlman, eds., Music and the Racial Imagination (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000), 462.

¹¹ Stephen Cottrell, The Saxophone (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 131; David Gilbert, Product of Our Souls: Ragtime, Race, and the Birth of the Manhattan Musical Marketplace (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), 16–18.

¹² Isaac Goldberg, Tin Pan Alley: A Chronicle Of American Popular Music Racket (New York: F. Ungar Publishing Co., 1961), 147.

¹³ “Jewish Granddaddy of Jazz Music,” Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle, 31 Jan. 1936, 1.

¹⁴ Metz and Hayden.

¹⁵ Trade Music Review, 11 Sept. 1896, 11, cited in Sullivan, Encyclopedia, 513.

¹⁶ Maxwell F. Marcuse, Tin Pan Alley in Gaslight (Watkins Glen: Century House, 1959), 192.

¹⁷ Washington Times, 2 Feb. 1897; “Famous Songs and Their History,” Houston Post, 10 April 1910, 33.

¹⁸ Washington Times, 23 Jan. 1899, 5; Times Democrat, 18 May 1897, 4; San Francisco Call, 19 April 1897, 5.

¹⁹ “Brownsville Republican Rally,” Brooklyn Times Union, 15 Oct. 1897, 4; “Women and George,” The World, 16 Oct. 1897, 2.

²⁰ “New Traps a Set,” Chicago Tribune, 24 Oct. 1897, 4.

²¹ “A Hot Time in Greater New York,” New York Times, 27 Oct. 1897, 7.

²² “Cheers and Song for George and Dayton,” The World, 20 Oct. 1897, 2.

²³ “Big Time in Tammany Hall,” New York Tribune, 3 Nov. 1897, 3; “Varied Din in the Town,” The Sun, 3 Nov. 1897, 3; “Scenes in New York City,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 3 Nov. 1897, 16; “Tammany Victory,” Fall River Daily Evening News, 3 Nov. 1897, 2.

²⁴ “The Democrats Sweep City,” St. Louis Post Dispatch, 3 Nov. 1897, 3.

²⁵ Democrat and Chronicle, 5 Nov. 1897, 6.

²⁶ “Election in Greater New York,” Salina Sun, 20 Nov. 1897, 4.

²⁷ Morning Review, 4 Nov. 1897, 1.

²⁸ “Columbia Boys Celebrated,” Sun, 4 Nov. 1897, 3.

²⁹ “Big Dale at the Hale Farm,” Kansas City Journal, 7 June 1897, 3; “Corn Is King,” Manhattan Mercury, 17 Nov. 1897, 8; “Ban Is on ‘A Hot Time’,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 June 1899, 1.

³⁰ Topeka State Journal, 7 Sept. 1897, 1; “Went with a Whirl,” St. Paul Globe, 11 Sept. 1897, 5.

³¹ “Manhattan Carnival,” Randolph Enterprise, 18 Nov. 1897, 5; “Local Short Stops,” Lexington Intelligencer, 28 Aug. 1897, 3.

³² “West's Dream City,” Kansas City Journal, 12 Dec. 1897, 1.

³³ “Salvation Army Rally,” St. Paul Globe, 28 Oct. 1897, 2.

³⁴ Ed Cray, The Erotic Muse: American Bawdy Songs (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 274.

³⁵ For example: “The County Seat Question,” White Cloud Kansas Chief, 24 Feb. 1859, 2; “Dear Brother-in-Law,” Weekly West, 31 Dec. 1859, 2. See, for example, Google Ngrams, Newspapers.com, Proquest Historical newspapers.

³⁶ “From the Klondike Morning Times,” Semi-Weekly Gazette, 21 Aug. 1897, 4; “Hot Time at Holland,” Norfolk Virginian, 22 Feb. 1898, 6; “What a Drummer Saw and Thought,” Clarion Ledger, 5 July 1898, 7.

³⁷ “Tune Was Too Warm,” Dwight Weekly, 1 Jan. 1898, 1.

³⁸ “Hot Time in Bedford,” Wilkes Barre Times Leader, 15 April 1896, 1; “May Not Speak,” Summit County Beacon, 13 Aug. 1896, 1.

³⁹ “The Mystery Is Solved,” Evening Journal, 4 Nov. 1897, 1.

⁴⁰ “Takes the Medicine,” Lincoln Journal Star, 1 Sept. 1897, 1.

⁴¹ “Old Bay State Democrats,” Washington Times, 29 Sept. 1897, 1.

⁴² Salt Lake Herald, 22 June 1898, 2; Washington Times, 22 Sept. 1897, 1.

⁴³ “The Negroes Want More of the Pie,” North Carolinian, 11 Nov. 1897, 2; “Williams Team Here,” Buffalo Evening News, 12 Nov. 1897, 11. “Trouble in the Air,” Buffalo Evening News, 25 Sept. 1897, 1; “Bradley in the Lead,” Richford Journal and Gazette, 17 April 1896; “Washakie Braves Win,” Salt Lake Herald, 12 Oct. 1897, 1; “Hot Time in Texas,” Stevens Point Journal, 27 March 1896, 2.

⁴⁴ “May Not Speak,” Summit County Beacon, 13 Aug. 1896, 1; “Old Bay State Democrats,” Washington Times, 29 Sept. 1897, 1; “Platts Slate Will Go Through,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 28 Sept. 1897, 2.

⁴⁵ “In the Face of Prosperity,” Sioux City Journal, 30 Aug. 1897, 5; “A Hot Old Time,” Hattiesburg Daily Progress, 26 June 1902, 3; “Plucky Macon Women,” Clarion Ledger, 3 Dec. 1898, 6; “A Hot Time Promised,” Delaware Republican, 1 Jan. 1898, 3.

⁴⁶ “Third Ward Sees A Real Hot Time,” Atlanta Constitution, 7 Oct. 1897, 5.

⁴⁷ “Hot Politics in Westchester,” New York Tribune, 11 Sept. 1897, 2.

⁴⁸ “National in Theaters,” Washington Times, 7 April 1898, 4; Marcuse, Tin Pan Alley in Gaslight, 192–93.

⁴⁹ “Alton Notes,” Illinois Record, 18 Feb. 1899, 3.

⁵⁰ Houston Post, 10 April 1910, 33.

⁵¹ Marcuse, 192–93.

⁵² “Letter from a Soldier Boy,” Clarion Ledger, 11 June 1898, 8.

⁵³ “Marine Battalions Off,” The Sun, 23 April 1898, 3.

⁵⁴ “It Throws Gun Cotton,” Wichita Daily Eagle, 8 July 1898, 9.

⁵⁵ “Shell the Spaniards Out,” Omaha Daily Bee, 6 May 1898, 1; “A Hot Time at Cienfuegos,” Columbus Telegram, 19 May 1898; “A Hot Time in New Orleans,” Afro American, 18 June 1898, 1.

⁵⁶ Iola Register, 14 Oct. 1898.

⁵⁷ Oscar King Davies, Conquest in the Pacific (New York: Frederick and Stokes Company, 1898), 43.

⁵⁸ “Nebraska Boys Far Away,” Columbus Journal, 5 Oct. 1898, 1; “Concerning the Natives,” Nebraska State Journal, 16 Aug. 1898, 8; “His Efforts Appreciated,” Lincoln Journal Star, 15 Sept. 1897, 6; Marion Wilcox, Harpers History of a War in the Philippines (New York: Harpers and Brothers, 1900), 55; “Kansas Items of Interest,” Fair Play, 14 Oct. 1898.

⁵⁹ “Nebraska boys far away,” Columbus Journal, 5 Oct. 1898, 1; “Letters from Soldiers,” Nebraska State Journal, 10 Oct. 1898, 8.

⁶⁰ “Hot Time as a Great National American Air,” Denver Rocky Mountain News, 15 Sept. 1899, 10.

⁶¹ “New American Anthem,” Interocean, 27 Dec. 1898, 2.

⁶² “The Song of the War,” Harrisburg Telegraph, 4 Oct. 1898, 2; Harry W. Jones, Battle of Santiago (New York: Isaac Goldman Co, 1913), 35.

⁶³ Omaha World-Herald, 5 July 1898, 8; Salt Lake Tribune, 5 July 1898, 2.

⁶⁴ Iola Register, 14 Oct. 1898, 4.

⁶⁵ Music Trade Review, 6 Aug. 1898, cited in Sullivan, Encyclopedia, 513.

⁶⁶ Cited in John Cullen Grusser, The Empire Abroad and the Empire at Home: African American Literature and the Era of Overseas Expansion (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012), 35.

⁶⁷ Wichita Daily Eagle, 21 July 1898, 8.

⁶⁸ Wichita Beacon, 8 July 1898, 4; M. Paul Holsinger, War and American Popular Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 191.

⁶⁹ Amron, Andrew D., “Reinforcing Manliness: Black State Militias, the Spanish–American War and the Image of the African American Soldier,1891–1900,” Journal of African American History, 97, 4 (Fall 2012), 401–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁰ “Straws That Tell,” Enterprise, 16 May 1896, 2.

⁷¹ “Colored Republican League Meeting,” Kansas City Journal, 27 Feb. 1898, 9; “Negroes Loyal,” Kansas City Journal, 29 March 1898, 7.

⁷² “Antonio Maceo and How He Has Given His Life for Cuba,” Kansas City Journal, 18 Oct. 1896, 16; “Gen. Antonio Maceo,” Cleveland Gazette, 3 Oct. 1896, 2; “Cuban Question,” American Citizen, 1 Jan. 1897, 3.

⁷³ Kansas City Journal, 29 March 1898, 7.

⁷⁴ Herschel V. Cashin, Under Fire with the Tenth U.S. Cavalry (Chicago: American Publishing House, 1902), 136.

⁷⁵ “The Negro as a Soldier,” Kansas City Journal, 29 June 1899, 4; “Two Incidences,” Broad Ax, 12 Nov. 1898, 4; Willard B. Gatewood Jr., Black Americans and White Man's Burden 1898–1903 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1975), 59.

⁷⁶ “Brave but Modest,” Afro-American, 1 Oct. 1898, 2.

⁷⁷ “Editorial Comment,” Columbus Republican, 29 June 1899, 2.

⁷⁸ “A Hot Time in New Orleans,” Afro-American, 18 June 1898, 1; “Mayfield Aroused Again,” Paducah Daily Sun, 28 Feb. 1898, 1.

⁷⁹ “Race Problem His Subject,” Colored American, 22 April 1899, 1.

⁸⁰ Booker T. Washington et al., A New Negro for a New Century: An Accurate and Up-to-Date Record of the Upward Struggles of the Negro Race (Chicago: American Publishing House, 1900), 36–71.

⁸¹ Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders (New York, 1904), 141.

⁸² Evan Thomas, The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898 (New York: Little, Brown and Co., 2010).

⁸³ Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, Hero Tales from American History (New York: Century Co., 1915). Also see John Fiske, “Manifest Destiny,” Harper's Magazine, March 1885, 578–90; Frederick Jackson Turner, The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1938).

⁸⁴ Daily Review, 5 March 1905, 1; Alejandro de Quesada, Roosevelt's Rough Riders (New York: Osprey Pub, 2009).

⁸⁵ New York Times, 9 July 1899, SM14; “Buffalo Bill's Wild West,” Winfield Tribune, 2 Sept. 1898, 1.

⁸⁶ Cited in Gatewood, Black Americans and White Man's Burden, 222.

⁸⁷ “The Review of 1902,” St. Mary's Eagle Journal Consolidated, 8 Jan. 1903, 7; Parsons Weekly Blade, 11 June 1898, 2.

⁸⁸ “Uncle Sam and the 10th Cavalry,” Richmond Planet, 3 Dec. 1898, 1, 8; Colored American, 22 April 1899, 1.

⁸⁹ Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black–White Relations in the American South since Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 513.

⁹⁰ “The Campaign in the 11th District” Atlanta Constitution, 9 Sept. 1898, 4; Clarion Ledger, 9 Dec. 1901, 4

⁹¹ “The Governor's Mouthpiece on the Lynching,” Vicksburg Evening Post, 1 Oct. 1902, 2; “Will Gibson Burned at the Stake,” Richland Beacon News, 4 Oct. 1902, 5.

⁹² Letter, Florence Bishop to Jonathan Bishop, 14 July 1898, University of Virginia Special Collections; “They Lynched Him,” Richmond Planet, 16 July 1898, 1; “Judge Lynch at Work,” Daily Press, 13 July 1898, 4.

⁹³ “Plucky Macon Women,” Clarion Ledger, 3 Dec. 1898, 6.

⁹⁴ Atchison Daily Globe, 12 Feb. 1901, 2; Christopher C. Lovett, “A Public Burning: Race, Sex, and the Lynching of Fred Alexander,” Kansas History, 33, 2 (2010), 94–115.

⁹⁵ “A Hot Time!”, Cleveland Gazette, 1 Oct. 1898, 1.

⁹⁶ “Mob Foiled,” Wichita Searchlight, 19 Jan. 1901, 2.

⁹⁷ “The Regulars Camp,” Springfield News Leader, 12 Aug. 1897, 2.

⁹⁸ Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 June 1899, 1.

⁹⁹ “The Song of the War,” Harrisburg Telegraph, 4 Oct. 1898, 2.

¹⁰⁰ Topeka Daily Capital, 15 Aug. 1897, 11.

¹⁰¹ Evening World, 24 June 1930, B1, cited in Goldberg, Tin Pan Alley, 114.

¹⁰² “A Hot Time in the Old Town,” New York Times, 28 Aug. 1898, 12.

¹⁰³ Spaeth, A History of Popular Music, 287; David Ewen, The Life and Death of Tin Pan Alley: The Golden Age of American Popular Music (New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1964), 82–85; Marcuse, Tin Pan Alley in Gaslight, 192.

¹⁰⁴ “The Rosebud Ball,” St. Louis Palladium, 27 Feb. 1904, 1.

¹⁰⁵ “Boodle for Blood,” St. Joseph News-Press, 1 June 1892, 2.

¹⁰⁶ “They Took Exception,” St. Louis Post Dispatch, 10 Nov. 1889, 11.

¹⁰⁷ “Settled by Judge Lynch,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 18 Jan. 1894, 12; “The Successor of Eph Houston,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 Nov. 1896, 33.

¹⁰⁸ Walter Johnson, The Broken Heart of America: St. Louis and the Violent History of the United States (New York: Basic Books, 2020), 5.

¹⁰⁹ Orrick Johns, Time of Our Lives: The Story of My Father and Myself (New York: Stackpole, 1937), 97; Marcuse, 192; “The Fabulous Babe Connors,” Afro American, 22 Dec. 1956, 3.

¹¹⁰ John Aaron Wright, Discovering African American St. Louis: A Guide to Historic Sites (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1994), 10.

¹¹¹ “Song of the Day,” The Times, 10 April 1892, 14; “Amusements,” St. Joseph Herald, 14 Aug. 1892, 3.

¹¹² Afro-American, 22 Dec. 1956, 3.

¹¹³ Johns, Time of Our Lives, 97; Ewen, Life and Death, 82-85.

¹¹⁴ Johns, Time of Our Lives, 97.

¹¹⁵ “Song of the Day,” The Times, 10 April 1892, 14; “Amusements,” St. Joseph Herald, 14 Aug. 1892, 3.

¹¹⁶ “Ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay First Sung in Lincoln,” Sioux City Journal, 22 April 1892, 4; “Between Book Ends,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 Jan. 1953, 20; “Amusements,” St. Joseph Herald, 14 Aug. 1892, 3.

¹¹⁷ St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 12 Dec. 1885, 5.

¹¹⁸ Music Trade Review, 29 Sept. 1900, cited in Sullivan, Encyclopedia, 512.

¹¹⁹ Marcuse, Tin Pan Alley in Gaslight, 192.

¹²⁰ “Detective S. Spaeth Finds No Evidence,” Variety, 12 April 1932, 61.

¹²¹ Afro-American, 22 Dec. 1956, 3; “Civil Courts,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 Aug. 1899, 14.

¹²² “Not a Real Cop,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 July 1887, 8.

¹²³ Larry Karp, Brun Campbell: The Original Ragtime Kid (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company Inc., 2016), 147.

¹²⁴ Lionel Feather, The Book of Jazz (New York: Horizon Press, 1957), 24.

¹²⁵ “Wyer Was Wrong – WC Handy,” DownBeat, 21 May 1952, 9.

¹²⁶ Imani Perry, More Beautiful and More Terrible: The Embrace and Transcendence of Racial Inequality in the United States (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 131.

¹²⁷ “Hot Time in Coontown Notes,” Freeman, 14 April 1906, 5; “At the Globe,” Elmira Daily Gazette, 19 Sept. 1899, 7.

¹²⁸ “Music and Drama,” Wichita Daily Eagle, 31 Aug. 1899, 6; El Paso Herald, 11 Jan. 1898, 3.

¹²⁹ A Red Hot Show,” Parsons Daily, 16 March 1899, 3; “A Red Hot Show,” Ottawa Daily Republic, 29 March 1899, 2.

¹³⁰ W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues (New York: Macmillan, 1941), 166; Lionel Feather, The Book of Jazz (New York: Horizon Press, 1957), 24; W. C. Handy, “I Would Not Play Jazz If I Could,” DownBeat 5 (Aug. 1938), 5.

¹³¹ “The Boys Are Fighters,” Nebraska State Journal, 26 Sept. 1898, 5.

¹³² “Hot Time as a Great National American Air,” Denver Rocky Mountain News, 15 Sept. 1899, 10; “Company D Boys in the Philippines,” Lincoln Journal Star, 30 Sept. 1898, 2; “Nebraska Boys Far Away,” Columbus Journal, 5 Oct. 1898, 1.

¹³³ Richard Brinsley Sheridan, The Filipino Martyrs: A Story of the Crime of February 4, 1899 (London and J. Lane, 1900), 65; “Concerning the Natives,” Nebraska State Journal, 10 Oct. 1898, 8; Kramer, Paul A., “Race-Making and Colonial Violence in the U.S. Empire: The Philippine–American War as Race War,” Diplomatic History, 30, 2 (April 2006), 169–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁴ “From Manila,” Cleveland Gazette, 3 Feb. 1900, 1.

¹³⁵ “Etchings of Life in Manila,” Omaha Daily Bee, 11 June 1899, 20; “Filipinos Go upon the Stage,” Omaha Daily Bee, 10 Aug. 1899, 5; Denver Rocky Mountain News, 15 Sept. 1899, 10.

¹³⁶ Albert G. Robinson, The Philippines: The War and the People (New York: McClure, Philippins & Co., 1901) 175–76; Andrew J. Rotter, Empires of the Senses: Bodily Encounters in Imperial India and the Philippines (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 151–52; Adjutant E. Hannaford, History and Description of the Picturesque Philippines (Springfield: The Crowell & Kirkpatrick, 1900), 34.

¹³⁷ Mrs. William Howard Taft, Recollections of Full Years (New York: Dodd Mead, 1914), 161.

¹³⁸ Florence Kimball Russel, A Woman's Journey through the Philippines (Boston: L. C. Page, 1907), 56.

¹³⁹ “From over the Watars” (sic), Red Cloud Chief, 3 Feb. 1899, 4.

¹⁴⁰ “Our National in Manila,” Beatrice Daily Express, 7 Jan. 1899, 4; Omaha Daily Bee, 10 Aug. 1899, 5.

¹⁴¹ “A Matter of Soul,” Broad Ax, 13 Nov. 1902, 7.

¹⁴² Nebraska State Journal, 10 Oct. 1898, 8; “How They Join,” Nebraska State Journal, 15 May 1899, 5.

¹⁴³ “In the Bishop's Palace,” Wichita Daily Eagle, 29 Jan. 1899, 11; “Hot Time in the Jungle,” Omaha Daily Bee, 30 March 1899, 1; “Pursuit to Continue,” Lincoln Journal Star, 31 March 1899, 1.

¹⁴⁴ “Camp Stotsenburg P.I,” Columbus Journal, 29 March 1899, 2.

¹⁴⁵ Affairs in the Philippine Islands: Hearings before the Committee, Part 2, 25 Dec. 1901, 1551.

¹⁴⁶ Nebraska State Journal, 30 June 1899, 4.

¹⁴⁷ “From Manila,” Cleveland Gazette, 3 Feb. 1900, 1.

¹⁴⁸ “News from Abroad,” Freeman, 18 Nov. 1899, 1.

¹⁴⁹ “Washington D.C.,” Colored American, 24 March 1900, cited in Le'Trice Donaldson, “From Triumph to Tragedy: African American Soldiers Fight for Citizenship and Manhood in the Spanish–American–Cuban–Filipino War,” master's thesis, University of Tennessee, 2006, 48.

¹⁵⁰ “Where We Stand,” Washington Bee, 28 Jan. 1899, 5; Washington Bee, 11 Feb. 1899, 4; “What Right Have We in the Philippines?”, American Citizen, 3 Nov. 1899, 2; “Why Annex the Philippines?”, Freeman, 24 Sept. 1898, 4.

¹⁵¹ W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Present Outlook for the Dark Races of Mankind,” in Du Bois, The Problem of the Color Line at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: The Essential Early Essays, ed. Nahum Dimitri Chandler (New York: Fordham University Press, 2014), 111–38, 112, 118.

¹⁵² For example: Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men's Countries and the Question of Racial Equality (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008); Vince Schleitwiler, Strange Fruit of the Black Pacific: Imperialism's Racial Justice and Its Fugitives (New York: New York University Press, 2017), 46; “American Negro Academy,” Cheyenne County Rustler, 4 Jan. 1900, 2; “The Negro Academy,” Evening Times, 28 Dec. 1899, 8.

¹⁵³ “Voices from the Philippines,” Richmond Planet, 30 Dec. 1899, 1.

¹⁵⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵⁵ Letter to parents, 17 Jan. 1899, cited in Thomas D. Thiessen, “The Fighting First Nebraska: Nebraska's Imperial Adventure in the Philippines, 1898–1899,” Nebraska History, 70 (1989), 234.

¹⁵⁶ Theodore Roosevelt, Address of President Roosevelt at Arlington, Memorial Day, May 30, 1902 (Washington, DC, 1902); Kramer, “Race-Making and Colonial Violence,” 169–210; Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982); Angel Velasco Shaw and Luis H. Francia, eds., Vestiges of War: The Philippine–American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream, 1899–1999 (New York: New York University Press, 2002); Frederick J. Schenker, “Empire of Syncopation: Music, Race, and Labor in Colonial Asia's Jazz Age,” PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin, 2016.

¹⁵⁷ “War Was Inevitable,” Washington Times, 25 March 1899, 1.

¹⁵⁸ Wilcox, Harpers History of a War in the Philippines, 56–57. James F. Rusling, “Interview with President McKinley,” Christian Advocate, 22 Jan. 1903, 137–38.

¹⁵⁹ Nebraska State Journal, 20 Feb. 1899, 5.

¹⁶⁰ John White, Bullets and Bolos: Fifteen Years in the Philippine Islands (New York: Century Co., 1928), 121.

¹⁶¹ “Under Blankets,” Topeka State Journal, 28 Jan. 1906, 8.

¹⁶² John Bancroft Devins, An Observer in the Philippines: Or Life in Our New Possessions (New York: American Tract Society, 1905), 136.

¹⁶³ Mary H. Fee, A Woman's Impressions of the Philippines (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1910), 264; Illinois Record, 18 Feb. 1899, 3.

¹⁶⁴ Topeka State Journal, 28 Jan. 1906, 8.

¹⁶⁵ Wilcox, 56–57; Hamilton M. Wright, A Handbook of the Philippines (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1907), 56; Topeka State Journal, 28 Jan. 1906, 8.

¹⁶⁶ Fee, 264; Charles C. Pierce, “The Races of the Philippines: The Tagals”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 18 (1901), 21–39, 37; William B. Freer, The Philippine Experiences of an American Teacher (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), 94.

¹⁶⁷ Illinois Record, 18 Feb. 1899, 3.

¹⁶⁸ Mojares, Resil B., “The Formation of Filipino Nationality under U.S. Colonial Rule,” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 34, 1 (March 2006), 11–32Google Scholar, 14.

¹⁶⁹ Finis Farr, Black Champion: The Life and Times of Jack Johnson (New York: Fawcett Publications, 1969), 99; Randy Roberts, Jack Dempsey: The Manassa Mauler (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 23.

¹⁷⁰ Birmingham News, 10 June 1931, 2.

¹⁷¹ “Supreme Court Grants New Trials”, San Pedro News-Pilot, 7 Nov. 1932, 1.

¹⁷² For example, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), Citizen Kane (1941), Gore Vidal's Empire (1987).

¹⁷³ Spaeth, A History of Popular Music, 287; Daily Review, 5 March 1905, 1.

¹⁷⁴ Afro-American, 22 Dec. 1956, 3; Music Trades, 25 Jan. 1908, cited in Sullivan, Encyclopedia, 514.

¹⁷⁵ Houston Post, 10 April 1910, 33; “Tune Adopted by Filipino,” Boston Daily Globe, 23 May 1915, 97; “How It Started,” Fayette County Leader, 27 Feb. 1930, 7; “Man about Manhattan,” Spring Daily Herald, 8 July 1936, 7; Variety, 12 April 1932, 61.

¹⁷⁶ Spaeth, Sigmund, Read ’Em and Weep: The Songs You Forgot to Remember (New York: Doubleday Page, 1926), 164Google Scholar; Johns, Time of Our Lives, 97.

¹⁷⁷ “No Popular Songs Produced in War Time”, The Pantograph, 21 April 1944, 16; Spaeth, A History of Popular Music, 232, 258, 287; Edward B. Marks, They All Sang: From Tony Pastor to Rudy Vallée (New York: The Viking Press, 1935), 101–5.

¹⁷⁸ Wright, Discovering African American St. Louis, 10. Also see Locke, Alain, The Negro and His Music (Washington, DC: Associates in Negro Folk Education, 1936), 62–63Google Scholar.

¹⁷⁹ Marcuse, Tin Pan Alley in Gaslight, 192.

¹⁸⁰ Columbia Records 14219 D, “There'll Be a Hot Time in Old Town, Tonight,” 3 Feb. 1927.

¹⁸¹ Sullivan, 513.