Field experiments were conducted at Cuttack, India during 1991–94 to study the effect of tillage, methods of crop establishment and weed control at varying levels of N fertilizer on the performance of rice under flood-prone lowland conditions (0·60 cm water depth). The loss in grain yield of direct-sown rice caused by unchecked weed growth ranged from 18·2 to 59·2% in the different years, and was greater when N fertilizer was applied and when the conventional practice of ploughing the fields just before sowing was followed. Increasing the number of tillage operations before sowing improved the crop stand, reduced weed infestation and, thereby, increased the yield significantly compared with that achieved by conventional tillage. Summer ploughing rather than conventional tillage decreased weed dry weight at harvest by 15·8–53·2% and increased grain yield by 47·4–56·3%. A pre-emergence application of thiobencarb at 2·0 kg/ha, hand weeding once at 20 days of growth and post-establishment inter-crop cultivation at 37–42 days provided effective weed control and increased yield by 32·7–34·7, 36·7 and 28·7–83·9%, respectively. The efficiency of weed control and the resulting increase in rice yield were comparatively greater under puddling than with inter-crop cultivation and herbicide application. The loss in yield due to weeds was negligible when the crop was transplanted due to the incorporation of weeds during puddling and a greater water depth in the later growth stages. Therefore, the grain yield of rice was highest with transplanting followed closely by the direct-sown crop with post-establishment inter-crop cultivation. The response of direct-sown rice to N fertilization up to 60 kg N/ha decreased with fewer ploughings when no weed control measures were adopted. However, the grain yield increased significantly with N application up to 40 kg N/ha when weeds were controlled by cultural or chemical methods. The results suggested that an integrated weed management strategy involving summer ploughing, thiobencarb application and inter-crop cultivation is essential for effective weed control in direct-sown, flood-prone, lowland rice, in order to ensure higher N-use efficiency and crop productivity.