¹ Willis, Deborah, “A Search for Self: The Photograph and Black Family Life,” in Hirsch, Marianne, ed., The Familial Gaze (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1999), 107–23, 107Google Scholar.

² Willis, Deborah, Reflections in Black: A History of Black Photographers, 1840 to the Present (New York: Norton, 2000), xviiiGoogle Scholar.

³ Ibid., xvii, xviii.

⁴ Robin D. G. Kelley, “Foreword,” in Willis, Reflections in Black, ix–xi, x.

⁵ Sontag, Susan, On Photography (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1977), 15Google Scholar.

⁶ Willis, Deborah, “Introduction: Picturing Us,” in Willis, , ed., Picturing Us: African American Identity in Photography (New York: New Press, 1994), 3–26, 3Google Scholar.

⁷ Ibid., original emphasis.

⁸ Willis, Deborah and Krauthamer, Barbara, Envisioning Emancipation: Black Americans and the End of Slavery (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2013)Google Scholar.

⁹ Morrison, Toni, Beloved (London: Picador, 1987), 190Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Morrison, Toni, Jazz (London: Vintage, 2005), ixGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ Van Der Zee, James, Dodson, Owen and Billops, Camille, “Soldiers,” in Van Der Zee, , Dodson, and Billops, , The Harlem Book of the Dead (New York: Morgan & Morgan, 1978), 58–63 Google Scholar.

¹² Whalan, Mark, The Great War and the Culture of the New Negro (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008), xviiiCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³ Jordan, June, Dry Victories (New York: Avon Books, 1972)Google Scholar, n.p.

¹⁴ Ibid., 20–24.

¹⁵ Ibid., 106.

¹⁶ Ibid., 107.

¹⁷ Ibid., 107, n.p.