Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T07:59:59.640Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Boran cattle maintained by chemoprophylaxis under trypanosomiasis risk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

J. C. M. Trail ,
M. Murray ,
K. Sones ,
J. M. C. Jibbo ,
J. Durkin  and
D. Light
J. C. M. Trail
Affiliation:
International Livestock Centre for Africa, P.O. Box 46847, Nairobi, Keny
M. Murray
Affiliation:
International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
K. Sones
Affiliation:
May & Baker Ltd, Dagenham, England
J. M. C. Jibbo
Affiliation:
Amboni Ltd, P.O. Box 117, Tanga, Tanzania
J. Durkin
Affiliation:
International Livestock Centre for Africa, P.O. Box 46847, Nairobi, Keny
D. Light
Affiliation:
International Livestock Centre for Africa, P.O. Box 46847, Nairobi, Keny
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Reproductive performance, mortality, growth, and culling and replacement rates based on 20000 calving records were evaluated for grade Boran beef cattle maintained with trypanocidal drugs in an area of high trypanosomiasis risk in Tanzania. Under ranching conditions, over a 10-year period in this area of high Glossina morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes and G. brevipalpis challenge, a calving interval of 15·9 months, pre-weaning mortality of 8%, annual cow mortality of 5·8% and 8-month weaning weight of 133·5 kg resulted in a herd productivity of 96 kg of weaner calf per cow per year. The proportion of heifers required as replacements (45%) and the generation interval (6·9 years) indicated scope for implementation of selection programmes on growth traits. The level of productivity achieved compared favourably with major data sets recently analysed from pure Boran cattle under trypanosomiasis-free ranching conditions in Kenya, and from trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle in West Africa. These results indicate the possibility of improving livestock production in tsetse-infested areas by the rational use of chemoprophylaxis as an integral part of management.

Year, season, cow age, calf sex and location on ranch had significant effects on practically all the traits of calving interval, pre-weaning mortality and growth, and cow productivity. Superior performance where bush clearance and tsetse fly control had taken place suggests that economic evaluation of these interventions should be attempted. The season of calving had a major effect on productivity. Cows of 5–8 years of age were the most productive, as were animals producing male calves, features well recognized in beef cattle production.

An average of 4·4 treatments with Samorin, a prophylactic, and 0·6 treatments with Berenil, a therapeutic, were required per year. The number of treatments varied from year to year and by area, being greater in the south of the ranch where the tsetse challenge was considered higher. However, the age and season of calving had little effect on the number of treatments required. Despite such extensive use of trypanocidal drugs, there was no indication that drug resistance had developed or evidence that repeated inoculation of Samorin had affected productivity.

Grading-up of small East African Zebu cattle to Boran over an 8-year period allowed annual comparison of birth weights, pre-weaning growth and weaning weights of two groups of calves, one having a higher level of Boran genes (varying from 12 to 6% higher annually) than the other. Those with the higher level of Boran genes performed better by 3·3% for all attributes studied, but as the percentage difference in Boran genes decreased, so did this difference. In an environment improved through bush clearance and tsetse fly control, the calves with higher levels of Boran genes were superior, but this superiority was not expressed in the unimproved environment.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 105 , Issue 1 , August 1985 , pp. 147 - 166
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aliu, Y. O. & Sannusi, A. (1979). Isometamidiumdextran complex: therapeutic activity against Trypanosoma vivaxinfection in Zebu cattle. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2, 265–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaser, E., Jibbo, J. M. C. & McIntyre, W. I. M. (1979). A field trial of the protective effect of Samorin and Berenil in Zebu cattle under ranching conditions in Tanzania. International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasia Research and Control. 15th Meeting, Banjul, The Gambia 1977. O.A.U./S.T.R.C. No. 110, pp. 383–386.Google Scholar
Bourn, D. & Scott, M. (1978). The successful use of work oxen in agricultural development of tsetse infested land in Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production 10, 191–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairclough, R. (1963). A comparison of Metamidium, Samorin, Berenil and Ethidium bromide under field conditions in Kenya. Veterinary Record 75, 855–858.Google Scholar
Ford, J. & Blaser, E. (1971). Some aspects of cattle raising under prophylactic treatment against trypanosomiasis on the Mkwaja Ranch, Tanzania. Acta Tropica 28, 69–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Gates, D. B., Cobb, P. E., Williamson, D. L., Bakuli, B., Blaser, E. & Dame, D. A. (1983). Integration of insect sterility and insecticide for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania. III. Test site characteristics and the natural distribution of tsetse flies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 73, 373–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, A. R. & Stephen, L. E. (1962). A comparative trial of the local toxicity and prophylactic activity against trypanosomiasis in West African Zebu cattle of metamidium chloride, suramin salt and embonate with Antrycide Pro-salt. Veterinary Record 74, 696–702.Google Scholar
Gregory, K. E. & Trail, J. C. M. (1981). Rotational cross-breeding with Sahiwal and Ayrshire cattle in the Tropics. Journal of Dairy Science 64, 1978–1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, K. E., Trail, J. C. M., Sandford, J. & Durkin, J. (1984). Crossbreeding cattle in beef production programmes in Kenya. I. Comparison of purebred Boran and Boran crossed with the Charolais, Ayrshire and Santa Gertrudis breeds. Tropical Animal Health and Production 16, 181–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, L. & Allonby, E. W. (1979). The economic effects of trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats at a range research station in Kenya. Tropical Animal Health and Production 11, 127–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, W. R. (1977). User's Guide for Least-squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program. Ohio State University, Colombus.Google Scholar
International Livestock Centre for Africa (1979). Trypanotolerant livestock in West and Central Africa. Monograph 2. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: I.L.C.A.Google Scholar
Jones-Davies, W. J. (1967). The discovery of Berenilresistant Trypanosoma vivax in Northern Nigeria. Veterinary Record 80, 531.Google Scholar
Kanyari, P. W. N., Allonby, E. W., Wilson, A. J. & Munyua, W. K. (1983). Some economic effects of trypanosomiasis in goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production 15, 153–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkby, W. W. (1961 a). Therapeutic trial using M&B 4404, homidium bromide and antrycide methylsulphate. International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasia Research. 8th Meeting, Jos, Nigeria 1960. O.A.U./S.T.R.C. No. 62, pp. 129–133.Google Scholar
Kirkby, W. W. (1961 b). Comparative prophylactic trial using prothidium, antrycide pro-salt and M&B 4404. International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. 8th Meeting, Jos, Nigeria 1960. O.A.U./S.T.R.C. No. 62, pp. 135–139.Google Scholar
Kirkby, W. W. (1963). A comparative trial of M&B 4180B, antrycide methyl sulphate and Novidium. International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. 9th Meeting, Conakry 1962. O.A.U./S.T.R.C. No. 88, pp. 51–54.Google Scholar
Logan, L. L., Goodwin, J. T., Tembely, S. & Craig, T. M. (1984). Maintaining Zebu Maure cattle in a tsetse infested area of Mali. Tropical Animal Health and Production 16, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyttle, C. N. (1960). Field trials of Prothidium as a prophylactic in cattle trypanosomiasis. Journal of Comparative Pathology 70, 18–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, M. & Gray, A. R. (1984). The current situation on animal trypanosomiasis in Africa. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Na'Isa, B. K. (1969). The protection of 60 Nigerian trade cattle from trypanosomiasis using Samorin. Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases of Africa 17, 45–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Omwero-Wafula, R. Z. & Mayende, J. S. P. (1979). A clinical evaluation of the prophylactic activity of Samorin in Zebu cattle exposed to a high risk of natural trypanosomal infection. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 27, 203–208.Google ScholarPubMed
Robson, J. (1962). Prophylaxis against trypanosomiasis in Zebu cattle. IV. A field trial of metamidium and isometamidium. Veterinary Record 74, 913–917.Google Scholar
Skovlin, J. M. & Williamson, D. L. (1978). Bush control and associated tsetse fly problems of rangeland development on the coastal plain of East Africa. Proceedings of the First International Rangeland Congress. Denver, Colorado, 1978, pp. 581–583.Google Scholar
Smith, I. M. & Brown, K. N. (1960). Chemoprophylaxis against bovine trypanosomiasis. II. Duration of protection afforded by preparations of metamidium, prothidium and Antrycide Prosalt in an area of high tsetse density. Journal of Comparative Pathology 70, 161–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Specht, E. J. K. (1982). The effect of double infections with trypanosomes and gastrointestinal nematodes on the productivity of sheep and goats in south Mozambique. Veterinary Parasitology 11, 329–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephen, L. E. (1960). The prophylactic and therapeutic activity of metamidium and its suramin salt against trypanosomiasis in cattle. Veterinary Record 72, 80–84.Google Scholar
Trail, J. C. M., Gregory, K. E., Durkin, J. & Sandford, J. (1984). Crossbreeding cattle in beef production programmes in Kenya. II. Comparison of purebred Boran and Boran crossed with the Red Poll and Santa Gertrudis breeds. Tropical Animal Health and Production 16, 191–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisenhutter, E., Turner, D. B. & Kristensen, K. A. (1968). Aspects of current bovine trypanosomiasis control in Tanzania. – A comparative field trial of available chemoprophylactics under ranching conditions. Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases of Africa 16 191–203.Google Scholar
Williamson, D. L., Dame, D. A., Lee, C. W., Gates, D. B. & Cobb, P. E. (1983 a). Integration of insect sterility and insecticides for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania. IV. Application of endosulfan as an aerosol prior to release of sterile males. Bulletin of Entomological Research 73, 383–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, D. L., Dame, D. A., Gates, D. B., Cobb, P. E., Bakuli, B. & Warner, P. V. (1983 b). Integration of insect sterility and insecticides for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania. V. The impact of sequential releases of sterilized tsetse flies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 73, 391–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A. J., Le Roux, J. G., Paris, J., Davidson, C. R. & Gray, A. R. (1975). Observations on a herd of beef cattle maintained in a tsetse area. I. Assessment of chemotherapy as a method for the control of trypanosomiasis. Tropical Animal Health and Production 7, 187–199.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. J., Njogu, A. R., Gatuta, G., Mgutu, S. P. & Alushula, H. (1983). An economic study on the use of chemotherapy to control trypanosomiasis in cattle on Galana Ranch, Kenya. International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, 17th Meeting, Arusha, Tanzania 1981. O.A.U./S.T.R.C. No. 112, pp. 306–317.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. J., Paris, J. & Dar, F. K. (1975). Maintenance of a herd of breeding cattle in an area of high trypanosome challenge. Tropical Animal Health and Production 7, 63–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar