Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T02:35:57.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Viability of axillary buds of white clover (Trifolium repens) in grazed pasture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

P. C. D. Newton ,
M. J. M. Hay ,
V. J. Thomas  and
H. B. Dick
P. C. D. Newton
Affiliation:
MAF Technology, Flock House Agricultural Centre, Private Bag, Bulls, New Zealand
M. J. M. Hay
Affiliation:
DSIR Grasslands, Private Bag, Palmerston North, New Zealand
V. J. Thomas
Affiliation:
DSIR Physical Sciences, Private Bag, Palmerston North, New Zealand
H. B. Dick
Affiliation:
MAF Technology, Flock House Agricultural Centre, Private Bag, Bulls, New Zealand
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Stolon nodes of white clover were sampled monthly for 18 months from continuously grazed (set stocked) and rotationally grazed pastures in New Zealand. Both pastures were stocked at 22·5 ewes plus lambs/ha. Axillary buds were classified into viability categories using an incubation technique. On average, 54% of nodes had non-viable or dormant buds, 25% had axillary buds that were viable but non-active and 0·1% bore reproductive buds. Although 21% of buds emerged, only 8·5% of nodes bore live branches. Bud activity was strongly inhibited during the spring period of both years and this inhibition could not be removed by incubation.

The greatest bud viability occurred at node 4 (from the apex) although 30–40% of the buds at this position were non-viable. This pattern of variation changed somewhat with season. Some viable buds were present at nodes more than 20 from the apex but these were of low vigour. Secondary stolons had different patterns of bud activity from those of primary stolons until they comprised more than 16 nodes.

Type
Crops and Soils
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 119 , Issue 3 , December 1992 , pp. 345 - 354
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Brock, J. L., Hay, M. J. M., Thomas, V. J. & Sedcole, J. R. (1988). Morphology of white clover (Trifolum repens L.) plants in pastures under intensive sheep grazing. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 111, 273–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busso, C. A., Mueller, R. J. & Richards, J. H. (1989). Effects of drought and defoliation on bud viability in two caespitose grasses. Annals of Botany 63, 477–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaghan, T. V. (1976). Growth and population dynamics of Carex bigelowii in an alpine environment. Oikos 27, 402–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaghan, T. V. (1984). Growth and translocation in a clonal southern hemisphere sedge, Uncinia meridensis. Journal of Ecology 72, 529–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, G. E. (1966). Growth of clover leaves – development morphology and parameters at ten stages. Crop Science 6, 293–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, D. F. (1983). Growth and demography of Trifolium repens stolons in grazed hill pastures. Journal of Applied Ecology 20, 597–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, D. F. (1987). Natural re-seeding and Trifolium repens demography in grazed hill pastures. II. Seedling appearance and survival. Journal of Applied Ecology 24, 1037–1043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, D. F. & Anderson, C. B. (1987). Natural re-seeding and Trifolium repens demography in grazed hill pastures. I. Flowerhead appearance and fate, and seed dynamics. Journal of Applied Ecology 24, 1025–1035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, A. (1989). The structure of the grass/clover sward and its implications in sward management. In Proceedings of the XVIth International Grassland Congress, Nice, 1065–1066.Google Scholar
Davies, A. & Evans, M. E. (1990). Axillary bud development in white clover in relation to defoliation and shading treatments. Annals of Botany 66, 349–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dekker, J. H. & Chandler, K. (1985). Herbicide effect on the viability of quackgrass (Agropyron repens) rhizome buds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, 1057–1064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, A. J. (1983). An Introduction to Statistical Modelling. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutta, M. J. (1988). Bud viability in white clover. MSc thesis, University of Wales, Aberystwyth.Google Scholar
Forde, M. B., Hay, M. J. M. & Brock, J. L. (1989). Development and growth characteristics of temperate perennial legumes. In Persistence of Forage Legumes (Eds G., Martin, Matches, A. A., Barnes, R. R., Brougham, R. R., Clements, R. R. & Sheath, G. G.), pp. 91–109. Proceedings of a Trilateral Workshop, Hawaii, 1986. American Society of Agronomy.Google Scholar
Genstat 5 Committee of the Statistics Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station (1988). Genstat 5 Reference Manual. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Grant, S. A., Torvell, L., Sim, E. M. & Small, J. (1991). The effect of stolon burial and defoliation early in the growing season on white clover performance. Grass and Forage Science 46, 173–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, D. & Davy, A. J. (1986). Regenerative potential of Elymus farctus from rhizome fragments and seed. Journal of Ecology 74, 1057–1068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, M. J. M., Brock, J. L. & Fletcher, R. H. (1983). Effect of sheep grazing management on distribution of white clover stolons among 3 horizontal strata in ryegrass/white clover swards. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 11, 215–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, M. J. M., Chu, A. C. P., Knighton, M. V. & Wewala, S. (1989). Variation with season and node position in carbohydrate content of white clover stolons. In Proceedings of the XVth International Grassland Congress, Nice, 1059–1060.Google Scholar
Hay, M. J. M., Newton, P. C. D. & Thomas, V. J. (1991). Nodal structure and branching of Trifolium repens in pastures under intensive grazing by sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 116, 221–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, J. R. (1984). Apical dominance. In Advanced Plant Physiology (Ed. Wilkins, M. M.), pp. 127–148. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Hollington, P. A. & Wilman, D. (1985). Effects of white clover and fertilizer nitrogen on clover and grass leaf dimensions, percentage cover and numbers of leaves and tillers. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 104, 595–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horikawa, Y. (1986). Reproductive strategy in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) of different habitats. Journal of the Japanese Society of Grassland Science 32, 235–242.Google Scholar
Hsiao, A. I. & Huang, W. Z. (1989). Apical dominance in the shoot and its possible role in the survival of Paspalum distichum L. Weed Research 29, 327–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W. Z., Hsiao, A. I. & Jordan, L. (1987). Effects of temperature, light and certain growth-regulating substances on sprouting, rooting and growth of single-node rhizome and shoot segments of Paspalum distichum L. Weed Research 27, 57–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, B. G. & Buchholtz, K. P. (1961). An in vitro method of evaluating the activity of buds on the rhizomes of quackgrass (Agropyron repens). Weeds 9, 600–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, B. G. & Buchholtz, K. P. (1962). The natural dormancy of vegetative buds on the rhizomes of Agropyron repens. Weeds 10, 53–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leakey, R. R. B., Chancellor, R. J. & Vince-Prue, D. (1977 a). Regeneration from rhizome fragments of Agropyron repens. I. The seasonality of shoot growth and rhizome reserves in single-node fragments. Annals of Applied Biology 87, 423–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leakey, R. R. B., Chancellor, R. J. & Vince-Prue, D. (1977 b). Regeneration from rhizome fragments of Agropyron repens. II. The breaking of ‘late spring dormancy’ and the influence of chilling and node position on growth from single-node fragments. Annals of Applied Biology 87, 433–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, H. & Cavers, P. B. (1979). The regenerative capacity of root cuttings of Taraxacum officinale under natural conditions. Canadian Journal of Botany, 57, 1783–1791.Google Scholar
McIntyre, G. I. (1990). The correlative inhibition of bud growth in perennial weeds: a nutritional perspective. Reviews of Weed Science 5, 27–48.Google Scholar
Mitchell, K. J. (1956). Growth of pasture species under controlled environment. I. Growth at various levels of constant temperature. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology A 38, 203–216.Google Scholar
Newton, P. C. D. (1986). The establishment, growth and fate of white clover plants. PhD thesis, University of Wales, Bangor.Google Scholar
Newton, P. C. D. & Hay, M. J. M. (1992). A technique for evaluating the potential for growth of shoot and root buds of white clover (Trifolium repens). Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 119, 179–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, P. C. D., Hay, M. J. M., Thomas, V. J., Glasgow, E. M. & Dick, H. B. (1990). Patterns of axillary bud activity in white clover. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 52, 247–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, J. H. (1982). Developmental potential of axillary buds of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes Solms. (Pontederiaceae). American Journal of Botany 69, 615–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sackville, Hamilton N. R. (1990). The dynamics of Trifolium repens in a permanent pasture. II. Internode length and the movement of shoot axes. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 239, 359–381.Google Scholar
Sackville, Hamilton N. R. & Harper, J. L. (1989). The dynamics of Trifolium repens in a permanent pasture. I. The population dynamics of leaves and nodes per shoot axis. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 237, 133–173.Google Scholar
Sagar, G. R. & Mortimer, A. M. (1976). An approach to the study of the population dynamics of plants with special reference to weeds. Applied Biology 1, 1–47.Google Scholar
Sarukh´n, J. & Harper, J. L. (1973). Studies on plant demography: Ranunculus repens L., R. bulbosus L. and R. acris L. I. Population flux and survivorship. Journal of Ecology 61, 675–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solangaarachchi, S. M. & Harper, J. L. (1987). The effect of canopy filtered light on the growth of white clover (Trifolium repens). Oecologia 72, 372–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, R. G. (1987). Vegetative growth and development. In White Clover (Eds Baker, M. M. & Williams, W. W.), pp. 31–62. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Thompson, L. & Harper, J. L. (1988). The effect of grasses on the quality of transmitted radiation and its influence on the growth of white clover Trifolium repens. Oecologia 75, 343–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turkington, R., Cahn, M. A., Vardy, A. & Harper, J. L. (1979). The growth, distribution and neighbour relationships of Trifolium repens in a permanent pasture. III. The establishment and growth of Trifolium repens in natural and perturbed sites. Journal of Ecology 67, 231–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilman, D. & Simpson, D. (1988). The growth of white clover (Trifolium repens) in five sown hill swards grazed by sheep. Journal of Applied Ecology 25, 631–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilman, D., Fisher, A. & Marshall, A. H. (1991). Effects of sowing a companion grass (Lolium perenne), application of grass suppressant and choice of clover variety on the growth and seed production potential of white clover. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 117, 47–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar