Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T09:46:55.171Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Attitudes Towards Homosexuality in the Seventeenth-Century New England Colonies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2009

Roger Thompson
Affiliation:
Reader in American History in the School of English and American Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, England

Extract

The first play I attended at my all-boys secondary school was Marlowe's Dr Faustus. The lower boys crammed in the gallery were not wholly engaged by grandiloquent Elizabethan cadences, nor by the laboriously unfolding plot. What stopped the whispering and fidgeting and then brought the house down was the scene in which Faustus, as reward for selling his soul, is allowed to kiss the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Troy. In this production the hell-bent Doctor had to make do with the prettiest boy in the school. Wild whoops, mating calls, indecent suggestions for further action rained down from the gallery. At the curtain call Helen again stole the show. Next morning, the Headmaster, a Scottish Presbyterian whose zeal for the Lord was second only to his zeal for rugby football, rebuked the school for the shameful scenes and prescribed a three-mile run to cool our ardour.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 On the intolerance of the period, see Wildeblood, Peter, Against the Law (London, 1955).Google Scholar

2 Prynne, William, Histriomastix, or the Players Scourge (London, 1633).Google Scholar Cf. Rainoldes, John, Th' Overthrow of Stage-Playes (Middleburgh, 1599)Google Scholar and Stubbes, Philip, Anatomy of Abuses (London, 1583), sig. liii.Google Scholar For an overview, see Thompson, E. N. S., The Controversy between the Puritans and the Stage (New Haven, 1903).Google Scholar

3 Journal of Social History, 12 (1978), 268–81.Google Scholar

4 Oaks, , 273.Google Scholar

5 Oaks, , 269–72.Google Scholar

6 Oaks, , 269.Google Scholar

7 Koehler, Lyle, A Search for Power (Urbana, 1981), 82.Google Scholar

8 Italicised word interlined by the magistrate who cancelled the constable's bracketed word.

9 Thompson, Roger, Sex in Middlesex: Popular Mores in a Massachusetts County 1649–1690 (Amherst, 1986), 175, 73.Google Scholar

10 Koehler, , 153Google Scholar, records a New Hampshire defamation suit in which a Dover man was alleged to have buggered a servant boy. A Newport, R.I., man was described by his wife as “a filthy man” in 1673 and the same epithet was thrown at a New Hampshire man in 1654. Ibid., 333, 272. It would be rash to accept such accusations at face value.

11 Oaks, , 274–78Google Scholar; Thompson, , 7374.Google Scholar William Hackett in Massachusetts (1642) seems to have been mentally deficient. The evidence against George Spencer in New Haven in the same year was ludicrously unscientific.

12 Oaks, , 271.Google Scholar

13 Bradford, William, Of Plimouth Plantation, ed. Morison, S. E. (New York, 1957), 404–12.Google Scholar

14 E.g. “The Letter-Books of Samuel Sewall,” Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 6th series, Vol. 11, 274Google Scholar: Taylor, Edward “and I were Chamber-fellows and bed-fellows in Harvard College two years: He being admitted to the College drew me thither.”Google Scholar Cf. Quaife, G. R., Wanton Wenches and Wayward Wives (London, 1979), 175–7Google Scholar; Thompson, , 121, 143Google Scholar; Shakespeare, William, Othello, III, iii, 423–27.Google Scholar

15 The New Haven ordinances made mutual masturbation a capital crime. Chapin, Bradley, Criminal Justice in Colonial America (Athens, 1983), 10.Google Scholar

16 Thompson, , 72, 73.Google Scholar

17 Cf. John Kenyon's criticism of Alan Bray's similar claim about the “massive and ineradicable scale” of homosexuality in renaissance England in his 18 September 1982 Observer review of Homosexuality in Renaissance England (London, 1982).Google Scholar

18 Trial and Condemnation of Mervin, Lord Audley (London, 1699), 3Google Scholar; Bingham, Caroline, “Seventeenth-century Attitudes towards Deviant Sex,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 1 (1970–1971), 447–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar A search of sixteen sets of Assize, Quarter Session and Ecclesiastical Court Records widely distributed in space and across the seventeenth century discovered only six cases of sodomy. Cf. Cockburn, J. S. (ed.), Crime in England 1550–1800 (London, 1977), 5859Google Scholar, and History of English Assizes (Cambridge, 1972), 99.Google Scholar

19 Thompson, Roger, Women in Stuart England and America (London, 1974), 2931, 45–47.Google Scholar

20 Thompson, , Sex in Middlesex, Ch. 11Google Scholar, and “‘Holy Watchfulness’ and communal conformism,” New England Quarterly, 56 (1983), 504–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21 Quoted in Koehler, , 78.Google Scholar

22 Monter, E. W., “La Sodomie en Suisse Romande,” Annales ECS, 29 (1974), 1023–33.Google Scholar Cf. the findings of A. C. Kinsey and associates in rural areas of the U.S.A.: nearly half the youth on farms had had some sexual involvement with animals. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (London, 1948), 669–70.Google Scholar

23 Hibler, D. J., “Sexual Rhetoric in Seventeenth-Century American Literature” (Ph.D. diss., Notre Dame University, 1970), 6171.Google Scholar

24 The main Biblical texts are: Genesis, 19, vv. 129Google Scholar; Leviticus, 18, v. 22Google Scholar; 20, v. 13; Deuteronomy, 23, v. 17Google Scholar; Judges, 19, vv. 2223Google Scholar; I Kings, 15, v. 12Google Scholar; II Kings, 23, v. 1Google Scholar; Romans, I, vv. 2627Google Scholar; I Corinthians, 6, vv. 910Google Scholar; I Timothy, I, v. 10.Google Scholar

25 Farrand, Max (ed.), The Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts (Cambridge, MA., 1929), 35.Google Scholar

26 Quoted in Leverenz, David, The Language of Puritan Feeling (New Brunswick, 1980), 185.Google Scholar Cf. Similar analogies in Shepard's immensely influential The Sincere Convert, in Albro, J. A. (ed.), The Works of Thomas Shepard (New York, 1853), 29.Google Scholar

27 Cobbet, Thomas, Fruitfull and Useful Discourse (London, 1656), 173Google Scholar; Danforth, Samuel, Cry of Sodom (Cambridge, MA., 1674)Google Scholar; Mather, Cotton, Pillars of Salt (Boston, 1699)Google Scholar; Addresses to Old Men, Young Men and Children (Boston, 1690), 73Google Scholar; The Pure Nasyrite (Boston, 1723), 1Google Scholar; The Sailours Companion (Boston, 1709), 198Google Scholar; Increase Mather, , Solemn Advice to Young Men (Boston, 1695), 24, 36Google Scholar; Wigglesworth, Michael, Day of Doom, ed. Murdock, K. B. (New York, 1929), 23.Google Scholar

28 The First Century of Scandalous Malignant Priests (London, 1643), 1.Google Scholar

29 Prynne, William, Breviate of the Life of William Laud (London, 1644), 28.Google Scholar

30 Ashton, Robert (ed.), James I by his Contemporaries (London, 1969), 106, 109, 114, 118, 123, 127, 130, 131, 230, 234, 236.Google Scholar

31 Quoted in Bingham, , “Deviant Sex,” 460.Google Scholar

32 Histriomastix, 214.Google Scholar

33 Trial of Lord Audley, 8.Google Scholar

34 Winthrop Papers, 2 (Boston, 1931) 323.Google Scholar

35 Hibler, , “Sexual Rhetoric,” 3037, 61–71, 118–21Google Scholar; Keller, Karl, “Rev. Mr Edward Taylor's Bawdry,” New England Quarterly 43 (1970), 382–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thompson, Roger, Unfit for Modest Ears (London, 1979), Ch. 8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

36 Oaks, , 272, 275Google Scholar; Mather, Cotton, Memorable Providences (Boston, 1689), 100–1.Google Scholar

37 Another analogy was recently suggested by San Francisco gay novelist Armistead Maupen. He explained the rise of right-wing, anti-liberal homophobic politics by the support evinced from people suffering from sexual and gender neuroses. Interview, The Guardian, 22 04 1988.Google Scholar Cf. Marmor, Judd (ed.), Homosexual Behavior (New York, 1980), 15, 19.Google Scholar

38 Morison, S. E., The Founding of Harvard College (Cambridge, MA., 1935), 9596, 97Google Scholar; Mather, Cotton, Wonders of the Invisible World (Boston, 1693), 99.Google Scholar

39 Koehler, , 196.Google Scholar

40 Prynne, , Histriomastix, 966Google Scholar; Wagner, Hans Peter, “Puritan Attitudes towards Recreation in Seventeenth-Century New England” (Ph.D. diss., Saarland University, 1979), 115–34, 196.Google Scholar

41 Blythe, Ronald, Akenfield (Harmondsworth, 1972), 3941, 52, 100.Google Scholar

42 Thompson, , Sex in Middlesex, 115–17, 143–46, 161, 175, 185–86.Google Scholar

43 Ibid., 94–96.

44 Leach, Douglas, Flintlock and Tomahawk (New York, 1960), 144–48Google Scholar; Gookin, F. W., Daniel Gookin (Privately printed, 1912), Chs. 14, 15, 16, 18Google Scholar; Thompson, Roger, “The Case of Thomas Danforth,” in Herget, W. and Ortseifen, K. (eds.), The Transit of Civilisation (Tubingen, 1987), 40.Google Scholar

45 Koehler, , 323Google Scholar; Prynne, William, Of the Unloveliness of Lovelocks (London, 1628)Google Scholar, and A Gag for the Long-haired Rattleheads (London, 1646).Google Scholar

46 Koehler, , 43Google Scholar; Crowder, R., No Featherbed to Heaven (East Lansing, 1962), 256–57.Google Scholar

47 Demos, J. and Boocock, S. (eds.), Turning Points (Chicago, 1978), 263–64.Google Scholar

48 Thompson, , Sex in Middlesex, 8788.Google Scholar

49 Prynne, , Histriomastix, 168–69.Google Scholar

50 Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, Good Wives (New York, 1982), 5760, 103, 126–28, 223.Google Scholar Cf. Demos, John, “Underlying Themes in the Witchcraft,” American Historical Review, 75 (1970), 1320–26CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Segalen, Martine, Love and Power in the Peasant Family (Oxford, 1984)Google Scholar; Thompson, , Sex in Middlesex, 2324.Google Scholar

51 Winthrop, John, Journal: History of New England, ed. Hosmer, J. K. (New York, 1946), Vol. 1, 234, Vol. 11, 225.Google Scholar

52 Demos, John (ed.), Remarkable Providences (New York, 1972), 134.Google Scholar

53 Thompson, , Sex in Middlesex, 143–45, 171.Google Scholar

54 Seasonable Watch-Word (Cambridge, MA., 1677), iii.Google Scholar

55 Thompson, , Women, 104–05Google Scholar; Ulrich, , 202–14.Google Scholar

56 Leverenz, , The Language of Puritan Feeling, 22, 55, 119, 128, 129, 130, 143, 145Google Scholar; Greven, Philip, The Protestant Temperament (New York, 1980), 124–40Google Scholar; Grabo, N. S., “The Veiled Vision,” in Bercovitch, Sacvan (ed.), The American Puritan Imagination (Cambridge, 1974), 1933Google Scholar; Weathers, W. T., “Edward Taylor and the Cambridge Platonists,” American Literature, 26 (1954), 131CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Keller, , “Taylor's Bawdry,” 382406Google Scholar; Fender, Stephen, “Edward Taylor and the Sources of American Puritan Wit” (Ph.D. diss., University of Manchester, 1962), 34, 154.Google Scholar

57 Morgan, Edmund S., “The Diary of Michael Wigglesworth,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 35 (19421946), 311–40Google Scholar; Crowder, , No FeatherbedGoogle Scholar; Thompson, , “‘Holy Watchfulness,’” 518–19.Google Scholar

58 Ford, Worthington C. (ed.), The Diary of Cotton Mather (New York, 1957), Vol. 1, 7879.Google Scholar

59 McGiffert, Michael (ed.), God's Plot (Amherst, 1972), 72.Google Scholar

60 Marmor, , Homosexual Behaviour, 13.Google Scholar