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America's National Parks: The Transnational Creation of National Space in the Progressive Era

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2012

IAN TYRRELL
IAN TYRRELL
Affiliation:
School of History and Philosophy, University of New South Wales. Email: [email protected].
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Abstract

The rise of support for national parks in the United States after 1900 occurred amid a transnational circulation of information on the apparent destruction of – or imminent threat to – nature on a global level. Arguments for creating and protecting national parks included preservation of “wild” areas, proto-ecological ideas, and social reformist and economic utilitarian pressures during the Progressive Era. Advocacy for park protection as it developed to 1916 reflected this complex cluster of ideas rather than any clearly articulated concept of wilderness. It was influenced by international sensibilities on the social construction of nature and its putative preservation at the moment of industrialization in Europe and the American Northeast, the intrusion of mechanization into the countryside and, outside the metropolitan centres of the Euro-American world, high imperialism that exposed widespread destruction of nature in Europe's colonies. The case of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society (ASHPS), an elite organization that combined national park, public-park and human-heritage advocacy in a continuum of values, is examined as a transnational conduit for and shaper of these socially constructed ideas in the United States, and as a neglected aspect of Progressive Era development of national parks.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of American Studies , Volume 46 , Issue 1 , February 2012 , pp. 1 - 21
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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References

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31 ASHPS, (Fourth) Annual Report of the Society for the Preservation of Scenic and Historic Places and Objects, … 1899 (Albany, NY: State Printers, 1899), 12. The park advocates also shared this antimechanical view with much of the American social elite. See Jackson Lears, T. J., No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 62Google Scholar.

32 “News of the Railroads,” New York Times, 9 July 1898, in which the society pointed to “public health,” the “local reputation” of the communities, “civic pride” and “the lack of scenic attractions and landscape embellishment” as the justifications for railroad beautification; ASHPS, (Fourth) Annual Report, 1899: “avenues of steam traffic through the cities and villages … are, in the nature of things, almost invariably bordered by unattractive conditions” that create in the traveller an “unfavorable impression of the country through which he is passing” (11).

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34 ASHPS, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1914, 316, included material on a protest against construction of a dam in the Valley of the Hoegne and another in the Ourthe, and the cutting down of elms in Belgium.

35 “The Society represents in this country the ideas which are represented by certain governmental departments, official commissions and civic societies abroad,” e.g. National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty (UK), quoted in ASHPS, (Fifth) Annual Report, of the Society for the Preservation of Scenic and Historic Places and Objects, 1900 (Albany, NY: James B. Lyon, State Printer, 1900), 29. See also “Origin and Motives of the Society,” ASHPS, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1914, 13–14. By 1901, ASHPS had membership of “a few hundreds,” and support from the New York Times, 20 April 1901. The name was now changed to “American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society” and it “may extend its activities … to other States.”

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53 ASHPS, Sixteenth Annual Report, 1911, 116. Harriman donated 10,000 acres to the Palisades project. Subscribers included Morgan (half a million dollars), Elbridge Gary, Perkins, John D. Rockefeller (half a million), George Vanderbilt II, and Cleveland H. Dodge. Hall, “Civic Progress,” 295.

54 ASHPS, Sixteenth Annual Report, 1911, 19.

55 ASHPS, Eighteenth Annual Report, 1913, 269. The society was represented by counsel at the Congressional hearing on 12 Oct. 1912, arguing that the proposed project was “diverting property belonging to the people from its intended use,” that “such diversion was not an unavoidable public necessity” and that Congress was the only authority capable of dealing permanently with the situation (269); ASHPS, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1914, quoted (252–54) from a New York Times editorial of 5 Oct. 1913 that supported the views of ASHPS. Positive coverage included frequent articles in newspapers and in journals such as World's Work. Although, by 1913–14, ASHPS knew the issue was lost, “It has demonstrated how widespread is the public sentiment in favor of preserving the National Parks, and it has made it harder, if not impossible, for the next raid to succeed.” ASHPS, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1914, 254.

56 Reprinted in ASHPS, Sixteenth Annual Report, 1911, 210.

57 Ibid., 211.

58 ASHPS, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1914, 253.

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65 ASHPS, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1914, 21 (quote); ASHPS, (Fourth) Annual Report, 1899, 8.

66 Edward Hagaman Hall of ASHPS was also executive secretary of the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, from 1902 to 1929. On Adirondack preservation see Terrie, Philip G., Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994)Google Scholar; Graham, Frank Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1984)Google Scholar; Donaldson, A. L., A History of the Adirondacks, 2 vols., reprint edn (Mamaroneck, NY: Harbor Hill Books, 1989Google Scholar; first published 1921).

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68 Ibid., 21–22.

69 Ibid., 21.

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73 Theodore Roosevelt, “First Annual Message (December 3, 1901),” available at http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3773, accessed 11 Dec. 2010. In 1908 in his annual message to Congress, Roosevelt wrote: “Yellowstone Park … like the Yosemite, is a great wonderland, and should be kept as a national playground. In both, all wild things should be protected and the scenery kept wholly unmarred.” Theodore Roosevelt, “Eighth Annual Message (December 9, 1908),” available at http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3780, accessed 11 Dec. 2010.

74 Roosevelt, “Eighth Annual Message to Congress.”

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76 ASHPS, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1914, 52.

77 ASHPS, (Fourth) Annual Report, 1899, 8. See also ASHPS, Eighteenth Annual Report, 1913, 279.

78 ASHPS, Eighteenth Annual Report, 1913, 277. Regarding Mount Desert Island, the ASHPS believed that “civilization is pressing close around it, and its forests and wild life will [face] destructive inroads” unless protected (ibid., 279).

79 Proceedings of a Conference of Governors, 154–55.

80 Ibid., 155.

81 Ibid.

82 Ibid., 156.

83 Ibid., 155.

84 Ibid., 154.

85 Kunz, George F., “Address,” in Report of the National Conservation Commission, February 1909, 3, 262–63Google Scholar; ASHPS, Sixteenth Annual Report, 1911, 203–10.

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