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Mobilizing a Majority: Nixon's “Silent Majority” Speech and the Domestic Debate over Vietnam

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 January 2017

SARAH THELEN*
Affiliation:
Department of History, University College Cork. Email: [email protected].

Abstract

President Richard M. Nixon and his staff intended his 3 November 1969 Address to the Nation on Vietnam to counteract the growing strength of the antiwar movement. Its appeal to a “Silent Majority” of Americans inspired an impressive outpouring of support, but this response owed as much to White House planning as to public opinion. Drawing on internal White House documents, this article traces administration efforts to secure this response and, then, to claim and promote this new Silent Majority. It demonstrates that White House public-opinion campaigns were designed to maximize control, and not necessarily to change attitudes.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and British Association for American Studies 2017 

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References

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24 Ibid.

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40 “Game Plan for the President's November 3rd Speech on Vietnam – Game Plan in Four Phases,” 2.

41 Ibid., 1–2.

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44 “Game Plan for the President's November 3rd Speech on Vietnam, Master Copy,” 2.

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47 “Game Plan for the President's November 3rd Speech on Vietnam, Master Copy,” 7.

48 Ibid.

49 “Game Plan for the President's November 3rd Speech on Vietnam – Game Plan in Four Phases,” 3.

50 “Game Plan for the President's November 3rd Speech on Vietnam, Master Copy,” 10.

51 Scanlon's work, The Pro-war Movement, is an important corrective to the bulk of scholarship (cf. DeBenedetti, Charles, An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 258–59Google Scholar; Kimball, Nixon's Vietnam War, 174–75; Wells, The War Within, 387) in which National Unity Week, if mentioned at all, is presented as purely a creation of the Nixon White House rather than as a true grassroots movement that the administration attempted to control and direct after plans for National Unity Week were already in motion.

52 Scanlon, 160.

53 Ibid., 190–91.

54 “Game Plan for the President's November 3rd Speech on Vietnam, Master Copy,” 10, underlining in original.

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56 Bill Gavin to H. R. Haldeman, quoted in Wells, 380.

57 Nixon, “Address to the Nation on the War in Vietnam.”

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63 “Lyn Nofziger to Jeb Magruder,” 4 Nov. 1969, 1, Memoranda (general) (Nov. 1969), Box 54, WHSF: SMOF Haldeman, NPLM, College Park, MD.

64 Ibid.

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75 Ibid.

76 Ibid.

77 Ibid.

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81 Ibid.

82 Ibid.

83 Safire, Before the Fall, 175.

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100 “H. R. Haldeman to Charles Colson,” 22 Sept. 1970, Silent Majority Organization, Box 112, WHSF: SMOF Colson, NPLM, College Park, MD.

101 “George Bell to H. R. Haldeman,” 13 Oct. 1970, Silent Majority Organization, Box 112, WHSF: SMOF Colson, NPLM, College Park, MD.

102 “Man and Woman of the Year: The Middle Americans,” Time, 5 Jan. 1970.

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104 “John Brown to Jeb Magruder,” 20 Jan. 1970, Memos/Jeb Magruder (Jan. 1970), Box 56, WHSF: SMOF Haldeman, NPLM, College Park, MD.