Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T13:47:06.214Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Temporal variabilities of soil carbon dioxide fluxes from cornfield impacted by temperature and precipitation changes through high-frequent measurement and DAYCENT modelling

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2022

Liming Lai Open the ORCID record for Liming Lai [Opens in a new window] ,
Sandeep Kumar Open the ORCID record for Sandeep Kumar [Opens in a new window] ,
Deeksha Rastogi  and
Moetasim Ashfaq
Liming Lai*
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, Hetao College, Banyannur, Inner Mongolia, China Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
Sandeep Kumar
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
Deeksha Rastogi
Affiliation:
Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ride, Tennessee, USA
Moetasim Ashfaq
Affiliation:
Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ride, Tennessee, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Liming Lai, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the field of corn (Zea mays L.) play an important role in global warming. This study investigated temporal variability of soil CO2 fluxes (Rs) with soil temperature (Ts) and moisture (θ) and built DAYCENT models for predicting future impacts of climate changes on Rs using the measured high-frequency data. Rs trend was tested by Mann–Kendall and Sen Estimator. Predicted Rss under different climate scenarios were compared using Parallel-line Analysis. The findings indicated that daily Rs exponentially increased with Ts constrained by θ. During the θ of 27–31%, there was a strong exponential relationship between Rs and Ts, but the relationship was weaker for the θ of 38–41% and 22–26%. Soil environmental index (SEI, Ts × θ) significantly impacted Rs with linear regression Rs0.5 = 0.4599 + 0.002059 × SEI in 2008, 2009 and 2011. At the diurnal scale, there were different trends in Rss and relationships among Rs and Ts and θ in different years. Predicted yearly Rss, root Rss and corn yield in 2014–2049 increased with an increase in temperature scenarios, but the Rss significantly increased as temperature rose by 1°C or higher. Predicted yearly Rss, root Rss and yield reduced with precipitation scenario increase, and the root Rss and yield significantly diminished as precipitation increased by 15 and 30%. Predicted yearly Rs from cornfields had a significantly increasing trend. Future research is needed to explore methods for mitigating cornfield Rs and evaluating sensitivities of different cropland Rss to temperature changes.

Keywords

Climate changemaize fieldmodel predictionsoil surface CO2 emissionSouth Dakota
Type
Climate Change and Agriculture Research Paper
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 160 , Issue 3-4 , June 2022 , pp. 138 - 151
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, PR, Grosso, SJD and Parton, WJ (2007) Life-cycle assessment of net greenhouse-gas flux for bioenergy cropping systems. Ecological Applications 17, 675–691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agam, N and Berliner, P (2006) Dew formation and water vapor adsorption in semi-arid environments – a review. Journal of Arid Environments 65, 572–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Kaisi, MM and Yin, X (2005) Tillage and crop residue effects on soil carbon and carbon dioxide emission in corn–soybean rotations. Journal of Environmental Quality 34, 437–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amacher, M and Mackowiak, C (2011) Seasonal soil CO2 flux under big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.). Natural Resources and Environmental Issues 17, Article 27. Available at http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/nrei/vol17/iss1/27 (Accessed 12 October 2017).Google Scholar
Andrews, JA, Harrison, KG, Matamala, R and Schlesinger, WH (1999) Separation of root respiration from total soil respiration using carbon-13 labeling during free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE). Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 1429–1435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arevalo, C, Bhatti, JS, Chang, SX, Jassal, RS and Sidders, D (2010) Soil respiration in four different land use systems in North Central Alberta, Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005–2012) 115, G01003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashfaq, M, Ghosh, S, Kao, SC, Bowling, LC, Mote, P, Touma, D, Rauscher, SA and Diffenbaugh, NS (2013) Near-term acceleration of hydroclimatic change in the western US. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, 10676–610693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashfaq, M, Rastogi, D, Mei, R, Kao, SC, Gangrade, S, Naz, BS and Touma, D (2016) High-resolution ensemble projections of near-term regional climate over the continental United States. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 121, 9943–9963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentsen, M, Bethke, I, Debernard, J, Iversen, T, Kirkevåg, A, Seland, Ø, Drange, H, Roelandt, C, Seierstad, I and Hoose, C (2013) The Norwegian earth system model, NorESM1–M-part 1: description and basic evaluation of the physical climate. Geoscientific Model Development 6, 687–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borken, W, Savage, K, Davidson, EA and Trumbore, SE (2006) Effects of experimental drought on soil respiration and radiocarbon efflux from a temperate forest soil. Global Change Biology 12, 177–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Box, GEP and Cox, DR (1964) An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 26, 211–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Box, GEP and Cox, DR (1982) An analysis of transformations revisited, rebutted. Journal of the American Statistical Association 77, 209–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, Z, Birdsey, RA, Johnson, KD, Dupuy, JM, Hernandez-Stefanoni, JL and Richardson, K (2014) Modeling carbon stocks in a secondary tropical dry forest in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 225, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, E, Belk, E and Boone, RD (1998) Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest. Global Change Biology 4, 217–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Gryze, S, Wolf, A, Kaffka, SR, Mitchell, J, Rolston, DE, Temple, SR, Lee, J and Six, J (2010) Simulating greenhouse gas budgets of four California cropping systems under conventional and alternative management. Ecological Applications 20, 1805–1819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Grosso, S, Parton, W, Mosier, A, Hartman, M, Brenner, J, Ojima, D and D, Schimel (2001) Simulated interaction of carbon dynamics and nitrogen trace gas fluxes using the DAYCENT model. In Shaffer, MJ, Ma, L and Hansen, S (eds), Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics for Soil Management. Florida, USA: CRC Press, pp. 303–332.Google Scholar
Deng, Q, Zhang, D, Han, X, Chu, G, Zhang, Q and Hui, D (2018) Changing rainfall frequency rather than drought rapidly alters annual soil respiration in a tropical forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 121, 8–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz-Diaz, R and Loague, K (2001) Assessing the potential for pesticide leaching for the pine forest areas of Tenerife. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 1958–1967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doherty, J (2010) PEST, Model-Independent Parameter Estimation – User Manual. Brisbane, Australia: Watermark Numerical Computing.Google Scholar
Duxbury, JM (1994) The significance of agricultural sources of greenhouse gases. Fertilizer Research 38, 151–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (2020) FAOSTAT crop data – global area harvested, yield, production quantity in 2018. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations – Statistics Division (EES). Available at http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Accessed 12 September 2020).Google Scholar
Gabriel, CE and Kellman, L (2014) Investigating the role of moisture as an environmental constraint in the decomposition of shallow and deep mineral soil organic matter of a temperate coniferous soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 68, 373–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaumont-Guay, D, Black, TA, Griffis, TJ, Barr, AG, Jassal, RS and Nesic, Z (2006) Interpreting the dependence of soil respiration on soil temperature and water content in a boreal aspen stand. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140, 220–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GGWG (2010) Agriculture's Role in Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Capture. Madison, WI: Greenhouse Gas Working Group (GGWP) Rep. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. Available at https://www.soils.org/files/science-policy/ghg-report-august-2010.pdf (Accessed 2 September 2016).Google Scholar
Gilbert, RO (1987) Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. New York, USA: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.Google Scholar
Giorgi, F, Mearns, LO, Shields, C and McDaniel, L (1998) Regional nested model simulations of present day and 2× CO2 climate over the central plains of the US. Climatic Change 40, 457–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, AJ, Tenuta, M, Amiro, BD, Maas, SE and Wagner-Riddle, C (2012) Nitrous oxide emissions from an annual crop rotation on poorly drained soil on the Canadian Prairies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 166, 41–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez-Casanovas, N, Matamala, R, Cook, DR and Gonzalez-Meler, MA (2012) Net ecosystem exchange modifies the relationship between the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration with abiotic factors in prairie grasslands. Global Change Biology 18, 2532–2545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, SC and Larson, WE (1979) Estimating soil water retention characteristics from particle size distribution, organic matter percent, and bulk density. Water Resources Research 15, 1633–1635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, HV, Sorooshian, S and Yapo, PO (1999) Status of automatic calibration for hydrologic models: comparison with multilevel expert calibration. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 4, 135–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernandez-Ramirez, G, Brouder, SM, Smith, DR and Scoyoc, GV (2009) Greenhouse gas fluxes in an eastern corn belt soil: weather, nitrogen source, and rotation. Journal of Environmental Quality 38, 841–854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, M, Mathesius, S, Kriegler, E, van Vuuren, D and Schellnhuber, H (2019) Strong time dependence of ocean acidification mitigation by atmospheric carbon dioxide removal. Nature Communications 10, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, F, Nelson, C and Matches, A (1985) Temperature effects on germination of perennial warm-season forage grasses. Crop Science 25, 215–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, GL and Mosier, AR (1981) Improved soil cover method for field measurements of nitrous oxide fluxes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 45, 311–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. In Solomon, S, Qin, D, Manning, M, Chen, Z, Marquis, M, Averyt, KB, Tignor, M and Miller, HL (Eds), Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 996.Google Scholar
Jackson, RB, Carpenter, SR, Dahm, CN, McKnight, DM, Naiman, RJ, Postel, SL and Running, SW (2001) Water in a changing world. Ecological Applications 11, 1027–1045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, KD, Beier, C, Michelsen, A and Emmett, BA (2003) Effects of experimental drought on microbial processes in two temperate heathlands at contrasting water conditions. Applied Soil Ecology 24, 165–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, DW and Curtis, PS (2001) Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage: meta analysis. Forest Ecology and Management 140, 227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, DW, Hungate, BA, Dijkstra, P, Hymus, G and Drake, B (2001) Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on soils in a Florida scrub oak ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Quality 30, 501–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanerva, T, Regina, K, Rämö, K, Ojanperä, K and Manninen, S (2007) Fluxes of N2O, CH4 and CO2 in a meadow ecosystem exposed to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide for three years. Environmental Pollution 145, 818–828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall, MG (1975) Rank Correlation Methods, 4th Edn, London, UK: Charles Griffin.Google Scholar
Kiniry, J, Tischler, C and Van Esbroeck, G (1999) Radiation use efficiency and leaf CO2 exchange for diverse C4 grasses. Biomass and Bioenergy 17, 95–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkham, MB (2011) Elevated Carbon Dioxide: Impacts on Soil and Plant Water Relations. London, UK: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Kirschbaum, MUF (1995) The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition and the effect of global warming on soil organic matter storage. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27, 753–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kominami, Y, Jomura, M, Ataka, M, Tamai, K, Miyama, T, Dannoura, M, Makita, N and Yoshimura, K (2012) Heterotrophic respiration causes seasonal hysteresis in soil respiration in a warm-temperate forest. Journal of Forest Research 17, 296–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komsta, L (2013) mblm: median-based linear models. R package version 0.12. Available at http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mblm.Google Scholar
Kutsch, WL, Bahn, M and A, H (2009) Soil Carbon Dynamics: An Integrated Methodology. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kuzyakov, Y and Gavrichkova, O (2010) REVIEW: time lag between photosynthesis and carbon dioxide efflux from soil: a review of mechanisms and controls. Global Change Biology 16, 3386–3406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, L, Kumar, S, Chintala, R, Owens, VN, Clay, D, Schumacher, J, Nizami, A-S, Lee, SS and Rafique, R (2016) Modeling the impacts of temperature and precipitation changes on soil CO2 fluxes from a switchgrass stand recently converted from cropland. Journal of Environmental Sciences 43, 15–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, L, Kumar, S, Folle, SM and Owens, VN (2017) Predicting soils and environmental impacts associated with switchgrass for bioenergy production: a DAYCENT modeling approach. GCB Bioenergy 10, 287–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, L, Kumar, S, Osborne, S and Owens, VN (2018) Switchgrass impact on selected soil parameters, including soil organic carbon, within six years of establishment. Catena 163, 288–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamers, M, Ingwersen, J and Streck, T (2007) Modeling N2O emission from a forest upland soil: automatic calibration of Forest-DNDC model. Ecological Modeling 205, 52–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latshaw, W and Miller, E (1924) Elemental composition of the corn plant. Journal of Agricultural Research 27, 845–861.Google Scholar
Lee, D, Doolittle, J and Owens, V (2007) Soil carbon dioxide fluxes in established switchgrass land managed for biomass production. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39, 178–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J, Pedroso, G, Linquist, BA, Putnam, D, Kessel, C and Six, J (2012) Simulating switchgrass biomass production across ecoregions using the DAYCENT model. GCB Bioenergy 4, 521–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewandowski, I, Scurlock, JM, Lindvall, E and Christou, M (2003) The development and current status of perennial rhizomatous grasses as energy crops in the US and Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy 25, 335–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LI-COR (2010) LI-8100A Automated Soil CO2 Flux System & LI-150 Multiplexer Instruction Manual. Lincoln, NE, USA: LI-COR, Inc.Google Scholar
Li, CS (2000) Modeling trace gas emission from agricultural ecosystems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 58, 259–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y, Xu, M and Zou, X (2006) Heterotrophic soil respiration in relation to environmental factors and microbial biomass in two wet tropical forests. Plant and Soil 281, 193–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y, Miao, R and Khanna, M (2019) Effects of ethanol plant proximity and crop prices on land-use change in the United States. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 101, 467–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebig, MA, Schmer, MR, Vogel, KP and Mitchell, RB (2008) Soil carbon storage by switchgrass grown for bioenergy. Bioenergy Research 1, 215–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linn, D and Doran, J (1984) Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48, 1267–1272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, X, Wan, S, Su, B, Hui, D and Luo, Y (2002) Response of soil CO2 efflux to water manipulation in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Plant and Soil 240, 213–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W, Zhang, Z and Wan, S (2009) Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland. Global Change Biology 15, 184–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, J and Taylor, J (1994) On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Functional Ecology 8, 315–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, HB (1945) Non-parametric tests against trend. Econometrica 13, 163–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzoni, S, Schimel, JP and Porporato, A (2012) Responses of soil microbial communities to water stress: results from a meta-analysis. Ecology 93, 930–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, JG, Phillips, CL, Schmidt, A, Irvine, J and Law, BE (2012) High-frequency analysis of the complex linkage between soil CO2 fluxes, photosynthesis and environmental variables. Tree Physiology 32, 49–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mbonimpa, EG, Gautam, S, Lai, L, Kumar, S, Bonta, J, Wang, X and Rafique, R (2015) Combined PEST and trial–error approach to improve APEX calibration. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 114, 296–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, JJ (2001) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moriasi, D, Arnold, J, Van Liew, M, Bingner, R, Harmel, R and Veith, T (2007) Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions of the ASABE 50, 885–900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, J and Sutcliffe, J (1970) River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I – a discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology 10, 282–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oleson, KW, Dai, Y, Bonan, G, Bosilovich, M, Dickinson, R, Dirmeyer, P, Hoffman, F, Houser, P, Levis, S and Niu, GY (2004) Technical Description of the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-461+ STR. Boulder, CO, USA: National Center for Atmospheric Research.Google Scholar
Omonode, RA, Vyn, TJ, Smith, DR, Hegymegi, P and Gál, A (2007) Soil carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from long-term tillage systems in continuous corn and corn–soybean rotations. Soil & Tillage Research 95, 182–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pacaldo, RS (2012) Carbon balances in shrub willow biomass crops along a 19-year chronosequence as affected by continuous production and crop removal (tear-out) treatments (Traditional thesis). Syracuse, New York, USA: State University of New York.Google Scholar
Parkin, TB and Venterea, RT (2010) Chamber-based trace gas flux measurements. In Follett, RF (ed.), Sampling Protocols, pp. 1–39. Available at https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/np212/Chapter%203.%20GRACEnet%20Trace%20Gas%20Sampling%20Protocols.pdf (Accessed 12 December 2021).Google Scholar
Parton, WJ, Schimel, DS, C.V., C and Ojima, DS (1987) Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in great plains grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, 1173–1179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parton, WJ, Hartman, M, Ojima, D and Schimel, D (1998) DAYCENT and its land surface submodel: description and testing. Global and Planetary Change 19, 35–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poll, C, Marhan, S, Back, F, Niklaus, PA and Kandeler, E (2013) Field-scale manipulation of soil temperature and precipitation change soil CO2 flux in a temperate agricultural ecosystem. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 165, 88–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raich, J and Schlesinger, WH (1992) The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus B 44, 81–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, WJ, Brakensiek, DL and Saxtonn, KE (1982) Estimation of soil water properties. Transactions of the ASAE 25, 1316–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Core Team (2020) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at http://www.R-project.org/.Google Scholar
Reilly, JM, Jacoby, HD and Prinn, RG (2003) Multi-Gas Contributors to Global Climate Change: Climate Impacts and Mitigation Costs of non-CO2 Gases. Arlington, VA, USA: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Available at https://www.c2es.org/site/assets/uploads/2003/02/multi-gas-contributors-global-climate-change.pdf.Google Scholar
Riveros-Iregui, DA, Emanuel, RE, Muth, DJ, McGlynn, BL, Epstein, HE, Welsch, DL, Pacific, VJ and Wraith, JM (2007) Diurnal hysteresis between soil CO2 and soil temperature is controlled by soil water content. Geophysical Research Letters 34, 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochette, P and Flanagan, LB (1997) Quantifying rhizosphere respiration in a corn crop under field conditions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61, 466–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS (2013) The SAS System for Windows. Release 9.4. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute.Google Scholar
Schimel, JP and Clein, JS (1996) Microbial response to freeze-thaw cycles in tundra and taiga soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28, 1061–1066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scoccimarro, E, Gualdi, S, Bellucci, A, Sanna, A, Giuseppe Fogli, P, Manzini, E, Vichi, M, Oddo, P and Navarra, A (2011) Effects of tropical cyclones on ocean heat transport in a high-resolution coupled general circulation model. Journal of Climate 24, 4368–4384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott-Denton, LE, Rosenstiel, TN and Monson, RK (2006) Differential controls by climate and substrate over the heterotrophic and rhizospheric components of soil respiration. Global Change Biology 12, 205–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, PK (1968) On a class of aligned rank order tests in two-way layouts. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 39, 1115–1124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sexstone, AJ, Revsbech, NP, Parkin, TB and Tiedje, JM (1985) Direct measurement of oxygen profiles and denitrification rates in soil aggregates. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49, 645–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, J, Knapp, H and Demissie, M (2004) Hydrologic Modeling of the Iroquois River Watershed Using HSPF and SWAT. ISWS CR 2004–08. Champaign, Illinois, USA: Illinois State Water Survey.Google Scholar
Smith, P, Smith, J, Powlson, D, McGill, W, Arah, J, Chertov, O, Coleman, K, Franko, U, Frolking, S and Jenkinson, D (1997) A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments. Geoderma 81, 153–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, K, Ball, T, Conen, F, Dobbie, K, Massheder, J and Rey, A (2003) Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere: interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes. European Journal of Soil Science 54, 779–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solusions4u (2021) SigmaPlot has extensive statistical analysis features. Available at https://www.solutions4u-asia.com/PDT/SYSTAT/SigmaPlot/SPlot-Statistics.html (Accessed 12 December 2021).Google Scholar
Subke, J-A and Bahn, M (2010) On the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration: can we use the immeasurable to predict the unknown? Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42, 1653–1656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, J, Baldocchi, DD and Xu, L (2005) Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal time scale. Global Change Biology 11, 1298–1304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verstraete, W and Focht, DD (1977) Biochemical ecology of nitrification and denitrification. Advances in Microbial Ecology 1, 135–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, B, Zha, T, Jia, X, Wu, B, Zhang, Y and Qin, S (2014) Soil moisture modifies the response of soil respiration to temperature in a desert shrub ecosystem. Biogeosciences (Online) 11, 259–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, RT, Zinyowera, MC and Moss, RH (1996) Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. The Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Winkler, JP, Cherry, RS and Schlesinger, WH (1996) The Q10 relationship of microbial respiration in a temperate forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28, 1067–1072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yukimoto, S, Adachi, Y and Hosaka, M (2012) A new global climate model of the meteorological research institute: MRI-CGCM3: model description and basic performance (special issue on recent development on climate models and future climate projections). Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 90, 23–64.Google Scholar
Zhang, C, Niu, D, Hall, SJ, Wen, H, Li, X, Fu, H, Wan, C and Elser, JJ (2014) Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil respiration components and their temperature sensitivities in a semiarid grassland. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 75, 113–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, P, Wang, D, Yu, X, Jia, G and Zhang, Y (2021) Effects of drought and rainfall events on soil autotrophic respiration and heterotrophic respiration. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 308, 107267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, X, Wan, S and Luo, Y (2007) Source components and interannual variability of soil CO2 efflux under experimental warming and clipping in a grassland ecosystem. Global Change Biology 13, 761–775.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Lai et al. supplementary material

Lai et al. supplementary material

Download Lai et al. supplementary material(File)
File 4 MB