¹ Osterweis, Rollin G., Romanticism and Nationalism in the Old South (New Haven, 1949)Google Scholar, especially “Appendix: Romanticism Defined,” 235–39; Babbitt, Irving, Rousseau and Romanticism (Boston, 1919)Google Scholar; Cassirer, Ernst, The Myth of the State (New Haven, 1946)Google Scholar; Barzun, Jacques, Romanticism and the Modern Ego (Boston, 1943)Google Scholar, revised as Classic, Romantic and Modern (Garden City, N.Y., 1961)Google Scholar; Lovejoy, Arthur, “On the Discrimination of Romanticisms,” in Essays in the History of Ideas (Baltimore, 1948), 228–53Google Scholar.

² Phillips, Ulrich B., Life and Labor in the Old South (Boston, 1931)Google Scholar, and American Negro Slavery (New York, 1918)Google Scholar; in adopting the notion of a “Great Reaction,” Ostwerweis was much influenced by Eaton, Clement, Freedom of Thought in the Old South (Durham, 1940)Google Scholar; the Jacobite theme is elaborated in Osterweis, Rollin G., The Myth of the Lost Cause, 1865–1900 (Hamden, Conn., 1973)Google Scholar.

³ von Schlegel, August Wilhelm, A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature, trans. Black, John (London, 1846)Google Scholar; von Schiegel, Friedrich, in Athenaeums-Fragment 116 [1798]Google Scholar; see Eichner, Hans, ed., ‘Romantic’ and Its Cognates/The European History of a Word (Toronto, 1972), esp. 98–156Google Scholar.

⁴ Wellek, René, “The Concept of Romanticism in Literary History,” in Concepts of Criticism (New Haven, 1963), 128–98Google Scholar; Peckham, Morse, The Triumph of Romanticism: Collected Essays (Columbia, 1970), esp. 3–83Google Scholar, and ‘Romanticism and Behavior,’ in Romanticism and Behavior: Collected Essays ii (Columbia, 1976), 3–31Google Scholar; a typical account that takes “pre-romanticism” seriously is Furst, Lilian R., Romanticism in Perspective (London, 1969)Google Scholar, but see also Foster, James R., History of the Pre-Romantic Novel in England (New York, 1949)Google Scholar; Skinner, Quentin, “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas,” History and Theory, 8 (1969), 3–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵ For example, Newton, Eric, The Romantic Rebellion (New York, 1962)Google Scholar.

⁶ Abrams, M. H., The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (Oxford, 1953)Google Scholar and Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature (New York, 1971)Google Scholar; Kermode, Frank, Romantic Image (London, 1957)Google Scholar. There is much dispute over details; among Southern intellectual historians, O'Brien, Michael, The Idea of the American South, 1920–1941 (Baltimore, 1979)Google Scholar accepts, while Singal, Daniel Joseph, The War Within: From Victorian to Modernist Thought in the South, 1919–1945 (Chapel Hill, 1982)Google Scholar rejects the continuity of modernism with Romanticism.

⁷ Brombert, Victor, “Going to Extremes,” Times Literary Supplement (4 01, 1985), 15Google Scholar.

⁸ Lawrence, Lipking, ed., High Romantic Argument: Essays for M. H. Abrams (Ithaca, 1981)Google Scholar, especially Jonathan Culler, “The Mirror Stage,” 149–63.

⁹ Brunschwig, Henri, Enlightenment and Romanticism in Eighteentb-Century Prussia, trans. jellinek, Frank (Chicago, 1974)Google Scholar, originally La crise de l'état prussien à la fin du XVIII^e siècle et la genèse de la mentalité romantique [1947].

¹⁰ Williams, Raymond, “The Romantic Artist,” in Culture and Society, 1780–1950 (London, 1958), 48–64Google Scholar; this premise is used in Faust, Drew Gilpin, A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South, 1840–1860 (Baltimore, 1977), 21–22Google Scholar.

¹¹ The Autobiography of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, trans. Oxenford, John (Chicago, 1974), 1, 419–23Google Scholar; Gillies, Alexander, Herder (Oxford, 1945)Google Scholar; Reill, Peter Hans, The German Enlightenment and the Rise of Historicism (Berkeley, 1975)Google Scholar; Bruford, W. H., Germany in the Eighteenth Century: The Social Background of the Literary Revival (Cambridge, 1935)Google Scholar.

¹² Wallerstein, Immanuel, “American Slavery and the Capitalist World-Economy,” American Journal of Sociology, 81 (1976), 1199–1213Google Scholar;Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth and Genovese, Eugene D., Fruits of Merchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism (New York, 1983)Google Scholar.

¹³ By this distinction, it might be possible to link Romanticism with the “antimodernism” of which Jackson Lears has written, an antimodernism that, to my eye, is much older than the contemporaries of Henry Adams: see Lears, T. J. Jackson, No Place of Grace Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920 (New York, 1981)Google Scholar. The reactions of Hugh Legaré and of Henry Adams to Antwerp, forty years apart, are strikingly similar, which might seem to support William Taylor's suggestion, in Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American National Character (New York, 1961)Google Scholar, that antebellum Southern intellectuals be seen as Mugwumps.

¹⁴ Thornton, J. Mills III, Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800–1860 (Baton Rouge, 1978)Google Scholar; Brownell, Blaine A. and Goldfield, David R., The City in Southern History: The Growth of Urban Civilization in the South (Port Washington, N.Y., 1977)Google Scholar; Ford, Lacy K., “Social Origins of a New South Carolina: The Upcountry in the Nineteenth Century,” (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Carolina, 1983)Google Scholar; Ford, Lacy K., “Rednecks and Merchants: Economic Developments and Social Tensions in the South Carolina Upcountry, 1865–1900,” Journal of American History, 71 (1984), 294–318CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jordan, Laylon W., “Schemes of Usefulness: Christopher G. Memminger,” in O'Brien, Michael and Moltke-Hansen, David, eds., Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston (Knoxville, 1986), 211–29Google Scholar; Wright, Gavin, The Political Economy of the Cotton South: Households, Markets and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1978)Google Scholar; see also Carlton, David L., Mill and Town in South Carolina, 1880–1920 (Baton Rouge, 1982)Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Lewis, Jan, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, 1983)Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Froude, James Anthony, Thomas Carlyle: A History of the First Forty Years of His Life, 1795–1835 (4 vols., New York, 1882), 2, 15Google Scholar.

¹⁷ See Ellis, Joseph J., After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture (New York, 1979)Google Scholar; Friedman, Lawrence, Inventors of the Promised Land (New York, 1975)Google Scholar; Kammen, Michael, A Season of Youth: The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination (New York, 1978)Google Scholar; Taylor, , Cavalier and Yankee, 67–94Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism, esp. 17–70.

¹⁹ State Papers on Nullification: Including the Public Acts of the Convention of the People of South Carolina, Assembled at Columbia, November 19, 1832 and March 11, 1833 (Boston, 1834), 66Google Scholar.

²⁰ Hartz, Louis, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution (New York, 1955), 145–200Google Scholar; Burrow, J. W., A Liberal Descent: Victorian Historians and the English Past (Cambridge, 1981), 11–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²¹ Beverley Tucker, for example, wished to create in Missouri “a true Virginia settlement,” or, in the words of his biographer, “a slaveholders' Camelot,” a venture as successful as Brook Farm: Brugger, Robert J., Beverley Tucker: Heart Over Head in the Old South (Baltimore, 1978), 57–71Google Scholar; for a modern British account of the Old South that evidently mistrusts Jacksonianisn, see Collins, Bruce, White Society in the Antebellum South (London, 1985)Google Scholar.

²² Behnken, Eloise M., Thomas Carlyle: “Calvinist Without the Theology” (Columbia, Mo., 1978)Google Scholar; Gillies, , Herder, 6Google Scholar; Carlyle, Thomas, Sartor Resartus: The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdröckh, in Complete Work of Thomas Carlyle (10 vols., New York, 1902), 1, 3–321, esp. 122–49Google Scholar.

²³ Holifield, E. Brooks, The Gentlemen Theologians: American Theology in Southern Culture, 1795–1860 (Durham, 1978)Google Scholar; Luker, Ralph E., A Southern Tradition in Theology and Social Criticism, 1830–1930 (New York, 1984), 15–184Google Scholar; Adger, John, ed., The Collected Writings of James Henley Thornwell (3 vols., Richmond, 1871)Google Scholar.

²⁴ Faust, Drew Gilpin, “A Southern Stewardship: The Intellectual and the Proslavery Argument,” American Quarterly, 31 (1979), 63–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Maddex, Jack P. Jr, “Proslavery Millenialism: Social Eschatology in Antebellum Southern Calvinism,” American Quarterly, 31 (1979), 46–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McCash, William B., Thomas R. R. Cobb: The Making of a Southern Nationalist (Macon, 1983), 217Google Scholar; Brugger, , Beverley Tucker, 204Google Scholar; Wilson, Charles reagan, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920 (Athens, Ga., 1980)Google Scholar.

²⁵ For example, John F. Randolph to Charles Campbell, 16 April 1848, Campbell Papers, College of William and Mary, written from Yazoo City, reads: “Altho' I like the South better than Virginia as a place of residence, it will be a long time before I can become entirely weaned from my early associations;” this was the usage of George Washington's generation in speaking of the Carolinas and Georgia: see Alden, John R., The First South (Baton Rouge, 1961), 9–10Google Scholar; Freehling, Alison Goodyear, Drift Toward Dissolution: The Virginia Slavery Debate of 1831–1832 (Baton Rouge, 1982)Google Scholar; Bruce, Dickson D. JrThe Rhetoric of Conservatism: The Virginia Convention of 1829–30 and the Conservative Tradition in the South (San Marino, 1982)Google Scholar.

²⁶ Meek, Alexander Beaufort, Romantic Passages in Southwestern History (New York, 1857)Google Scholar; Pike, Albert, Prose Sketches and Poems Written in the Western Country (Boston, 1834)Google Scholar; on Pike and Byron, see Riley, Susan B., “Albert Pike as an American Don Juan,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 19 (1960), 207–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁷ Hollinger, David A., “Historians and the Discourse of Intellectuals,” in John, Higham and Conkin, Paul K., eds., New Directions in Amercian Intellectual History (Baltimore, 1979), 42–63Google Scholar.

²⁸ Fredrickson, George M., The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 (New York, 1971), 43–96Google Scholar; Faust, Drew Gilpin, ed., The Ideology of Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Antebellum South, 1830–1860 (Baton Rouge, 1981), 17Google Scholar; Kaplanoff, Mark D., “Charles Pinckney and the American Republican Tradition,” in O'Brien, and Moltke-Hansen, , eds., Intellectual Lift in Antebellum Charleston, 85–122Google Scholar.

²⁹ Simms comes closest to the Virginian tone, although South Carolina produced nothing quite like William Alexander Caruthers and Philip Pendleton Cooke. But it is justice to add that, in Hugh Blair Grigsby and Charles Campbell, Virginia also produced the most severe historical critics of that Cavalier myth, long before T. J. Wertenbaker. Charles Campbell to Thomas H. Williamson, n.d. [1848], Campbell Papers, William and Mary, has: “In regard to the Cavaliers & Puritans in Va. Mr. Grigsby's view appears to be just. There were families in the colony of good descent – but the bulk of them were plain people. There was some infusion of Cavalier blood but hardly enough to produce any sensible effect upon the people;” see also Frank, W. and Klingberg, Frank J., eds., The Correspondence Between Henry Stephens Randall and Hugh Blair Grigsby, 1856–1861 (Berkeley, 1952)Google Scholar.

³⁰ An unjustly neglected book, which is good on intellectual life, is Reinders, Robert C., End of an Era: New Orleans, 1850–1860 (New Orleans, 1964)Google Scholar; Miller, Randall M. and Wakelyn, Jon L., eds., Catholics in the Old South: Essays on Church and Culture (Macon, 1983)Google Scholar; Reynolds, I. A., ed., The Works of the Right Rev. John England, First Bishop of Charleston (5 vols., Baltimore, 1849)Google Scholar; Clarke, Peter, A Free Church in a Free Society: The Ecclesiology of John England, Bishop of Charleston, 1820–1842 (Hartsville, 1982)Google Scholar; Carey, Patrick, An Immigrant Bishop: John England's Adaptation of Irish-Catholicism to American Republicanism (Yonkers, 1982)Google Scholar.

³¹ Phillipson, Nicholas T., “Culture and Society in the 18th Century Province: The Case of Edinburgh and the Scottish Enlightenment,” in Lawrence, Stone, ed., The University in Society (2 vols., Princeton, 1974), 2, 407–48Google Scholar; Bender, Thomas, “The Cultures of Intellectual Life: The City and the Professions,” in Higham, and Conkin, , eds., New Directions in American Intellectual History, 181–95Google Scholar; Moltke-Hansen, David, “The Expansion of Intellectual Life: A Prospectus,” in O'Brien, and Moltke–Hansen, , eds., Intellectual Lift in Antebellum Charleston, 3–44Google Scholar.

³² Cassirer, Ernst, Rousseau, Kant, Goethe: Two Essays (Princeton, 1945)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Berlin, Isaiah, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas (London, 1979)Google Scholar. René Wellek is firmly within this tradition.

³³ Kettler, David, The Social and Political Thought of Adam Ferguson (Columbus, 1965)Google Scholar; Berlin, Isaiah, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (London, 1976), 150Google Scholar; Pascal, Roy, “Herder and the Scottish Historical School,” English Goethe Society Publications n.s., 14 (1938–1939) 23–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clive, John, “The Social Background of the Scottish Renaissance,” in Phillipson, Nicholas T. and Mitchison, Rosalind, eds., Scotland in the Age of Improvement (Edinburgh, 1970), 225–44Google Scholar; Rendall, Jane, The Origins of the Scottish Enlightenment (New York, 1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Campbell, R. H. and Skinner, Andrew S., eds., The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 1982)Google Scholar; Hont, Istvan and Ignatieff, Michael, eds., Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hook, Andrew, Scotland and America: A Study in Cultural Relations, 1750–1835 (Glasgow, 1975)Google Scholar; Brock, William R., Scotus Americanus (Edinburgh, 1982)Google Scholar; Sloan, Douglas, The Scottish Enlightenment and the American College Ideal (New York, 1971)Google Scholar. The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, with its invaluable annotations and intelligent introductions, should not to be neglected, and is useful for more than Smith. Bryson, Gladys, Man and Society: The Scottish Inquiry of the Eighteenth Century (Princeton, 1945)CrossRefGoogle Scholar is not yet supplanted as a synthesis, though the various essays of Nicholas T. Phillipson suggest the natural candidate as this generation's historian of the Scottish Enlightenment.

³⁴ Krumpelmann, John T., Southern Scholars in Goethe's Germany (Chapel Hill, 1965), 6–7Google Scholar; Orsini, Gian N. G., Coleridge and German Idealism: A Study in the History of Philosophy (Carbondale, 1969), 3–56Google Scholar; Legaré, Hugh S., “Lord Byron's Character and Writings,” Southern Review, 5 (1830), 463–522Google Scholar.

³⁵ Some of the evidence for this can be found in O'Brien, Michael, ed., All Clever Men, Who Make Their Way: Critical Discourse in the Old South (Fayetteville, 1982)Google Scholar.

³⁶ Wellek, René, Immanuel Kant in England, 1793–1838 (Princeton, 1931)Google Scholar; Whalley, George, “England/Romantic-Romanticism,” in Eichner, , ed., ‘Romantic’ and Its Cognates, 157–262Google Scholar; Stokoe, F. W., German Influence in the English Romantic Period (Cambridge, 1926)Google Scholar.

³⁷ Here I differ from Faust, A Sacred Circle, 19, which remarks, “These Southerners were cultural provincials who lacked the sophistication of modern or even of the most prominent nineteenth-century Critics.” I do not see Southerners as any more provincial than Englishmen, nor any marked superiority in modern thought. Hence I doubt that intellectual Southerners gathered allusions “to enhance the significance of their own Situation, imparting to it a degree of transcendence,” or at least any more so than any group of intellectuals. I find puzzling the implication that for a Southerner to quote Vico was pretentious, for an Englishman, not so.

³⁸ von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, Conversations with Eckermann (New York, 1901), 302Google Scholar: the observation was made on 2 April, 1829.

³⁹ “It is noticeable that the word curiosity, which in other languages is used in a good sense … has in our language no sense of the kind, no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one”: Arnold, Matthew, “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time” [1864], in Essays Literary and Critical (London, 1906), 10Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ There has been some interesting comparative work lately on Southern slavery and Russian serfdom, with some note of the proslavery and proserfdom arguments. Anyone who knows the Southern antebellum intellectual scene and reads Berlin, Isaiah, “A Remarkable Decade,” in Russian Thinkers (London, 1978), 114–209Google Scholar, will suspect that the project of a more systematic comparison between the life of the mind in the Old South and Russia would be worthwhile. See Kolchin, Peter, “In Defense of Servitude: American Proslavery and Russian Proserfdom Arguments, 1760–1860,” American Historical Review, 85 (1980), 809–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴¹ See Hugh Trevor-Roper, “The invention of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of Scotland,” and, especially good, Morgan, Prys, “From a Death to a View: The Hunt for the Welsh Past in the Romantic Period,” in Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 15–100Google Scholar.

⁴² Butler, Marilyn, Romantics, Rebels and Reactionaries: English Literature and Its Background, 1760–1830 (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar. It is worth reiterating that, in standing for and appealing to the French provinces, Rousseau had been preeminent: see Darnton, Robert, “Readers Respond to Rousseau: The Fabrication of Romantic Sensitivity,” in The Great Cat Massacre: And Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York, 1984), 215–56Google Scholar.

⁴³ Not, it is worth observing, a clubbable man.

⁴⁴ Taylor, , Cavalier and Yankee, 145–201Google Scholar; Bohner, Charles H., John Pendleton Kennedy: Gentleman from Baltimore (Baltimore, 1961)Google Scholar; McCardell, John, “Poetry and the Practical: William Gilmore Simms,” in O'Brien, and Moltke-Hansen, , eds., Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston, 186–210Google Scholar; Gillespie, Neal C., The Collapse of Orthodoxy: The Intellectual Ordeal of George Frederick Holmes (Charlottesville, 1972)Google Scholar; Davis, Curtis Carroll, Chronicler of the Cavaliers: A Life of the Virginia Novelist, Dr. William A. Caruthers (Richmond, 1953)Google Scholar; Watts, Charles Henry II, Thomas Holley Chivers: His Literary Career and His Poetry (Athens, Ga., 1956)Google Scholar; Richardson, E. P., Washington Allston: A Study of the Romantic Artist in America (New York, 1948)Google Scholar; Tucker, Edward L., Richard Henry Wilde: His Life and Selected Poems (Athens, Ga., 1966)Google Scholar; Hubbell, Jay B., The Last Years of Henry Timrod (Durham, N.C., 1941)Google Scholar; Faust, Drew Gilpin, James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery (Baton Rouge, 1982)Google Scholar; O'Brien, Michael, A Character of Hugh Legarié (Knoxville, 1985)Google Scholar; Quinn, Arthur Hobson, Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography (New York, 1941)Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Baudelaire, Charles, “Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Works,” in Baudelaire: Selected Writings on Art and Artists (Harmondsworth, 1972), 165Google Scholar; Quinn, Patrick F., The French Face of Edgar Poe (Carbondale, 1957)Google Scholar.

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⁴⁷ Fitzhugh, George, Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters, ed. Woodward, C. Vann (Cambridge, Mass., 1960)Google Scholar; two useful recent anthologies are Faust, ed., The Ideology of Slavery, and, less scholarly, Paskoff, Paul F. and Wilson, Daniel J., eds., The Cause of the South: Selections from De Bow's Review, 1846–1867 (Baton Rouge, 1982)Google Scholar. For an implausible vision of an imperial Van Buren, see Tucker, Beverley's novel, The Partisan Leader: A Tale of the Future (Washington, 1836)Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Hillhouse, James T., The Waverley Novels and Their Critics (Minneapolis, 1936)Google Scholar is still the best guide to pre-1914 critical appreciation of Scott.

⁴⁹ Daiches, David, “Scott's Achievement as a Novelist,” reprinted in Walter Scott: Modern Judgements, ed. Devlin, D. D. (London, 1969), 33–62Google Scholar; Lukacs, Georg, The Historical Novel, trans. H., and Mitchell, S. (London, 1962)Google Scholar; Forbes, Duncan, “The Rationalism of Sir Walter Scott,” The Cambridge Journal (1954), 20–35Google Scholar; Fleishman, Avrom, The English Historical Novel: Walter Scott to Virginia Woolf (Baltimore, 1971)Google Scholar; Cockshut, A. O. J., The Achievement of Walter Scott (London, 1969)Google Scholar; Welsh, Alexander, The Hero of the Waverley Novels (New Haven, 1963)Google Scholar; Brown, David, Walter Scott and the Historical Imagination (London, 1979)Google Scholar; McMaster, Graham, Scott and Society (Cambridge, 1981)Google Scholar; see also Jeffares, A. Norman, ed., Scott's Mind and Art (New York, 1970)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Daiches, “Scott's Achievement,” 33.

⁵¹ Though Lukacs thought Scott was not Romantic, largely because he thought of Romanticism as naive hero-worshipping, hence outside the social realist tradition to which Scott and Marx belonged: Lukacs, , Historical Novel, 30–88Google Scholar.

⁵² “SirScott, Walter,” in Complete Works of Thomas Carlyle, 3, 415Google Scholar.

⁵³ We still have what Osterweis had, that is, Landrum, Grace Warren, “Sir Walter Scott and His Literary Rivals in the Old South,” American Literature, 2 (1930), 595–603CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “Notes on the Reading of the Old South,” American Literature, 2 (1931), 60–71Google Scholar; Orians, G. Harrison, “Walter Scott, Mark Twain, and the Civil War,” South Atlantic Quarterly, 40 (1941), 342–59Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ For example, Legaré, Hugh S., “The Fair Maid of Perth,” Southern Review, 2 (1828), 216–63Google Scholar, and Elliott, William, “Anne of Geierstein,” Southern Review, 4 (1829), 498–522Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ “Classical Learning,” in Writings of Hugh Swinton Legaré, ed. his Sister (2 Vols., Charleston, 1845–1846), 2, 25, 32Google Scholar; Harrison, , “English Civilization,” Southern Review, 8 (1832), 462–91Google Scholar; “Samuel Taylor Coleridge,” in Edgar Allan Poe: Essays and Reviews, ed. Thompson, G. R. (New York, 1984), 181Google Scholar; The Letters of William Gilmore Simms, ed. Oliphant, Mary C. Simms et al. (6 vols., Columbia, 1952–1982), 1, 216Google Scholar. One of the more interesting recent works on Coleridge, and much else, is Schaffer, E. S., ‘Kubla Khan’ and the Fall of Jerusalem: The Mythological School in Biblical Criticism and Secular Literature, 1770–1880 (Cambridge, 1975)Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Bocock, John Holmes, “Ralph Waldo Emerson – History,” Southern Literary Messenger, 18 (1852), 247–55Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Hawkins, Richmond L., Madame de Staël and the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 1930)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Herold, J. Christopher, Mistress to an Age: A Life of Madame de Staël (Indianapolis, 1958)Google Scholar; de Staël, Madame, Ten Years of Exile, trans. Beik, D. (New York, 1972)Google Scholar. Furst, Lilian R., ‘Mme. de Staël's De L'Allemagne: A Misleading Intermediary,’ Orbis Litterarum, 31 (1976), 43–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar, however, censures even her literary criticism, which was more sensitive to the Sturm und Drang school than to the later Romantics like Novalis. See de Luppé, Robert, Les idées littéraires de Madame de Staël et l'héritage des lumières (Paris, 1969)Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Dew, Thomas R., “On the Influence of the Federative Republican System of Government upon Literature and the Development of Character,” Southern Literary Messenger, 2 (1836), 261–82Google Scholar, which draws largely on Madame de Staël's The Influence of Literature Upon Society. There is a good book to be written on Southerners in Italy in the nineteenth century, as a companion piece to Brand, C. P., Italy and the English Romantics: The Italianate Fashion in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1957)Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Davis, Richard Beale, Intellectual Life in the Colonial South, 1585–1763 (3 vols., Knoxville, 1978)Google Scholar; Alden, The First South.