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Restoring the State's Power to Defame: The Legal Life of Character in the Era of Roosevelt and Trump

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 April 2020

JAMES B. SALAZAR*
Affiliation:
English Department, Temple University. Email: [email protected].

Abstract

While the abstract equality of citizens before the law is imagined as protection from arbitrary, subjective legal judgments of an individual's character, I argue that judgments of character play a pivotal yet unexamined role regulating access to citizenship in American law. Through a comparative analysis of President Trump and President Theodore Roosevelt, I show how their seemingly personal obsession with libel law reveals a deeper interest in consolidating the state's power as sole arbiter of character in order to weaponize the “good moral character” requirement in immigration and naturalization law as an instrument of racial and ethnic exclusion.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and British Association for American Studies 2020

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References

1 Susan E. Seager, “Donald J. Trump Is a Libel Bully but Also a Libel Loser,” Media Law Resource Center website, 21 Oct. 2016, at www.medialaw.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3470.

2 Robert Barnes, “Justice Thomas Calls for Reexamining Landmark Libel Decision in Case Involving Cosby Accuser,” Washington Post, 19 Feb. 2019, at www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/justice-thomas-calls-for-reexamining-landmark-libel-decision-in-case-involving-cosby-accuser/2019/02/19/de78477c-3457-11e9-af5b-b51b7ff322e9_story.html. See also Norman Pearlstine, “Trump Wants to Toughen the Nation's Libel Laws. Here's Why He Isn't Likely to Succeed,” Los Angeles Times, 8 Sept. 2018, at www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-trump-libel-20180908-htmlstory.html.

3 Jacob Mchangama, “The Return of Seditious Libel in the Age of Trump,” Arc Digital, 23 Dec. 2018, at https://arcdigital.media/the-return-of-seditious-libel-in-the-age-of-trump-2b0678600f8b.

4 Joseph Burgo, “The Populist Appeal of Trump's Narcissism,” Psychology Today, 14 Aug. 2015, at www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/shame/201508/the-populist-appeal-trumps-narcissism.

5 8 U.S.C §§ 1427(a)(3), 1430(a)(1); 8 C.F.R. §§ 316.2(a)(7), 316.10, 329.2(d) (2010).

6 Kevin Lapp, “Reforming the Good Moral Character Requirement for U.S. Citizenship,” Indiana Law Journal, 87, 4 (Fall 2012), 1571–1637, 1572.

7 Ibid., 1586.

8 Ibid., 1573.

9 Ibid., 1572–73.

10 See McCullough, David, The Path between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), 269Google Scholar.

11 Ibid., 268.

12 Bederman, Gail, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995), 170–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 In the “Marquette libel trial,” Roosevelt brought libel charges in 1912 against a local newspaper (the Ishpeming Iron Ore) for an article claiming Roosevelt was a habitual drunkard. In the 1915 Barnes v. Roosevelt trial, Roosevelt was himself accused of libeling the former chairman of the Republican National Committee, a suit in which Roosevelt magisterially turned the tables on Barnes in his widely reported eight days of testimony, by accusing Barnes of libeling Roosevelt himself just by bringing the suit against him. See Abrams, Dan and Fisher, David, Theodore Roosevelt for the Defense: The Courtroom Battle to Save his Legacy (New York: Hanover Square Press, 2019)Google Scholar.

14 Peirce, Clyde, The Roosevelt Panama Libel Cases: A Factual Study of a Controversial Episode in the Career of Teddy Roosevelt, Father of the Panama Canal (New York: Greenwich Book Publishers, 1959), 48Google Scholar.

15 Editorial, New York World, 8 Dec. 1908, cited in Peirce, 61.

16 Cited in Peirce, 77.

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18 Peirce, 99–100.

19 E. L. Godkin, “The Rights of the Citizen to His Own Reputation,” Scribner's Magazine, 8, 1 (July 1890), 58–68, 62.

20 Field, David Dudley, “The Newspaper Press and the Law of Libel,” International Review, 3 (July 1876), 479–91, 486, 485Google Scholar.

21 See Harris, Cheryl I., “Whiteness as Property,” Harvard Law Review, 106, 8 (June 1993), 1707–91, 1734CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Ibid.

23 See Smith, Delavan and Williams, Charles R., The Indianapolis News Panama Libel Case (Indianapolis: The Fulmer-Cornelius Press, 1909)Google Scholar.

24 See Peirce, 53.

25 Smith and Williams, 35. See also Peirce, 53.

26 Smith and Williams, 35.

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28 See Peirce, 77.

29 Roosevelt, Theodore, “Fifth Annual Message,” in A Compilation of the Messages and Speeches of Theodore Roosevelt, 1901–1905, ed. Lewis, Alfred Henry (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1906), 1157Google Scholar.

30 Ibid., 1158.

31 Ibid., 1192.

32 Ibid., 1192.

33 Gerstle, Gary, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), 5456Google Scholar. Jacobson, Matthew Frye, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 94–5Google Scholar.

34 Stephanie deGooyer, “Why Trump's Denaturalization Task Force Matters,” The Nation, 10 July 2018, at www.thenation.com/article/trumps-denaturalization-task-force-matters. See also Weil, Patrick, The Sovereign Citizen: Denaturalization and the Origins of the American Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 1622, 33Google Scholar.

35 Mendelson, Margot K., “Constructing America: Mythmaking in U.S. Immigration Courts,” Yale Law Journal, 119, 5 (March 2010), 1012–58, 1018Google Scholar.

36 See López, Ian Haney, White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York: New York University Press, 1996)Google Scholar.

37 Ibid., 27.

38 Mendelson, “Constructing America,” 1026–27.

39 Ibid., 1016.

40 Ibid., 1022.

41 Ibid., 1022–23.

42 Ibid., 1031.

43 Ibid., 1018.

44 Lapp, Kevin, “Reforming the Good Moral Character Requirement for U.S. Citizenship,” Indiana Law Journal, 87, 4 (Fall 2012), 15711637, 1584Google Scholar.

45 Rhode, Deborah L., “Virtue and the Law: The Good Moral Character Requirement in Occupational Licensing, Bar Regulation, and Immigration Proceedings,” Law and Social Inquiry, 43, 3 (2018), 132, 16CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

46 Ibid., 15.

47 Ibid., 16. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, Section 316.

48 Cited in Rhode, 16.

49 Ibid., 16.

50 Mendelson, “Constructing America,” 1033.

51 Rhode, 19.

52 Ibid., 19.

53 Ibid., 1.

54 See Seth Freed Wessler, “Is Denaturalization the Next Front in the Trump Administration's War on Immigration?”, New York Times Magazine, 19 Dec. 2018, at www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/magazine/naturalized-citizenship-immigration-trump.html. See also Stephanie deGooyer, “Why Trump's Denaturalization Task Force Matters.”

55 Wessler, “Is Denaturalization the Next Front?”

56 deGooyer.

57 Ingrid Rojas Contreras, “Donald Trump's Denaturalization Task Force Is a New Way to Threaten the American Dream,” USA Today, 24 July 2018, at www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/07/24/donald-trump-denaturalization-goals-threaten-american-dream-column/815592002.

58 Wessler, “Is Denaturalization the Next Front?” See also Julia Preston, “Perfectly Legal Immigrants, Until They Applied for Citizenship,” New York Times, 12 April 2008, at www.nytimes.com/2008/04/12/us/12naturalize.html.

59 Rhode, 19.

60 Ibid., 18.

61 Executive Order 13768: “Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States.” See also Brittny Mejia, “It's Not Just People IN the U.S. Illegally – ICE Is Nabbing Lawful Permanent Residents Too,” Los Angeles Times, 28 June 2018, at www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lawful-resident-20180628-htmlstory.html.

62 Lapp, “Reforming the Good Moral Character Requirement for U.S. Citizenship,” 1593.

63 Mendelson, “Constructing America,” 1035, 1017.

64 Ibid., 1053.

65 Ibid., 1038.

66 Ibid., 1038, 1039.