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² “Rescue Mission”, NBC Nightly News, 2 Aug. 2014, at www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-patient-dr-kent-brantly-arrives-u-s-hospital-liberia-n171241, accessed 20 July 2015.

³ Olivier Laurent, “Behind TIME's Person of the Year Ebola Fighters Cover,” Time.com, 10 Dec. 2014, at http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-cover-photographs, accessed 20 July 2015.

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¹⁰ Jones, Howard O., Gospel Trailblazer: An African-American Preacher's Historic Journey across Racial Lines (Chicago: Moody Publishers, 2003), 151–58Google Scholar.

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¹³ USAID, “West Africa Ebola Outbreak Fact Sheet #31 (FY 15),” 28 April 2015, at www.usaid.gov/ebola/fy15/fs31, accessed 23 July 2015.

¹⁴ “ELWA Hospital Today,” at www.elwamausa.org/About/AboutELWA/ELWAHospital.aspx, accessed 24 July 2015.

¹⁵ For a useful discussion of the various definitions of evangelicalism see Hutchinson, Mark and Wolffe, John, A Short History of Global Evangelicalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 1–24 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On American evangelicals and republican ideology see Hutchison, William R., Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 43–61 Google Scholar. For a different perspective, which sees early American missionaries as combining republican ideology with an openness to collaboration with the British Empire in order to reach heathen peoples, see Conroy-Krutz, Emily, Christian Imperialism: Converting the World in the Early American Republic (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁷ Tyler-McGraw, An African Republic, 27–28, 64.

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¹⁹ In 1900, when there were 1,137 State Department employees stationed overseas, the number of American Protestant missionaries in foreign fields was around 4,100. See “Department Personnel, 1781–1997” table, Frequently Asked Historical Questions, State Department Office of the Historian, at http://1997-2001.state.gov/www/about_state/history/faq.html#personnel, accessed 28 July 2015; Wuthnow, Robert, Boundless Faith: The Global Outreach of American Churches (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 110CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Total numbers of foreign press correspondents are more difficult to ascertain, but it is probably indicative that, prior to the Spanish–American War, there were just seven permanent Associated Press bureaus outside the United States and Canada: Heinzerling, Larry, “Foreign Correspondents: A Rare Breed,” in Reporters of the Associated Press, Breaking News: How the Associated Press Has Covered War, Peace, and Everything Else (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), 254–305 Google Scholar, 262.

²⁰ Bays, Daniel H. and Wacker, Grant, “Introduction: The Many Faces of the Missionary Enterprise at Home,” in Bays, and Wacker, , eds., The Foreign Missionary Enterprise at Home: Explorations in North American Cultural History (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2003), 1–9, 2Google Scholar; Mead, 143. For a recent account of how early missionary dispatches from the Middle East shaped American understandings of Islam see Heyrman, Christine Leigh, American Apostles: When Evangelicals Entered the World of Islam (New York: Hill and Wang, 2015)Google Scholar.

²¹ Reed, James, The Missionary Mind and America's East Asia Policy, 1911–1915 (Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies at Harvard University, 1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. This was also true in Britain, where missionary organizations – stimulated by a growing consciousness of Belgian atrocities as well as by a self-interested concern with the favouritism shown to Catholic missions by the Congo Free State – played a prominent role in the Congo Reform Association. Grant, Kevin, A Civilized Savagery: Britain and the New Slaveries in Africa, 1884–1926 (New York: Routledge, 2005), 39–78 Google Scholar.

²² Bays and Wacker, “Introduction,” 3–4. Examples include John S. Service and John Paton Davies, sons of missionaries both, who were Foreign Service “China hands” during World War II. After the war, John Leighton Stuart – a second-generation missionary – was appointed US ambassador to China. John S. Service oral history interview, conducted by Rosemary Levenson, 28 March 1977, University of California Bancroft Library/Berkeley Regional Oral History Office, at www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/service1.htm#oh1, accessed 29 July 2015; Davies, John Paton Jr., China Hand: An Autobiography (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 9–11 Google Scholar; Shaw, Yu-ming, An American Missionary in China: John Leighton Stuart & Chinese–American Relations (Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies at Harvard University, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²⁴ Wuthnow, 62–94; Brouwer, Steve, Gifford, Paul and Rose, Susan D., Exporting the American Gospel: Global Christian Fundamentalism (New York: Routledge, 1996)Google Scholar.

²⁵ Wuthnow, 94.

²⁶ Tyrrell, Ian, Reforming the World: The Creation of America's Moral Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 123–65Google Scholar. On British evangelicals and the British Empire see Porter, Andrew, “Religion, Missionary Enthusiasm, and Empire,” in Porter, , ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume III, The Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 222–46Google Scholar.

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²⁹ Ibid., 105–24. Hunter, Jane, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the Century China (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984)Google Scholar.

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³² Seat, Karen K., “Providence Has Freed Our Hands”: Women's Missions and the American Encounter with Japan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2008)Google Scholar; Khan, Susan Haskell, “American Women Missionaries and the ‘Woman Question’ in India, 1919–1939,” in Reeves-Ellington, Barbara, Sklar, Kathryn Kish and Shemo, Connie A., eds., Competing Kingdoms: Women, Mission, Nation, and the American Protestant Empire, 1812–1960 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), 141–63Google Scholar; Williams, Walter L., “William Henry Sheppard, Afro-American Missionary in the Congo, 1890–1910,” in Jacobs, Sylvia M., ed., Black Americans and the Missionary Movement in Africa (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982), 135–53Google Scholar; Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, “The Serpentine Trail: Haitian Missions and the Construction of African-American Religious Identity,” in Bays and Wacker, The Foreign Missionary Enterprise at Home, 29–43.

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⁴⁸ Jane Hunter, “Women's Mission in Historical Perspective: American Identity and Christian Internationalism,” in Reeves-Ellington, Sklar and Shemo, Competing Kingdoms, 19–42.

⁴⁹ Jenkins, Philip, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)Google Scholar.

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⁵¹ Sanneh, Translating the Message, 122–63.

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⁵⁷ Noll, The New Shape of World Christianity, 91–93, 109–25.

⁵⁸ Wuthnow, 140–87.

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⁶¹ Jenkins, 237–65.

⁶² For a valuable recent study illustrating the point see Sharkey, Heather J., American Evangelicals in Egypt: Missionary Encounters in an Age of Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015)Google Scholar.

⁶³ Tyrrell, “Reflections on the Transnational Turn in United States History.”

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