Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T13:20:23.206Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Traditional Contracts in German East Africa: The Transition from Pre-Capitalist Forms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Andrew Lyall
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The material which forms the subject matter of this article constituted a chapter of a PhD thesis presented to London University in 1980. The thesis was based largely on the answers to Kohler's questionnaire which was distributed by the German colonial authorities throughout what was then German East Africa in 1909. A recent article in the Journal of African Law describes these questionnaires in detail. Bibliographical references in the following text to the answers to the questionnaires follow the numbers assigned to them by Ankermann (1929) and used in the list in Redmayne and Rogers' article. Some answers were published at the time and these are referred to in the same way as normal bibliographical entries Some use has also been made of Post's earlier questionnaire which, together with the answers, was published under the editorship of Steinmetz (1903). Post's questionnaire was written in 1895 and distributed throughout the German colonies. The thesis dealt with land tenure and contract and so covered the field of the answers in the questionnaires dealing with those topics. It also set out a typology of African societies at the time the questionnaires were distributed, based on what could be discovered of their economic and social relations. As it turned out this typology proved rather more useful in establishing connections between economic relations and forms of land tenure than it was in establishing connections with such relations and contractual liability.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of African Law , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , Autumn 1986 , pp. 91 - 129
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, J. N. D. (1955), Islamic Law in Africa, New Impression, London, 1970.Google Scholar
Ankermann, B., (1929) Ostafrika, Vol. I of Das Eingeborenenrecht, Edited by Schulz, E.Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Anthropos, , Internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde, Salzburg, 1906.Google Scholar
Archiv für Anthropologie, Vols. 1–28, 1866–1903; New Series, Vols. 1–26, 1903–1943, Brunswick.Google Scholar
Arning, W. (1896), “Die Wahehe”, MDS IX, 233–246; X: 44–60.Google Scholar
Autenrieth, R. (1908), “Recht der Kissibaleute”, ZVR, 21, 354.Google Scholar
Avon, R. P. (1915–1916), “Vie Sociale des Wabende au Tanganyika”, Anthropos X–XI, 98.Google Scholar
Baessler-Archiv, Ehrenreich, P. ed., 1910–1943, Leipzig and Berlin.Google Scholar
Baillie, N. B. E. (1875), A Digest of Moohummudan Law, London, 2 Vols.Google Scholar
Baker, E. C. (1934), Report of Economic and Social Conditions in Tanga, Dar-es-Salaam.Google Scholar
Baumann, O. (1981), Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete, Berlin.Google Scholar
Baumann, O. (1899), “Gottesurteile bei den Swahili”, Globus, 76, 371.Google Scholar
Beverley, J. E. (1903), “Die Wagogo”, in Steinmetz (1903).Google Scholar
Bösch, Fr. (1930), Les Banyamwezi, Münster.Google Scholar
Bohannan, P. and Dalton, G. eds. (1962), Markets in Africa, Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, W. T. (1971), A Pre-Colonial History of Bagamoyo: Aspects of the growth of an East African Coastal Town, Ph.D. Thesis, Boston University.Google Scholar
Buckland, W. W. and Mcnair, A. D. (1936), Roman Law and Common Law, Cambridge.Google Scholar
BurgtVan der, J. M. M. Van der, J. M. M. (1903), Un Grand Peuple de l'Afrique Equitoriale, Bois le Duc.Google Scholar
BurgtVan der, J. M. M. Van der, J. M. M. (1913), “Zur Entvölkerungsfrage Unyamwezis und Ussumbwas”, Koloniale Rundschau, 1913, 705.Google Scholar
Büttner, C. G. (1982), Suaheli Schriftstücke, Lehrbücher des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen in Berlin, Vol. X. Stuttgart and Berlin.Google Scholar
Claus, H. (1911), “Die Wagogo”, Baessler-Archiv, Beiheft II, 57.Google Scholar
Cole, H. (1902), “Notes on the Wagogo”, JAI, 1902, 32.Google Scholar
Czekanowski, I. (1917), Forschungen in Nil-Kongo Zwischengebiet, Vol. I, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Dale, G. (1896), “An Account of the Principal Customs and Habits of the Nations Inhabiting the Bondei Country”, JAI, 1896, 182–239.Google Scholar
Dempfwolf, O. (1913), “Beitrage zur Volksbeschreibung der Hehe”, Baessler-Archiv 4, 87.Google Scholar
Desoignies, P. (1903), “Die Msalala” in Steinmetz (1903).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DKZ—Kolonialzeitung, Deutsche, 1884–1922, Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft, Berlin.Google Scholar
DKB—Kolonialblatt, Deutsches, 1890–1921, Berlin Auswärtiges Amt.Google Scholar
Diamond, A. S. (1971), Primitive Law, Past and Present, London.Google Scholar
Dundas, C. (1921), “Native Laws of Some Bantu Tribes of East Africa” JRAI 51,217.Google Scholar
Eberstein, von. (1896), “Über die Rechtsanschauungen der Küstenbewohner des Bezirks Kilwa”, MDS 9, 170–183.Google Scholar
Ethnologica. Gesellschaft für Völkerkunde. Köln, N. F. 1959–.Google Scholar
Farler, J. P. (1879), “Usambara Country”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1, 81–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
M, Fortes & E., Evans-Pritchard E. (1940), African Political Systems. London.Google Scholar
Fromm, P. (1912), “Ufipa, Land und Leute”, MDS 25, 79.Google Scholar
Fülleborn, F. (1906), Das Deutsche Njassa—und Ruwuma-Gebiet, Berlin.Google Scholar
Ghai, Y. P. (1969), “Customary Contracts and Transactions in Kenya”, in Gluckman (1969).Google Scholar
Globus, . 1869–. Hildburghausen, Braunschweig.Google Scholar
Gluckman, M. (1965), Ideas in Barotse Jurisprudence, Manchester.Google Scholar
Gluckman, M. (1967), The judicial Process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), Manchester.Google Scholar
Gluckman, M. ed. (1969), Ideas and Procedures in African Customary Law, London.Google Scholar
Gray, R. and Birmingham, D. (eds.) (1970), Pre-Colonial African Trade, London.Google Scholar
Gulliver, P. H. (1962), “The Evolution of Arusha Trade”, in Bohannan, and Dalton, eds. (1962).Google Scholar
Gutmann, B. (1926) (Das Recht der Dschagga) Chagga Law. Translated by Nagel, A. M.. Human Studies Area Files, Yale University.Google Scholar
Hamnett, I., ed. (1977), Social Anthropology and Law, London.Google Scholar
Harries, L. (1965), Swahili Prose Texts, London and Nairobi. Selected translations of Swahili texts in Velten's Desturi and Safari (q.v.).Google Scholar
Heese, , (1913) “Sitte und Brauch der Sango”, Archiv für Anthropologie, 1913, 134.Google Scholar
Herrmann, C. (1892), “Ugogo, das Land und seine Bewohner”, MDS 5, 191–203.Google Scholar
Herrman, C. (1893), “Die Handelsverhältnisse am Victoria–Nyanza”, Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 81–2.Google Scholar
Herrmann, C. (1894), “Die Wassiba und ihr Land”, MDS 7, 55.Google Scholar
Iliffe, J. (1969), Tanganyika under German Rule 1905–1912, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Iliffe, J. (1979), A Modern History of Tanganyika, Cambridge.Google Scholar
JAH—Journal of African History.Google Scholar
JAL—Journal of African Law.Google Scholar
JAS—Journal of the African Society.Google Scholar
JAI—Journal of the Anthropological Institute.Google Scholar
JRAI—Journal of the Royal African Institute.Google Scholar
Kalben, Lieut. von (1896), “Über Rechtsverhältnisse der Eingeborenen in der Umgebung von Bukoba”, MDS, 19, 38.Google Scholar
Karasek-Eichhorn, A. ed. (1913), “Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Waschambaa II”, Baessler-Archiv 3, 70 and “III” (1918–1922) Baessler-Archiv, 7, 68.Google Scholar
Karstedt, F. O. (1912), Beiträge zur Praxis der Eingeborenenrechtssprechung in Deutsch-Ostafrika, Dar-es-Salaam.Google Scholar
Klamroth, M. (1904), “Über Rechtsbegriffe der Bantuneger (Vortrag)”, Deutsche-Ostafrikanische Zeitung, 2 Beiblatt, VI, 39.Google Scholar
Kohler, J. [Offprints 1892–1918], 3 volumes, Vol. 3: Africa. Library of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Museum of Mankind, London.Google Scholar
Kohler, J. (1897), “Fragebogen zur Erforschung der Rechtsverhältnisse der sogenannten Naturvölker, namentlich in den deutschen Kolonialländern”, ZVR XII, 427.Google Scholar
Kohler, J. (1902), “Das Banturecht in Ostafrika”, ZVR, 15, 1–83.Google Scholar
Kohler, J. (1910), “Über das Recht der Wahehe”, ZVR 23, 209–212.Google Scholar
Kollman, P. (1899), The Victorian Nyanza translated by Nesbitt, R. A.. London.Google Scholar
Kommission zur Erforschung des Eingeborenenrechts (c.1910) Beantwortung des Fragebogens über die Rechte der Eingeborenen in den deutschen Kolonien. Copies in Tanzania National Museum, Dar-es-Salaam and Rhodes House Library, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kotz, E. (1922), Im Banne der Furcht: Sitten und Gebräuche der Wapare, Hamburg, Verlag.Google Scholar
Kürchhoff, D. (1907), “Die Geldverhältnisse im heutigen Afrika in ihrer Entwicklung”, MGGH, XXII, 1.Google Scholar
Lang, H. F. (1903), “Die Waschambala” in Steinmetz (1903).Google Scholar
Lechaptois, G. (1913), Aux Rives du Tanganyika, Algiers.Google Scholar
Luschan, – von. (1896), “Instruction für Ethnographische Beobachtung und Sammlung in Deutsch-Ostafrika”, MDS, IX, 89–99.Google Scholar
SirMaine, H. S. (1861), Ancient Law, London, (Everyman edition, 1972).Google Scholar
Majerus, P. (1915–1916), “Das Eherecht der Wabende”, Anthropos, X–XI, 781.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1867), Capital, Vol. I, Translated by Moore, and Aveling, , Moscow, 1954.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1973), Grundrisse (Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, Rough draft). Translated by Nicholaus, Martin, London.Google Scholar
Meek, C. K. (1949), Land Law and Custom in the Colonies, London.Google Scholar
Meinhof, K. (1908), “The Codification of Native Law in the German Colonies”, JAS, 12, 159.Google Scholar
Merker, M. (1902), “Rechtsverhältnisse und Sitten der Wadschagga”, PM Erg, 138.Google Scholar
Meyer, F. (1910), “Reform des Eingeborenenrechts” in Verhandlungen des Deutschen Kolonialkongresses, 1910, 571.Google Scholar
MGGH—Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg. Vols. I–XXX. S1873–1917.Google Scholar
MSOS—Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalischen Sprachen, Berlin. Humboldt University.Google Scholar
MDS—Mitteilungen (von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten) aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, 1888–1912, Berlin, Auswärtiges Amt.Google Scholar
MDS—Mitteilungen (von Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten) aus den deutschen, Erganzungsheft 1908–1923.Google Scholar
Nigmann, E. (1908),Die Wahehe: Ihre Geschichte, Kult-, Rechts-, Kriegs- und Jagd- Gebräuche, Berlin.Google Scholar
Paulssen, Fr. (1913), “Rechtsanschauungen der Eingeborenen auf Ukara”, Baessler-Archiv, 4, 39–45.Google Scholar
Paulssen, Fr. (1922), “Rechtsanschauungen der Wagogo”, Baessler-Archiv, VI, 161–175.Google Scholar
PM—DrPetermanns Mitteilungen, A., 1860–, Justus Perthes Geographische Anstalt, Gotha.Google Scholar
Post, A. R. (1887), Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, 2 parts, 1 vol. Oldenburg and Leipzig.Google Scholar
Post, A. H. (1894), Grundriss der Ethnologischen Jurisprudenz, Oldenburg and Leipzig.Google Scholar
Priebusch, M. (1910), “Stellung des Hauptlings bei den Wabena”, Globus, 98, 205–206.Google Scholar
Raum, O. F. (1965), “German East Africa: Changes in African Life under German Administration 1892–1914” in Harlow and Chilver (1965).Google Scholar
Redmayne, A. (1968), “Mkwawa and the Hehe Wars”, JAH, 9, 3, 409–36.Google Scholar
Rehse, H. (1910), Kiziba: Land und Leute, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Reichard, P. (1889), “Afrikanische Grund und Boden”, Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, Neue Folge, 2 Jahrg.Google Scholar
Reichard, P. (1889 a), “Die Wanyamwezi”, ZGEB, 24, 246–304.Google Scholar
Renner, K. (1949), The Institutions of Private Law and their Social Functions, London.Google Scholar
Richter, Oberleutnant (1899), “Der Bezirk Bukoba”, MDS, 12, 67.Google Scholar
Richter, Oberleutnant (1907), “Rechtsgewohnheiten der Wangoni”,DKB, 1907, 672–78.Google Scholar
Ried, A. H. (1915) Zur Anthropologie des abflusslosen Rumpfschollenlandes im nordöstlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika, Abhandlungen des Hamburgischen Kolonialinstituts, Vol. XXXI, Hamburg.Google Scholar
Roberts, A., ed. (1968), Tanzania before 1900, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Roberts, A. (1970), “Nyamwezi Trade” in Gray and Birmingham (1970).Google Scholar
Roberts, R. (1925), The Social Laws of the Koran, London.Google Scholar
Rodemann, W. H. (1961), Tanganyika 1890–1914: Selected Agents of German Administration, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Royal Anthropological Institute, The. (1892), Notes and Queries on Anthropology, Garson, J. G.. ed. London.Google Scholar
Rudel, P. A. (1898), “Shauri”, Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, XI, 106, 134, 262.Google Scholar
Sachau, E. (1897), Muhammedanisches Recht nach Schafiitischer Lehre, Lehrbücher des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St. Paul-Hilaire, von. (1895), “Über die Rechtsgewohnheiten der in Bezirk Tanga ansassigen Farbigen”, MDS, 8, 201.Google Scholar
Schele, Oberst Freiherr von (1896), “Uhehe”, MDS, IX, 71.Google Scholar
Seidel, H. (1897), “Instruction für ethnographische Beobachtung und Sammlung in Togo”, MDS, X, 1–25.Google Scholar
Shapera, I. (1965), “Contract in Tswana Case Law”, JAL. 9, 141–153.Google Scholar
Shapera, I. (1969), “Contract in Tswana Law”, in Gluckman (1969).Google Scholar
Snyder, F. G. (1977), “Land Law and Economic Change in Rural Senegal: Diola Pledge Transactions and Disputes”, in Hamnett (1977).Google Scholar
Steinmetz, S. R. (1903), Rechtsverhältnisse von Eingeborenen Völkern in Afrika und Oceanien, Berlin.Google Scholar
Stengel, K. von (1901), Die Rechtsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Storch, Lieut. (1895), “Sitten, Gebräuche und Rechtspflege bei den Bewohneren Ussambaras und Pares”, MDS, 8, 311–328.Google Scholar
TDB—Tanganyika District Books, Bagamoyo, MF30, “The Work and Character of the Wadoe”, Mtawa, A.B.M..Google Scholar
TNA 25879/2, “Digo Land Tenure”, from Tanga District Book, Appx. 1.Google Scholar
Tawney, R. H. (1926), Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, London.Google Scholar
Thomas, N. W. (1908), “The Market in African Law and Custom”, Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, (NS), 9, 90–106.Google Scholar
Toeppen, K. (1886), “Handel und Handelsverbindungen in Ostafrika”, MGGH, 1886, 222–235.Google Scholar
Turnbull, A. M. N. (1925), “Notes on the History and Customs of the Sukuma”, in TNA 7794/10.Google Scholar
Velten, C. (1898), Märchen und Erzählungen der Suaheli, Stuttgart and Berlin.Google Scholar
Velten, C. (1898 a), “Über Sitten und Bräuche der Suaheli und Ostafrikanische Ortsnahmen”, Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen, Vol. 1, 9–85, Berlin.Google Scholar
Velten, C. (1901), Reiseschilderungen der Suaheli, Göttingen. Translation by the author, of Swahili text published under his name as Safari za Suaheli. Göttingen, 1901.Google Scholar
Velten, C. (1903), Sitten und Gebräuche der Suaheli, Göttingen. Translation by the author of Swahili text published under his name as Desturi wa Suaheli, Gottingen, 1903.Google Scholar
Volkens, G. (1897), Der Kilimandscharo, Berlin.Google Scholar
Wedell, H. (1905), “Das Sachen- und Vertragsrecht und die Politischen Organisation der Suaheli”, ZVR, 18, 119–153.Google Scholar
Weule, K. (1896), “Die Wahehe”, Verhandlungen, Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, Berlin, 23, 467–92.Google Scholar
Winter, J. C. (1979), Bruno Gutmann 1876–1966: A German Approach to Social Anthropology, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wohlrab, J. (1918), “Das Recht der Schambala”, Archiv für Anthropologie, 1918, 160.Google Scholar
Zache, H. (1899), “Sitten und Gebräuche der Suaheli”, ZE 31.Google Scholar
ZGEB—Zeitschrift für Erdkunde 24, Berlin.Google Scholar
ZE—Zeitschrift für Ethnologic Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, Berlin, 1871–.Google Scholar
ZVR—Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft, 1878–, Stuttgart.Google Scholar