² (1952), 20 N.L.R. 96.

^{page 173 note 1} Laws of Nigeria, Cap. 42.

^{page 173 note 2} [1940] A.C. 231.

^{page 173 note 3} Ogbuagu v. Police (1953), 20 N.L.R. 139.

^{page 173 note 4} Codified from section 8 of the Queensland Criminal Code, 1899.

^{page 173 note 5} At the time that this article was written, the provisions of the recent customary or native courts ordinances of the several Regions had not been put into effect; the discussion in this article of the position under the native courts ordinances does not therefore necessarily represent the present law.

^{page 173 note 6} (1925), 6 N.L.R. 49.

^{page 174 note 1} [1899] A.C. 549 (on appeal from St. Vincent).

^{page 174 note 2} [1900] 2 Q..B. 36.

^{page 175 note 1} In similar terms to section 6 of the Nigerian Criminal Code Ordinance.

^{page 175 note 2} [1900] 2 Q..B. 36, at p. 40.

^{page 175 note 3} (1937). 30 St. R. Qd. 368.

^{page 175 note 4} Ambardv. Att.-Gen.for Trinidad and Tobago, [1936] A.C. 322, at pp. 334 and 337.

^{page 176 note 1} See section 6 of the Nigerian Criminal Code Ordinance.

^{page 176 note 2} [1940] A.C. 231.

^{page 176 note 3} (1942), 9E.A.C.A. 65.

^{page 176 note 4} (1945), 21 Kenya L.R., Part II, 15.

^{page 176 note 5} Re Read and Huggonson (1742), 2 Atk. 469.

^{page 176 note 6} R. v. Gray, [1900] 2 Q..B. 36, at p. 40, per Lord RUSSELL, C.J.

^{page 176 note 7} (1853), 8 Moo. P.C.C. 47.

^{page 176 note 8} 12 Cox 358, at p. 366.

^{page 176 note 9} In McLeod v. St. Aubyn, [1899] A.C. 549, at p. 561.

^{page 176 note 10} In R. v. Gray, [1900] 2 Q.B. 36.

^{page 176 note 11} (1926), 7 N.L.R. 60.

^{page 177 note 1} (1926), 6 N.L.R. 49.

^{page 177 note 2} (1742), Dick. 794, L.C.; sub. nom. Re Read and Huggonson, 2 Atk. 469; 26 E.R. 683.

^{page 177 note 3} [1902] 1 K.B. 77, at p. 88.

^{page 177 note 4} (1925), 18 St. R. Qd. 85.

^{page 177 note 5} (1912), C.L.R. 577.

^{page 177 note 6} [1902] 1 K.B. 77, at pp. 87 and 88.

^{page 177 note 7} (1952), 20 N.L.R. 96.

^{page 178 note 1} [1957] 1 Q.B. 73.

^{page 178 note 2} (1742), 2 Atk. 469.

^{page 178 note 3} (1806), 13 Ves. 237.

^{page 178 note 4} (1887), 20 Q.B.D. 68, at p. 74.

^{page 178 note 5} [1945] A.C. 264, P.C.

^{page 179 note 1} [1953] A.C. 327, P.C.; [1953] All E.R. 827.

^{page 179 note 2} [1945] A.C. 264, at p. 270.

^{page 179 note 3} See R. v. Kalu Ukoha (1941), 7 W.A.C.A. 33.

^{page 180 note 1} (1941), 7 W.A.C.A. 33.

^{page 180 note 2} (1952), 20 N.L.R. 62.

^{page 180 note 3} (1955/56), 1 W.R.N.L.R. 6.

^{page 181 note 1} See the judgment of Bairamian, Ag. C.J., in Baba Ibrahim v. Dikwa Native Authority (1956), 1 N.R.L.R. 43, at p. 47.

^{page 181 note 2} Which is in similar terms to section 114 of the Tanganyika Penal Code.

^{page 182 note 1} Incidentally, this section was not imported from Queensland and did not appear in the Criminal Code of Northern Nigeria of 1904 or Proclamation No. 23 of Northern Nigeria. It was added to the Nigerian Criminal Code by Ordinance No. 61 of 1917 and amended by Ordinances Nos. 7 of 1921 and 43 of 1922.

^{page 183 note 1} [1957] 1 Q.B. 73.

^{page 183 note 2} (1955/56), 1 W.R.N.L.R. 6.

^{page 183 note 3} At page 9 of the report.

^{page 183 note 4} (1887), 20 Q.B.D. 68.

^{page 184 note 1} At p. 71.

^{page 184 note 2} 13 N.L.R. 119.

^{page 184 note 3} In Re Johnson, 20 Q..B.D. 68, at p. 71.

^{page 184 note 4} [1899] A.C. 549.

^{page 185 note 1} (1887), 20 Q.B.D. 68, at p. 74.

^{page 185 note 2} I.e., a proceeding of a judicial character.