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Convict Runaways in Maryland, 1745–1775

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2009

Kenneth Morgan
Kenneth Morgan
Affiliation:
Kenneth Morgan is Lecturer in History at West London Institute of Higher Education, Isleworth, Middlesex, TW7 5DU, England.
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Extract

That the newspaper press in the eighteenth-century Chesapeake colonies was chock-full of advertisements for runaway convicts is a clear indication of the significance of transportation to America in that period. The existence of convicts in Virginia and Maryland stemmed from the provisions of the Transportation Act passed by the British parliament in 1718. This stated that felons found guilty of non-capital crimes against property could be transported to America for seven years while the smaller number of criminals convicted on capital charges could have their death sentence commuted to banishment for either fourteen years or life. Between 1718 and 1775, when the traffic ended with the approach of war, more than 90 percent of the 50,000 convicts shipped across the Atlantic from the British Isles were sold by contractors to settlers in the Chesapeake, where there was a continuous demand for cheap, white, bonded labour. Though many convicts were people who had resorted to petty, theft in hard times rather than habitual criminals, they were often viewed with jaundiced eyes in the Chesapeake as purveyors of crime, disease and corruption. They also had to endure, along with slaves and indentured servants, the everyday reality of lower-class life in colonial America: the exploitation of unfree labour. It is therefore not surprising that many convicts, like other dependent labourers, tried to free themselves from bondage by escaping from their owners.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of American Studies , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , August 1989 , pp. 253 - 268
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

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References

1 These points are analyzed in detail in Morris, Richard B., Government and Labor in Early America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), 323–47Google Scholar; Smith, Abbot Emerson, Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, 1607–1776 (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1947), 110–35Google Scholar; Ekirch, A. Roger, “Bound for America: A Profile of British Convicts Transported to the Colonies, 1718–1775”, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 42 (1985), 184–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Morgan, Kenneth, “The Organization of the Convict Trade to Maryland: Stevenson, Randolph & Cheston, 1768–1775,”Google Scholaribid., 201–27; Beattie, J. M., Crime and the Courts in England, 1660–1800 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986), passimGoogle Scholar; Bailyn, Bernard, Voyagers to the West: Emigration from Britain to America on the Eve of the Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), 260–64, 292–95Google Scholar

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4 Calculated from figures given for the importation to Maryland of German and Irish passengers, indentured and convict servants, and Negro slaves in Morris, , Government and Labor in Early America, 315n–316n.Google Scholar

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9 The table is confined to men because only one of the thirty female convict runaways is listed as having an occupation. Also excluded are forty-four male convicts whose skills are recorded in ambiguous phrases such as “pretends to be,” “says he understands” and “profess themselves.”

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30 Benjamin Ryan, ibid., 15 July 1746; Lawrence Washington, ibid., 31 Aug. 1748; Christopher Lowndes, ibid., 12 Sept. 1750; Richard Lee, ibid., 16 Oct. 1751; John Jordan et al., ibid., 29 Jan. 1756; William Brown, ibid., 23 June 1768.

31 Thomas King, ibid., 24 Aug. 1748; Patrick Creagh, ibid., 16 July 1752; Benedict Calvert, ibid., 19 July 1753; Patrick Creagh and Gamaliel Butler, ibid., 15 Jan. 1756; Peter Maxwell, ibid., 18 Aug. 1757; Richard MacCubbin and Allen Quynn, ibid., 13 Sept. 1759; William Isgrig and John Jones, ibid., 29 Mar. 1764; Enoch Magruder, ibid., 18 Oct. 1764; Charles Ridgely senior, ibid., 25 Sept. 1766; Thomas Chisholm, ibid., 24 Aug. 1769; John Hesselins, ibid., 2 Nov. 1769; Peter Hunter, ibid., 26 July 1770.

32 Alexander Stewart et al., ibid., 15 Feb. 1759.

33 Robert Morris, ibid., 6 Sept. 1745.

34 Richard Croxall, ibid., 1 May 1760. Other advertisements which mention that convicts took extra clothes include Benjamin Ryan, ibid., 15 July 1746; Benjamin North and Alexander Stewart, ibid., 22 Mar. 1759; Enoch Magruder, ibid., 18 Oct. 1764; Caleb Dorsey, ibid., 23 May 1765; Thomas Samuel and John Snowden, ibid., 3 Apr. 1766; John McDonall, ibid., 19 Mar. 1767; Caleb Dorsey, ibid., 2 June 1768; John Holliday, ibid., 8 Aug. 1771.

35 John Ashford, ibid., 10 Oct. 1750; on board the snow Falcon, ibid., 28 Aug. 1755; Isaac Harris and Jonathan Pinkney, ibid., 15 Nov. 1764; John McDowell, ibid., 19 Mar. 1767; Thomas Sollers, ibid., 9 June 1768; George Randell, ibid., 21 Dec. 1769; Thomas Smyth, ibid., 30 Sept. 1775.

36 Calculated from runaway advertisements in the Md. Gaz. (1745–1775)Google Scholar and the Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser (20 08 1773–31 12 1775).Google Scholar

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39 Rediker, Marcus, “‘Good Hands, Stout Heart, and Fast Feet’: The History and Culture of Working People in Early America,” Labour/Le Travailleur, 10 (1982), passim.Google Scholar Further elaboration of this theme can be found in Rediker, , Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1790 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).Google Scholar

40 E.g. Lowndes, Christopher, Md. Gaz., 14 09 1748 and 12 09 1750Google Scholar; Joshua Dorsey, ibid., 19 Sept. 1750; John Tillotson, ibid., 19 June 1751; Hugh Jones, ibid., 16 Apr. 1752; John Williams, ibid., 23 Nov. 1752; Patrick Creagh, ibid., 18 Sept. 1755; John Goody, ibid., 5 Oct. 1758; Joseph Jacobs, ibid., 7 Aug. 1766; William Duvall, ibid., 10 Nov. 1768; James Campbell, ibid., 7 Sept. 1769; Benjamin Dorsey, ibid., 16 Aug. 1770.

41 Thomas James, ibid., 6 June 1765.

42 E.g. Cornelius Howard, ibid., 20 Mar. 1751; Daniel Wells, ibid., 28 May 1752; John Welsh, ibid., 18 Sept. 1755; Paul Rankin, ibid., 27 Apr. 1758; Joshua Cockey, ibid., 21 May 1761; William Hall, ibid., 1 July 1762; Joseph Watkins, ibid., 30 Sept. 1762; Charles Ridgely senior, ibid., 25 Sept. 1766; Thomas Talbot, ibid., 28 July 1768; Richard Croxall, ibid., 4 Aug. 1768; George Randell, ibid., 21 Dec. 1769; Nicholas Britton, ibid., 5 July 1770 John Hood and Mordecai Selby, ibid., 30 Mar. 1775; Nicholson, Benjamin, Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, 18–25 09 1773.Google Scholar

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47 E.g. Dorsey, Nicholas, Md. Gaz., 24 06 1746Google Scholar; Stephen Onion, ibid., 31 Mar. 1747; William Byns, ibid., 15 June 1748; William Chapman, ibid., 27 Sept. 1749; Charles Motherby, ibid., 15 Aug. 1750; Charles Carroll, ibid., 26 June 1751; John Metcalfe, ibid., 21 Sept. 1752; Benedict Calvert, ibid., 19 July 1753; Thomas Chittam, ibid., 27 June 1754; Thomas Davies, ibid., 24 July 1755; Thomas Harvey, ibid., 24 June 1756; Peter Maxwell, ibid., 18 Aug. 1757; John Legg junior, ibid., 9 Mar. 1758; James Miles, ibid., 1 May 1760; Edward Osmond, ibid., 16 Apr. 1761; Nathan Lane, ibid., 3 Feb. 1763; John Walker, ibid., 5 July 1764; Edward Osmond, ibid., 18 Apr. 1765; Isaac Short, ibid., 22 Sept. 1774.

48 Hugh Thomas, ibid., 18 Apr. 1750.

49 James Braddock, ibid., 1 Dec. 1774.

50 E.g. Robert Morris, ibid., 6 Sept. 1745; Thomas Hammond, ibid., 18 Sept. 1755; Henry Callister, ibid., 27 Nov. 1755; John Clarkson, ibid., 9 Aug. 1759; John Hamill, ibid., 11 Sept. 1760; Daniel Wolstenholme, ibid., 25 Sept. 1760; Basil Waring and John Waring, ibid., 4 Sept. 1766; Thomas Chisholm, ibid., 24 Aug. 1769.

51 Lawrence Washington, ibid., 31 Aug. 1748; Francis King and Henry Hardey, ibid., 19 Sept. 1765; Samuel Howard, ibid., 30 July 1772.

52 Robert Morris, ibid., 6 Sept. 1745; Daniel Dulany, ibid., 16 Sept. 1746; Charles Carroll, ibid., 19 Apr. 1749; John Goody, ibid., 5 Oct. 1758; Richard Gresham, ibid., 31 July 1766.

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56 Thomas Towson and Thomas Stevens, ibid., 30 Aug. 1753; John Kinsman, ibid., 21 Aug. 1754; John Goody, ibid., 5 Oct. 1758; Daniel McPherson, ibid., 2 Sept. 1762.

57 Richard MacCubbin and Allen Quynn, ibid., 13 Sept. 1759.

58 Penn, Rezin, Maryland journal and Baltimore Advertiser, 11 10 1775.Google Scholar

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73 An Apology for the Life of Bampfylde-Moore Carew, 24–25, 123.Google Scholar